新概念英语第四册笔记.doc

L1 Finding fossil man We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East,where people first learned to write.But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write.The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas-legends handed down from one generation of storytellers to another.These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago,but none could write down what they did.Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from.The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas,if they had any,are forgotten.So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the firstmodern men came from.Fortunately,however,ancient men made tools of stone,especially flint,because this is easier to shape than other kinds.They may also have used wood and skins,but these have rotted away.Stone does not decay,and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.New words and expressions recount/rikaunt/v.叙述 /reikaunt/再数一次 record/rekd/ri kC:d/第一个音节带重音，名前动后 叙述：recount:emotionless 重复 describe depict：a little emotional narrate：temporal&spacial 根据时间或空间顺序描述。portray：描述 saga/sa:g/n.英雄故事 描述的内容mostly real 北欧海盗活动的故事 legend/ledVnd/n.传说，传奇 unreal e.g robin hood anthropologist/AnWrpCldVist/n.人类学家 anthrop：人 philosophere:philosopher|爱智慧哲学家 philanthropist:慈善家（对人有爱心的人）anthropology:人类学 带-gy 结尾的都是学科：biology 生物学 geography 地理学 ecology 生态学 remote/rimut/n.遥远 ancestor/Ansest/n.祖先 an-在前面 forefather,forebear，predecessor 祖先 rot/rCt/v.烂掉 leave me rot.leave me along rot to death.soon ripe,soon rotten.decay 国家民族逐渐衰亡 decompose 逐渐衰竭 deteriorate关系逐渐恶化 trace/treis/n.痕迹，踪迹 trace the problem i follow your tracei follow where you go polynesia 波利尼西亚 poly-多 polyandric:a wife with more than one husband polygeny:a husband with more than one wife flint/flint/n.燧石 flinting hearted fossil/fCsl/n.化石 cobble 鹅卵石 read of 读到 谈到：speak of,talk of,know of,hear of near east：近东 mediterranean,south europe,north afric far east 非限定性从句，表原因 oral(spoken)language is earlier than written language.precede:什么在什么之前，不用比较，直接跟名词 counterpart:two things or two people have the same position oral(spoken)language is earlier than written counterpart.preserve:保留，保存（腌制）如果句中有 only，那后面的表语结构就要用 to do sth,而不是doing sth.storyteller:讲故事的人 fortuneteller,palmreader:算命先生 migration：移民 ）migrant ）immigrant v.migrate:迁移，迁徙 migratory bird:候鸟 none:no body peoples 民族 if they had any:即便是有 his relatives,if he had any,never went to visit him when he was hospitalized.find out 千方百计，费尽周折explore modern men:the men who were like ourselves howeveranywhere you want,加逗号 but,yet不加标点，only at the beginning of the sentence therefore自由 so自由 tool:小工具 instrument:实验器械 equipment:设备 shape:成型；教育，改造 may also have:表推测 peel:果皮 leather:皮革 hide:兽皮 cowhide:牛皮 without(any)trace:无影无踪 L 2 Spare that spider Why,you may wonder,should spiders be our friends?Because they destroy so many insects,and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race.Insects would make it impossible.for us to live in the world;they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds,if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders.Moreover,unlike some of the other insect eaters,spiders never do the least harm to us or our belongings.Spiders are not insects,as many people think,nor even nearly related to them.One can tell the difference almost at a glance for a spider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six.How many spiders are engaged in this work on our behalf?One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England,and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre,that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch.Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects.It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill,but they are hungry creatures,not content with only three meals a day.It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country.T.H.GILLESPIE Spare that Spider from The Listener New words and expressions flocks and herds 牛群和羊群 flCk/the birds of the same feather flock together.物以类聚，人以群分 you are the same flock.也可指人 herd 多指牛群 cowherd cowboy throng and crowd swarm owe vt.感激欠 i owe you.i owe you a big favor.欠 issue oblige indebt appreciate-常用口语词 正式：grateful thankful beast n 兽形容人野蛮无比，不能用 animal 形容 creature 可以指小孩，女人，不用于男性 Fraction 小部分 分数，小数 a fraction of rice will suffice on ones behalf 代表 利益 I beat you on your behalf.我打你是为你好 on behalf of somebody/something e.g on behalf of chinese government on behalf of represent authority/C:WCriti/n.权威 authorize 批准 authoritative 权威性的 authoritarian 独裁的 tarian 带有这种词缀的词都是坏词 dictator 独裁者 dictatorial独裁的 authorities 权威（可单数可复数）当局（复数）census/senss/n.统计数据 the fifth national population census.censor 审查 censorious 挑剔的，挑刺的 acre/eik/n.