高中英语单元学习笔记.doc

单元学习笔记 Unit 16 grade 11. catch fire the house caught fire when they were away. 在他们外出时房子着火了。She was standing to close to the fireplace and her dress caught fire. 她站得离壁炉太近了，衣服烧着了。2. on fire on fire / catch fire 都是“着火”的意思，不过catch fire强调动作，on fire强调状态，如：Look! The house is on fire. 3. look out Look out！（当心、小心），比Take care! 或Be careful! 语气要强，往往用于某种紧急情况或可能出现危险的场合。Look out! Theres danger in the forest. 后还可接for短语：Look out for the rock in the water. 当心水里的石头。4. put out 灭火 They tried their best to put out the fire. 常用被动语态：The forest fire was put out soon. 森林大火很快就被扑灭了。注：be out熄灭：The forest fire was out at last.7. in that case 如果那样 It may rain tomorrow. In that case, youd better try another day. 明天可能下雨。那你最好改天在试。In that case, you wouldnt have a pan on fire. Youd have a house on fire! 如果是那样的话，那你就不是使一个油锅着火，而会使一座房子失火了！对比：in case 以防（万一），如：Take your raincoat in case it rains. 携带雨衣，以防下雨。8. belong to 属于（无被动语态）。These books belong to the school library. 这些书是校图书馆的。Who does this belong to? 这是谁的？He doesnt feel he belongs here. 他觉得自己是外人。9. close to close在这儿是形容词，意思是靠近，to是一个介词，后面要加名词，即：close to+宾语。如：There is a bank close to our school.我校附近有家银行。There were so many people in the street watching the fire that firefighters could not get close to the building. 街道上围观大火的人太多了，消防人员无法接近大楼。10. lose ones life 失去生命。死（die）还有一种婉转的说法：pass away 去世。The dog saved the boy but lost its own life. 这狗救了这小孩，但却失去了自己的生命。Thousands of lives were lost in the earthquake. 在地震中，成千上万的人失去了生命。1. The smoke from the fire was too thick for them to be able to land on the roof. 火烟太浓，直升飞机无法在楼顶降落。tooto 太以至于不能 如：My brother is too young to dress himself. 弟弟太小了，不会自己穿衣服。这句话还可以用so.that.表达：My brother is so young that he cannot dress himself. 注意不定式前的for：It is too later for him to do anything now. 2. The fire lasted about four hours before the firefighters could control it. 大火持续了大约4小时，消防人员才将火情控制。注意before的用法：The teacher asked us some questions before he came to the new lesson. 老师先问了我们几个问题，然后才上新课。The bell rang before I could finish writing the composition. 我还没有写好作文铃就响了。1. Quick, turn the gas off. 快，把煤气关上。掌握几个搭配：Turn the TV off. Its time for bed.该睡觉了，关了电视吧。 Turn on the light. 开灯。Turn it down, please! Its too noisy. 关小一点，太吵了！Turn it up please. I cant hear it clearly. 把声音开大点，我听不清！代词总是放在动词turn和副词之间，而名词即可放在两者中间，也可放在副词后面。2. You might get burnt and you might drop the pan of burning oil. 你可能被烧伤，你也可能把起火的油锅扔掉。might 表示假设，本句相当于If you tried to carry the pan out of the kitchen, you might get burnt . get burnt 被烧伤，构成被动语态的助动词一般用be，但有时也可以用get，如： My watch got broken while I was playing basketball. 手表打篮球时摔坏了。He got hurt in the leg when he fell down from the tree. 他从树上掉下来，腿受了伤。3. Break the glass to sound the alarm. 将玻璃打破，让火警器报警。sound an alarm / sound a note of danger发出警报/发出危险信号。这里sound是及物动词“使发声”：The bell is sounded every hour. 那钟每小时响一次。sound还可作不及物动词“听起来”：That music sounds beautiful. 那音乐优美动听。4. Dont go to your room to collect your things, or you may be trapped by the fire. 不要到住室去取自己的东西，否则你可能被火封堵。collect 收集，如：The teacher walked round the classroom to collect exercise books. (收练习本) Electricity fees for this month have not been collected. 本月电费还没有收。5. Perhaps it was started by an electrical fire in the ceiling of one of the offices. 也许这是由于其中一个办公室天花板上的电线漏电发出火花引起的。ceiling和roof的区别很简单：ceiling指的是屋内的天花板，而roof指的是屋外的房顶。如：A light is hanging from the ceiling. 天花板上吊着一盏灯。Theres a cat on the roof. 房顶上有一只猫。6. He was the first to arrive and the last to leave.他总是到的最早，走的最晚。在本句中，不定式用作定语。The Past Indefinite and Past Continuous Tense 一般过去时和过去进行时1. 一般过去时表示在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态，也可表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。When I was a child, I often played football in the street.2. 过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。