Disaster-自然灾害英文介绍原创.ppt

NATURAL DISASTEREarthquakeVolcano eruptionTyphoonForest fireTsunamiPlagueEARTHQUAKEHOW HARMFUL EARTHQUAKE IS?20085.12WenchuanEarthquakemagnitude8.0Morethan69000died18000disappearedDirecteconomylost:845billion20113.14JapanEarthquakemagnitude9.0Morethan14,000died10,000disappearedMorethan11,000becomehomelessNuclearleak(核泄漏)BASIC KNOWLEDGE ABOUT EARTHQUAKEEarthquake：resultofasuddenreleaseofenergyintheEarthCrust(地壳)thatcreatesseismicwaves(地震波).Measuredbyenergyitreleased,Richtermagnitudescale（里氏地震级）.ScalephenomenonfrequencyUnder3.0Nofeeling1000perday3.0-5.0Felt,buildingshake,nobigdamageMorethan5,0000timesperyear5.0-6.9damagewithin100km2area,somebuildingcollapsed.100timesperyearAbove7.0serious damage over 1000km2 area,lots of building fall down1timeperyear TYPES OF EARTHQUAKEFault(断层)types:normal,reverse(thrust)andstrike-slipDepthofearthquakeoccurring:Shallow-focus(lessthan70km)mid-focus(70-300km)deep-focus(300to700km)ShakingandgroundruptureLandslidesandavalanches（山体滑坡、雪崩）FiresSoilliquefaction（地陷）Tsunami（海啸）FloodsEffectsofEarthquakeEARTHQUAKE SAFETY TIPSIfyouareindoors：staythere.Quicklymovetoasafelocationintheroomsuchasunderastrongdesk,astrongtable,oralonganinteriorwall.Ifyouarecooking：turnoffthestoveandtakecover.Ifyouareoutdoors：movetoanopenareaIfyouaredriving：slowdownsmoothlyandstoponthesideoftheroadTHANKS！VOLCANO ERUPTIONTHE WORD VOLCANOThewordvolcanocomesfromtheRomangodoffire,Vulcan.STRUCTURE OF VOLCANO单击此处添加内容TYPES OF VOLCANOES 单击此处添加内容单击此处添加标题单击此处添加内容单击此处添加标题单击此处添加内容Below:MountKilauea,HawaiiCINDER VOLCANOES单击此处添加内容COMPOSITE VOLCANOES单击此处添加内容VOLCANO HAZARDS 单击此处添加内容VOLCANO BENEFITS黑曜石、浮石黑曜石、浮石 熔岩中的气体嗝熔岩中的气体嗝火火山山温温泉泉羊羊八八井井地地热热站站VOLCANO IN CHINA单击此处添加内容云南腾冲火山国家地质公园长白山天池火山台湾龟山岛火山海南琼北火山VOLCANO IN UNIVERSEQuestion:Whatisthebiggest(shield)volcanoinourSolarSystem?Answer:OlympusMons(onplanetMars)珠穆朗玛峰和珠穆朗玛峰和OlympusMons规模比较规模比较VOLCANO IN UNIVERSE珠穆朗玛峰和珠穆朗玛峰和OlympusMons规模比较规模比较THANK YOU!TYPHONETYPHOONTHE NAME OF TYPHOONTyphoonisfromGreekword(typhein),meaningtosmoke.InGreekmythology,typheinisGaiasson,whichisaMonsterwithonehundredheads.DIFFERENT CALLS There are many calls There are many calls of of“Typhoon”in“Typhoon”in different different places.places.Western North Pacific and South China Sea called Typhoon.Western Atlantic,Caribbean,Gulf of Mexico and the eastern North Pacific called HurricanesIndian Ocean Cyclone.Philippines called Baguio.Australian aborigines called the typhoon Willy-Willy.THE FORM OF TYPHOON Six main requirements for typhoon formation and development:sufficiently warm sea surface temperaturesatmospheric instabilityhigh humidity in the lower to middle levels of the troposphere enough Coriolis force to develop a low pressure centera pre-existing low level focus or disturbancelow vertical wind shear.PEAK MONTHES AND THE LANDING AREAThetyphoonsofChinamostlycomefromthenorthwesternPacificocean.ThelandingtimemostlyfromJulytoNovember.TheearlistonewouldlandinMay,whilethelastoneofenoccursinDecember.ThelandingareaisalmostthroughouttheentirecoastalareaofChina,especillyinSoutheastChina.Guangdongisacoastalregionwiththehighestnumberoftyphoon,followedbyTaiwan,Hainan,FujianandZhejiang.THE DESTRUCTION FROM TYPHOONTHE DESTRUCTION FROM TYPHOON Cause waterlogging and flooding Traffic gridlock Inundated farmland,grain reduction in production or cropsDestruction of the power supply system,resulting in power outages Destruction of urban green systemNAME 10 typhoon names presented by the Chinese:Dragon King,(Sun)monkey,rabbit,petrels,Aeolus,Poseidon,Rhododendron,electric mother,hippocampus,begonia.