英亩 acresquare meters football pitch 足球场 football yard football court football field be content with 满足于 满足作表语，不能出现定语结构 He is content with status quo.contented heart:心满意足的人 spare/spZ/v.不伤害，宽恕 spare me He doesnt spare himself.I spare no efforts to learn english.(spare no efforts:不遗余力作什么)Notes on the text why,you may wonderyou may wonder why 插入语 先不管插入语，弄清句子结构 you may wonder why spiders should be our friends？插入语位置不固定 why 以疑问句 开头 why,you may wonder,the problem of pollution befalls human beings.why,you may wonder,one of my friends is so kindhearted.destroy 程度比 damage 要重得多，片甲不留，消灭光 tear into pieces greatest enemies:天敌 dying enemy crying enemy dear enemy human race:人的种族，一般不加复数，表示一个总称词 impossible 和 possible 永远不要以人开头 It is impossible for somebody to do something.likely 可以以人做主语。i am likely to go.probable 也不以人做主语 they would 表示假设 devour 狼吞虎咽 devour the food make a cake of myself make a god of myself devour the book it 虚拟语气 前面是主句，下面是条件句 前面一般的加动词 devour,后面用一般过去时 If it were not for:如果这不是因为 I would not survive if it were not for his timely help.but for 一定是虚拟语气 if it were not for owe 感激，欠 i owe you.引出主题 all of them put together:把他们堆到一起 谓语动词是 kill destroyed 后置定语，重心转到 spider L 3 Mattonhorn Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport,and the more difficult it is,the more highly it is regarded.In the pioneering days,however,this was not the case at all.The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top because the summit was the prize they sought,especially if it had never been attained before.It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature,equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought,but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement.They had a single aim,a solitary goal-the top!It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers.Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix,which had rapidly become popular,Alpine villages tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains.Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridden;the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old,all washed down with coarse wine.Often a valley boasted no inn at all,and climbers found shelter wherever they could-sometimes with the local priest(who was usually as poor as his parishioners),sometimes with shepherds or cheesemakers.Invariably the background was the same:dirt and poverty,and very uncomfortable.For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home,the change to the Alps must have been very hard indeed.New words and expressions 1、alpinist(1.1)/$lpinist/n登山运动员 climber mountaineer 词根：alp-Alps(1.16)/$lps/n阿尔卑斯山脉Alpine(1.9)/$lpain/adj阿尔卑斯山的 2、attain(1.4)/+tein/v到达 to get to to arrive at/in to attain ones goal=realize to attain the top/peak/summit 达到顶点 attain youth 永葆青春 attainment(n)attainments 成就 accomplishment 3、perilous(1.5)/peril+s/adj危险的 peril （随时可能出现的）危险 avalanche 雪崩 4、shudder(1.5)/M)d+/v不寒而栗 shudder:quick and sudden tremble:long and very obvious quiver:excitement,maybe cold shiver:cold and nervous 5、go out of ones way 专门 by the way 顺路 too much for me 受不起 6、court（multiple meanings 多义词）1）朝廷 朝臣 courtier 2）courteous 彬彬有礼的 3）法庭 4）娱乐场 足球场 soccer/football court 高尔夫球场 golf court 5）追求 6）招致 骄兵必败 pride courts failure 7、solitary(1.6)/s&lrt+ri/adj唯一的 sol-独 solo 独唱 独奏 solitude 孤独 I live in solitude.=I live a lonely life.8、pioneer(1.2)/?pai+n+/v开辟，倡导；n先锋，开辟者 9、impoverish(11.9-10)/$mp&v+rM/v使贫困 poor（口语词）罗素名言：A great many man will cheerfully face inpoverishment if they can secure complete ruin for their rival,hence present level of taxation.许多人会高兴的面对贫困，如果他们能使对手落魄，因此出现了现在的税收水平。10、coarse(1.12)/k&:s/adj粗劣的 coarse throat 嗓子哑 sore throat 嗓子发炎 coarse fare 粗粮 refined fair 细粮 coarse and refined in a coarse manner 粗暴无礼 11、boast(1.12)/b+ust/v自恃有 用法：以人作主语，夸耀；以物作主语，拥有 He boasted that of his knowledge.The center boasts a team of high qualify(qualified researchers.)12、parishioner(1.13)/p+riM+n+/n教区居民 parish 教区 13、shepherd(1.14)/Mep+d/n牧羊人 sheepshep 羊 herd 兽群 14、linen(1.15)/linin/n亚麻布床单 Notes on the text 1、Route 路线 Road 道路 2、good sports:stimulus 刺激 thrilling 震撼、兴奋 3、regard regard sb with sth(感情词 love hatredhorrorrespect)Dad,I regard you with horror.爸爸，我很害怕你。4、pineering days,ancient(先人时期)5、not at all 根本不 case 这回事 6、be doing 表达当时的行动（状态）7、top:顶点 summit 山顶 peak 山顶 The scenery is at the peak of the mountain.无限风光在险峰。I am at the top of the world.我在世界之巅。Summit meeting 峰会 8、attain 到达 conquer 征服 9、be of the most perilous nature nature 特点、特性 the most perilous difficulties and dangers 学会 be of the+adj+noun 结构He is the kindest man.=He is the man of the kindest man.10、equipped 表示当时的一种伴随。