As he was reading the newspaper, Granny fell asleep在他看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。3. 应特别注意两个时态的区别：They watched the train until it disappeared. (一般过去时表示watch动作已结束) She was writing a book about China last year but I dont know whether she has finished it. 过去进行时不表示write动作已结束) I dont think Jim saw me; he was just staring into space. (过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作)单元学习笔记 Unit 17 grade 11. Put on performances演出。 动词词组put on有“上演”“表演”的意思，如：Weve decided to put the play on again next week. 我们决定将在下周再次上演这出戏。 The senior class put on a dance. 高年级表演了一个舞蹈。2. at presentpresent前面不能加冠词，要加冠词的话，得用at the present time。如：Mr. King is busy at present/now. Can he ring you later? 金先生现在很忙，他稍后给你电话，好吗？We are planning for a new experiment at the present time. 现在我们正在计划一项新的试验。3. year by year表示每年有所变化时（as each year passes）用year by year，如：I grow taller year by year. 我一年一年的长高了。表示一年年一成不变时（continuously for many years），就要用year after year。对比：The flowers remain the same year after year while people change year by year. 年年岁岁花相似，岁岁年年人不同。“名词+by+名词”意思是“逐个地”“一个接一个地”，如：They went to the hall one by one.他们一个接一个进入大厅。 These problems should be solved step by step. 这些问题应当逐步解决。4. one dayone day 作状语，可指过去的某一天（有一天），也可指将来的某一天（总有一天）：One day we visited the nature park near Beijing. 一天，我们去参观了北京附近的自然公园。You will know more about the history of the country one day. 将来总有一天你会了解更多的这个国家历史的。5. one after another接连地（的），一个接一个地（的）：They came in one after another. 他们一个接一个走了进来。 We have won one victory after another. 我们取得一个又一个的胜利。1. How long will it take you to complete the trip? 你旅行全程需要多长时间？表达“某人做某事需要多长时间”常用“It takes sb + time + to do sth. ”句型。句中的不定式是真正主语，it 是形式主语。对time提问用how long：It will take me two weeks to complete the job. 我需要两星期才能完成这项工作。How long did it take you to learn English so well? 你花了几年多长时间把英语学得这么好？2. It is hoped that形式主语结构，真正的主语是that引导的名词从句。It is hoped that they will pass the exam tomorrow. 希望他们能通过明天的考试。 It is hoped that more and more people will eat healthy food. 希望越来越多的人饮食健康。类似的结构有许多: It is said that(=Somebody says that)据说 It is believed that (People believe that)据信 It is supposed that(People suppose that.)据认为. It is reported that.(Somebody reports that.)据报道.1. We are trying to collect money for a wildlife project. 我们正在设法募集资金搞一个野生动物项目。collect money 筹集资金：They decided to hold concerts to collect money for the Hope Project. 他们决定举办音乐会为希望工程筹集资金。还可以用raise money：他们靠演出筹集资金:They raised money by performance. 2. Theres a very important Chinese deer called the milu deer.有一种非常珍贵的中国鹿，叫做麋鹿。deer, sheep, Chinese, Japanese等名词单复数同形。如：one deer, two dear, many deer3. Good luck with your trip! 祝你一路顺风（平安）。Good luck to sb with sth! 是分手道别时的交际用语。Good luck with your new job. 祝你在新的工作中顺利。明天你朋友要考试了，你可说：Good luck tomorrow in the exam. 我们还可以说Best of luck!4. The milu deer is a kind of deer that used to be common in China long ago. 很久以前，麋鹿在中国是一种很普通的鹿。我们已学过，used to do 表示过去经常发生，但现在已不再发生的动作。区分：I used to get up at 5 oclock. 我过去常五点起床。Im used to getting up at 5 oclock. 我习惯了早上5：00起床。5. Until recently, the only milu deer alive in the world belonged to the Duke of Bedford in England. 直至最近，世界上只有英国的贝德福德公爵才有这种活鹿。until recently 直到不久前。until / till是介词，宾语是表示时间的名词或副词。She studied here until last year. 她在这儿学习一直到去年。 Until then, no one knew that the kitchen was on fire. 直到那时，没有人知道厨房着火了。6. alive 活着，只能做表语。你可以说：The deer is alive. 但你不能说: This is an alive deer. 因为alive不能做定语，不过你可以用live。This is a live deer. 在这儿live读做 laiv，是形容词。很多以a开始的形容词都只能做表语，如：afraid, alone, asleep, ashamed等。还可做宾语补足语：They caught the monkey alive. 他们活捉了那只猴子。7. In fact, there are now so many deer that some are being sent to places which would like to return this kind of deer to the wild. 事实上，这种麋鹿的数量已经很多，以致有些麋鹿正被送往那些愿意把它们放回野外去的地方。