龙王、（孙）悟空、玉兔、海燕、风神、海神、杜鹃、电龙王、（孙）悟空、玉兔、海燕、风神、海神、杜鹃、电母、海马、海棠母、海马、海棠 These names show few disaster meanings.On the contrast,most of then are with meaning of civilization and peace,such as jasmine,rose,pearls,lotus,clouds and so on.When the typhoon makes serious damage in some areas,the country or region can present a new name instead.FOREST FIREFOREST FIREFOREST FIRETYPES OF FOREST FIRETYPES OF FOREST FIRE lsurface fire (地表火地表火)lcanopy fire (林冠火林冠火)lsubsurface fire (地下火地下火)FACTORSFACTORS COEXISTCOEXIST IN FOREST FIREIN FOREST FIREcombustibles(可燃物可燃物可燃物可燃物)ignitionsources(火源火源火源火源)oxygennaturalman-madeorganic material not less than 18%volcanic eruption lightning fire RELATED FACTORSRELATED FACTORSlweatherlterrains (地形地形)sunny slope(阳坡阳坡)steep hill（陡坡）（陡坡）forest land（林地）（林地）high temperaturecontinuous drought strong winds REGULARITY OF OUTBREAKREGULARITY OF OUTBREAK periodical（周期性）（周期性）lannual（dry years）lseasonal(winter)ldaily (midday)INFLUENCE AND PREVENTIONINFLUENCE AND PREVENTION lair environmentlecological systemlsocial stabilitylmonitoring technology lsatellite remote sensing lmans consciousness TSUNAMITSUNAMIWhatis“tsunami”?Thegreatwaves“tsunami”isaseriesoftravelingoceanwavesofextremelylonglengthgeneratedbyearthquakesoccurringbloworneartheocean,submarinelandslidesanderuptions.DAMAGEA Pacific-wide tsunami generated by the 1960 Chile Earthquake.The Great Alaskan Earthquake of 1964 produced deadly tsunami waves in Alaska,Oregon and California.in 1992 and 1993 over 2,000 people were killed by tsunamis occurring in Nicaragua,Indonesia and Japan.2004 Indian Ocean tsunamithe,killing around 230,000 people.WHAT CAUSE TSUNAMIS?earthquakessubmarine landslides submarine volcanic eruptions a large meteorite（陨石）impact in the oceanunderwatervolcaniceruptionandlandslidesTSUNAMI WARNING CENTERSThe Alaska Tsunami Warning Center(ATWC)in Palmer,Alaska.The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center(PTWC)in Ewa Beach,Hawaii.The Pacific Tsunami Warning System(PTWS).Other National tsunami warning centers.WHAT YOU SHOULD DO?Follow the advice of teachers and other school personnel.(in school)Move in the evacuation site or to any safe place.Follow the advice of local emergency and law enforcement authorities.(at home)Move immediately to higher ground.DO NOT wait for a tsunami warning to be announced.(at the beach or near the ocean)TIPSShould not let this natural hazard diminish your enjoyment of the beach and ocean.PLAGUEPlague(瘟疫)isanepidemic(传染病）ofinfectiousdiseasethatisspreadingthroughhumanpopula-tionsacrossalargeregion;forinstancemultiplecontinents,orevenworldwide.Awidespreadendemicdiseasethatisstableintermsofhowmanypeoplearegettingsickfromitisnotapandemic.Theemergenceoftheepidemicshallmeetthefollowingconditions:1.Anewpathogenappearsinthecrowd.2.Thepathogencauseinfectionandseriousmedicalproblems.3.ThepathogensisInfectious,particularlyamonghumans.Pandemics and notable epidemics through history1、PlagueofAthens430BC.TyphoidfeverkilledaquarteroftheAtheniantroops,andaquarterofthepopulationoverfouryears.2、Plague of Justinian from541to750,wasthefirstrecordedoutbreakofthebubonicplague.ItcausedEuropespopulationtodropbyaround50%between550and700million.3、Black Deathstarted14thcentury.Thetotalnumberofdeathsworldwideisestimatedat75millionpeople.ItwasthefirstofacycleofEuropeanplagueepidemicsthatcontinueduntilthe18thcentury.4、SmallpoxThediseasekilledanestimated40millionEuro-peansperyearduringtheclosingyearsofthe18thcentury.Duringthe20thcentury,itisestimatedthatsmallpoxwasresponsiblefor300500milliondeaths.4、SmallpoxThediseasekilledanestimated40millionEuro-peansperyearduringtheclosingyearsofthe18thcentury.Duringthe20thcentury,itisestimatedthatsmallpoxwasresponsiblefor300500milliondeaths.CurrentpandemicsHIV and AIDSHIV,thevirusthatcausesAIDS,iscurrentlyapandemic.ItspreadtotheUnitedStatesandmuchoftherestoftheworldbeginningaround1969.SARS(SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome)BetweenNovember2002andJuly2003anoutbreakofSARSinHongKongnearlybecameapandemic.AndwithinweeksSARSspreadfromHongKongtoinfectindividualsin37countriesinearly2003.InfluenzaThefirstinfluenzapandemicwasrecordedin1580andsincetheninfluenzapandemicsoccurredevery10to30years.TheHongKongFlu,196869.AnH3N2causedaboutonemillionpeopleworldwide.InfluenzaA(H3N2)virusesstillcirculatetoday.The cause of the civilization appeared are the same as the infectious diseases,such as population increase,setting down,engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry,etc,and the plague is a unavoidable consequences of the wave of civilization in globalization trend.What can we do with the plague?Preventionmeasures1.Environmentalsanitation.2.Educatingthepubliconwaystopreventplagueexposures.3.Preventiveantibiotictherapy.