11、in a manner 以这样的方式 12、make sb do sth (省 to 结构)13、at the thought 一想到，mention 一提到,idea 一想到 这个结构后面加介词 of 原文即 at the thought of their poor equipment 14、go out of ones way 刻意 intentionally eye catching 引人注目的 15、the real living conditions 真实生存状况 16、nowadays 插入语，现在回想起来，可在句首、句末 17、except for 把其中的一部分扣除 18、tend to be 倾向于 19、settlement 生存地、驻扎地 20、cut off=which are cut off 21、flea ridden 跳蚤 22、as they were 可以这么说，插入语 还有 as it were This book is,as it were,his life portrait.这本书，可是说，是他的人生写照。23、local 当地的 24、wine 低度酒 alcohol 酒精 alcoholic 酒鬼 25、boast 拥有 priest 牧师 shepherd 牧羊人 invariably=all the same 26、dirt and poverty，and very uncomfortable（结构不符合习惯，不可学）27、course 一道菜 28、must have been 表推测 29、be accustomed to,be used to+名词、动名词 I am used to the life in Bejing.I am used to living in Bejing.30、早餐：scratch a meal 中午餐：snack 快餐 晚餐：dinner 31、the change to Education brings great change to his outlook/view on life.教育使他的面貌（对生活的看法）产生了很大变化。L 4 Seeing Hands In the Soviet Union several cases have been reported recently of people who can read and detect colours with their fingers,and even see through solid doors and walls.One case concerns an eleven-year-old schoolgirl,Vera Petrova,who has normal vision but who can also perceive things with different parts of her skin,and through solid walls.This ability was first noticed by her father.One day she came into his office and happened to put her hands on the door of a locked safe.Suddenly she asked her father why he kept so many old newspapers locked away there,and even described the way they were done up in bundles.Veras curious talent was brought to the notice of a scientific research institute in the town of UIyanovsk,near where she lives,and in April she was given a series of tests by a special commission of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federal Republic.During these tests she was able to read a newspaper through an opaque screen and,stranger still,by moving her elbow over a childs game of Lotto she was able to describe the figures and colours printed on it;and,in another instance,wearing stockings and slippers,to make out with her foot theoutlines and colours of a picture hidden under a carpet.Other experiments showed that her knees and shoulders had a similar sensitivity.During all these tests Vera was blindfold;and,indeed,except when blindfold she lacked the ability to perceive things with her skin.lt was also found that although she could perceive things with her fingers this ability ceased the moment her hands were wet.New words and expressions 1、Perceive 察觉，瞬间感觉到的 to make out 费尽心机辨出 I looked thoroughly for my elderly mother,finally I make her out.Yeah,I remembered,I finally make him out.I perceive a fly in my teacup.2、elbow ones way(用肘)挤出 elbow ones way out of the crowed.挤出人群 L5 No Room in the Ark The gorilla is something of a paradox in the African scene.One thinks one knows him very well.For a hundred years or more he has been killed,captured,and imprisoned,in zoos.His bones have been mounted in natural history museums everywhere,and he has always exerted a strong fascination upon scientists and romantics alike.He is the stereotyped monster of the horror films and the adventure books,and an obvious(though not perhaps strictly scientific)link with our ancestral past.Yet the fact is we know very little about gorillas.No really satisfactory photograph has ever been taken of one in a wild state,no zoologist,however intrepid,has been able to keep the animal under close and constant observation in the dark jungles in which he lives.Carl Akeley,the American naturalist,led two expeditions in the nineteen-twenties,and now lies buried among the animals he loved so well.But even he was unable to discover how long the gorilla lives,or how or why it dies,nor was he able to define the exact social pattern of the family groups,or indicate the final extent of their intelligence.All this and many other things remain almost as much a mystery as they were when the French explorer Du Chaillu first described the animal to the civilized world a century ago.The Abominable Snowman who haunts the imagination of climbers in the Himalayas is hardly more elusive.New words and expressions（good article:five stars 该文写得不错。）the+n.(s)表示一类:the gorilla(s)scene 场景 in the African scene:Africa as the background gather palace 聚集地 something of a paradox 自相矛盾（人对猩猩的观点）contradictory ideas about him 主题句：One thinks one knows him very well.问题：Yet the fact is we know very little about gorillas.Their ideas vary。人们对他的观点相差很大。For a hundred years or more 一百年甚至更多（包括一百年）For more than one hundred years 一百多年 西方，动物一般用人称代替。本文中，gorillas 用 him 代替。另外有 cat she,dog he.imprisoned 关起来圈养 be mounted in natural history museums 陈列在自然历史博物馆 重点句型：He exert a strong fascination upon(on)Sb.施加给人们强大的魅力 exert on 施加（压力）impose on ,例如 impose infl