wild 形容词“野生的，不易驯服的”；名词“荒野”：There are many wild animals in the forests. 森林中有很多野兽。 The village people are planting trees to turn the wild into a beautiful garden. 村民们植树要把荒地变成美丽的花园。8. By 1993 the number of milu deer at the centre had grown from 20 to more than 200. 到1993年该中心的麋鹿数量已从20只增加到200多只。介词“by + 时间”意思是“截止（时间）为止”，谓语动词常用过去完成时：By 1995, Chinas population had grown to 1,200,000,000. 到1995年，中国人口已增长至12亿。By the end of last term they had learned more than 50 English lessons. 9. Since then the number of milu deer there has greatly increased. 从那时候起，那里的麋鹿数量大大地增加了。increase可以做及物动词或不及物动词，读做inkri:s。旅行可以增加人们对世界的了解:Travel increases ones knowledge of the world. 这些年来人口大大增加了。The population has greatly increased these years. 它还可以做名词用，重音在第一音节，inkri:s。人口的增加会引起各种社会问题: The increase of population will cause social problems.The life of the milu is being studied there. 在那里正进行着对麋鹿生活习性的研究。More milu deer are being moved to a new large nature park in Shishou in Hubei Province. 更多的麋鹿正被迁往湖北石首县一处新的大型自然公园。现在进行时的被动语态。它的构成形式是：be (am,is,are) + being + P.P (过去分词)，它表示“某事/某人此时此刻正在被”，主语是动作的承受者。My bike is being repaired at present. 我的自行车目前正在修理。Helicopters are being sent to rescue the trapped people. 正在派直升机去营救被围困的人们。单元学习笔记 Unit 23 grade 11. at breakfast 早餐时；正在吃早饭He told me this story at breakfast. 他在吃早饭时把这个故事告诉了我。2. in danger 在危险中He had a car accident. His life is in great danger. 他出了车祸，生命非常危险。He was not seriously hurt. He is in no danger. 他伤得不重，没有生命危险。3. date from 始于/从就开始有/可追溯到这一表达法常用于叙述以前发生的某件事情等情况，如：This church dates from the 13th century. 这是一座早在13世纪就建造起来的教堂。又That dates back to .：That old bridge dates back to the Song Period. 那座古桥的历史可以追溯到宋代。一般使用一般现在时。4. make a good effort 作很大的努力He made a great effort to help the poor students. 类似词组还有：make efforts努力；make every effort尽一切努力；spare no effort不遗余力；without effort毫不费力地等。1. They are now at breakfast, talking about the plan for their trip. 他们正在吃早餐，并谈论着旅行计划。句中talking about the plan for their trip是动词的-ing短语，作状语，表示伴随动作。又如：I was then in bed, thinking of the days in my childhood. 当时我躺在床上，想起了童年的日子。They were on their way to the temple, talking and laughing. 他们说着笑着在去寺庙的路上走着。2. It was carved in the rock and had on the outside four large stone figures, each of which was 20 metres high. 这座神庙凿在岩石上，外面有4尊大型石雕像，每尊高达20米。Each of which was 20 metres high是一个非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的figures.这种非限制性定语从句的构造是“名词+介词+关系代词”来引导。如：They live in a house, the door of which opens to the north. 他们所住的房子的门是朝北的。China has hundreds of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. 中国有上千个岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。There are around 150 teachers in our school, most of whom are women. 我们学校大约有150教师，他们中大多数是女教师。1. The White family are on holiday in Egypt. 怀特一家人在埃及度假。集合名词family 指家庭成员时用复数：His family are all music lovers. 他一家人都喜欢音乐。若看成是一个集体时用单数：His family is a big one. 他的家是一个大家庭。2. I dont feel like walking very much today. 今天我不太想步行。feel like想做某事情/愿意：I feel like a cup of coffee. 或I would like a cup of coffee. 我想喝杯咖啡。还可以用这个句型表达一种提议：Do you feel like having a rest? 注意：would like 只能接名词或不定式 ，但feel like 不能接不定式。3. Its on the edge of the lake that has been made by the Dam. 这座庙座落在由高坝形成的湖边上。词组on the edge of 在的边缘：Dont put the glass on the edge of the table; it might fall off. 憋把玻璃杯放在桌子边上，它会掉下去的。He is on the edge of death.4. Second, electricity can now be made from the water which rushed through the base of the dam. 第二，现在可以利用冲过坝基的急流来发电。rush 冲、奔：When the bell rang, the children rushed out of the classroom. 铃声一响，孩子们就从教室里冲出来。5. As a result of the dam, the water level of the lake was going to rise by 63 metres. 大坝建成的后果之一是湖水水位将升高63米。rise 是一个有多重意思的动词，如：The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。 He always rises early. 他起床总是很早。 He rose immediately to reply. 他马上站起来回答。Prices are rising. 物价在上涨。 The wind is rising. 起风了。介词by可表示增减程度，如：He is older by five years than John. 他比John年长5岁。Production fell by about one-third. 生产下降了大约三分之一。We lost the match by one goal. 我们以一球输掉了这场比赛。6. In all, 1700 workers and 200 other people worked on the project. 参与这项工程的工人总计达1700人，还有200名其他人员。词组work on （从事）搭配能力很强：work on a new novel 写一本新小说；work on the wall-newspaper出黑板报；work on the project 从事这个工程；work on inventing new machines 致力发明新机器7. First, each stone was marked with a number. 首先，每块石头都标上号码。掌握mark的用法：n. 分数：He got 80 marks for geography. v. 评分：The teacher is marking the students compositions.n. 记号、痕迹：Who made these dirty marks on my new book? v. 作记号、标明：She marked her name on the book. The book was marked with her name. 这本书标有她的姓名。8. Today you can either fly to Abu Simbel or you can take a boat from across the lake. 今天，你既可坐飞机，也可以从湖对面乘船到达阿布拜勒神庙。词组either or 表示两者择一：Put this dictionary either on the shelf or in the desk. 把这部字典放在书架上或放在课桌里。You may come to my office either today or tomorrow. 你可以今天或明天到我办公室来。介词from后面往往可以再接一个介词短语：A minibus came along from behind me. 一辆中巴从我后面开过来。He took out a pair of dirty socks from under the bed. 他从床底取出一双脏袜子。Non-restrictive Attributive Clause非限制性定语从句The larger of the two islands is Britain, which lies to the east of Ireland. 两个岛屿中较大的一个是不列颠，它位于爱尔兰的东面。Its capital is London, which is also the capital of the UK. 其首府为伦敦，伦敦同时也是联合王国的首都。非限制性定语从句是对所修饰的词作进一步的说明，通常用逗号与先行词分开，并不对它所修饰的先行词起限定作用，而是作进一步补充说明，也就是说在翻译的时候译成两个句子。如：上星期天我丢了手表，还没找到。Last Sunday I lost my watch, which is not found yet. 而限定性定语从句则对所修饰的词起限定作用，在句子中至关重要，若去掉了就会造成句子意思模糊。例如：Do you know the man who came to see me this morning ? 你认识今天上午来找我的那个人吗？Yesterday I met Li Ping, who seemed to be very busy. Abraham Lincoln, who led the United States through these years, was shot on April 14, 1865 at a theatre in Washington, D.C. Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.对比下面两组句子：1. His brother who is a PLA soldier is eighteen years old.His brother, who is a PLA soldier, is eighteen years old.2. All the books there that have pictures in them were written by him.All the books there, which have pictures in them, were written by him.单元学习笔记 unit 25 grade 11. send out 发出，寄出The sun sends out light and heat. 太阳发出光和热。After he finished writing the invitation, he sent it out to Mr James at once. 他写好邀请函后立刻派人给詹姆斯送去。又：send up发射：We sent up another man-made satelite this month. 这个月我们又发射了一颗人造卫星。send for 派人去拿/叫：Ill send for a taxi. 我来派人去叫出租车吧。2. get through 接通电话；通过；完成The operator finally got me through. 接线员最后给我接通了。(电话占线,可以表达为：The line is busy. 或 I cant get through.) They have all got through the examination. 他们全都通过了考试。He got through the book last week. 他上周看完了这本书。3. ring back 回电话Can you tell her to ring me back when she gets home? 她回家时请你叫他给我回个电话，好，吗？（还可说return a call to sb）4. make up 编造；装扮make up an excuse 编造借口 Its a lie; he made up the whole story. 这是谎言，全是他编出来的。She spent an hour making (herself) up before the party. 她在聚会前化妆用了一个小时。5. out of breath 上气不接下气When he reached the finish, he was quite out of breath. 到达终点时，他已经上气不接下气了。 We got to the top of the mountain out of breath. 我们气喘嘘嘘爬上山顶。1. Would you mind giving a talk today about DNA? 你今天可以作一个关于脱氧核糖核酸的报告吗？”would you mind + doing 是礼貌提出请求的句型“你干某事好吗？”。要特别注意它的回答：表示同意用Certainly not或Of course not. 表示不同意，用Im sorry, but 如：- Would you mind lending your new bicycle to me? - Certainly not. 当然可以。- Would you mind waiting for some time? - Im afraid not, for I have something important to do right now. 恐怕不行，因为我有重要的时马上要做。2. If Dr Baker is in the hall, will he please make himself known to me? 如果贝克博士在这个大厅里，请他给我作个自我介绍，好吗？make oneself known自我介绍：Here are my friends. Would you make yourself known to them? 这儿都是我的朋友，你愿意向他们作自我介绍吗？掌握其它几个类似结构: make oneself unde