四级考试三层突破——写作完形翻译.doc

第一部分 写作——核心体裁分析
1. 现象解释型
现象解释类作文是与实际生活关系十分密切的命题类型。现象解释型作文明确描述社会生活中存在的一种现象，据此作者对现象的原因或者危害等做出说明，同时论述这种现象反映出的社会问题；最后针对现象做出评论，表明自己的态度以及如何在日常生活中有效地实践以消除这种现象或其不利方面。此类作文所有的段落都围绕某种现象展开，所以我们称之为现象解释型作文。
写作思路：
第一段Nowadays, there exists a public controversy about the issue of引出现象.What amazes us most is典型的一个方面.It is true that进一步阐述现象.

第二段There are many reasons explaining 这一现象 The main reason is 原因一. What is more, 原因二 . Thirdly, 原因三 .

第三段As a result, 总结上述观点. Considering all these, 讲述导致结果及作者态度 . For one thing, 原因一 . For another, 原因二 .In conclusion,总结全文.

现象引入段

①描述现象，引起话题；
②表现较为典型的一个方面；
③进一步阐述现象。
说明原因段

①承上启下,解释这一现象的原因一；
②原因二；
③原因三；
④重申观点，总结上述观点。
总结观点段

①讲述导致的结果；
②作者的态度；
③例举原因一；
④例举原因二；
⑤总结全文。

2. 问题解决型
问题解决型作文通常要求考生通过提示性的文字或图表来描述其反映的社会生活中的某个现实问题，提出解决方案和应对措施。这类作文的所有段落都是以某个问题为主线展开，即提出问题﹑分析问题和解决问题这一主线。这类作文中给出的问题通常是当今社会的热门话题。

写作思路一
第一段Recently the issue /problem of__ _ has been in the limelight / brought into focus/ brought to public attentive concern总述该问题. It is obvious that ____ __危害或原因一. Additionally, ____ _危害或原因二. So it is high time __ __解决该问题的紧迫性.

第二段The following ways can be adopted to 解决该问题. First of all, ___办法／因素一. The reason is _____________. Secondly, ___办法／因素二 . That is to say, ________________. Thirdly, ___ ____办法／因素三. In fact, more than three ways can be adopted.

第三段It is undeniable that 解决该问题的意义 . As for me, ___我的观点和建议 . When everyone is fully aware of the severity and take feasible measures, I firmly believe 做出展望 .

阐述问题段

①总述该问题；
②问题的危害或原因（可举两点）；
③指出解决该问题的重要性和紧迫性。

说明方法段

①承上启下，引出对该问题的解决办法或重要影响因素；
②解决办法／影响因素一；
③解决办法／影响因素二；
④解决办法／影响因素三（可省略）；
⑤对以上办法或因素进行总结，强调重要性（可省略）。
总结观点段

①承接上文，强调解决问题的意义；
②阐明“我的观点和建议”；
③总结全文，发出呼吁或做出展望。

写作思路二
第一段 has become a hot topic, and heated debates are right on their way 总述该问题 . 表现/作用一 . Additionally, 表现/作用二 . Therefore, it is of great importance for us to 解决该问题的重要性.
第二段However, we have figured out many ways to 解决该问题 ./ However, there are many factors that 影响该问题的解决 . First of all, 解决办法一./The first role that should be blamed is 影响因素一.Secondly, 解决办法二./Another equally important factor lies in 影响因素二. Last but not least, 解决办法/影响因素三.
第三段As far as I’m concerned, 我的观点和建议. 理由一. What’s more, 理由二. I firmly believe that 做出展望.
阐述问题段

①开门见山，指出问题及现状；
②表现或作用（可举两点）；
③指出解决该问题的重要性和紧迫性。

说明方法段

①承上启下，引出对该问题的解决办法或重要影响因素；
②解决办法／影响因素一；
③解决办法／影响因素二；
④解决办法／影响因素三（可省略）；
⑤对以上办法或因素进行总结，强调重要性（可省略）。

总结观点段

①承接上文，阐明“我的观点和建议”；
②说明理由（可举两点）；
③总结全文，发出呼吁或做出展望。

写作思路三
第一段Recently, 指出问题 has become a matter of a public concern, especially for those who are confronted with this problem. On the one hand, _____表现一. On the other hand, _____表现二.
第二段There are many reasons accounting for 该问题. Firstly, _____危害／原因一. Secondly, ____危害／原因二. For example, _______举例说明. Thirdly, ____危害／原因三. In other words, ____进一步解释. Therefore, how to is worth paying attention强调解决该问题的重要性.
第三段However, we have figured out several effective measures to引出解决办法/影响因素. Firstly, 解决办法／影响因素一. Secondly, 解决办法／影响因素二. Thirdly, 解决办法／影响因素三. It's time that强调其重要性.

阐述问题段

①开门见山，指出问题及现状；
②问题具体表现（可举两点）；

说明原因段

①承上启下，引出对该问题的危害或重要原因；
②危害／原因一；
③危害／原因二；
④危害／原因三（可省略）；
⑤承上启下，强调解决该问题的重要性。

提出办法段

①承上启下，引出对该问题的解决办法或重要影响因素；
②解决办法／影响因素一；
③解决办法／影响因素二；
④解决办法／影响因素三（可省略）；
⑤对以上办法或因素进行总结，强调其重要性（可省略）。

第一部分 写作——热门话题分析
1.校园生活
相关话题：学生兼职/就业﹑出国留学﹑校外住宿﹑大学生选课以及课外活动等
热门词汇：
part-time job 兼职工作 economic burden经济负担
working experience 工作经历 competition and cooperation竞争与合作
tuition学费 course arrangement 课程安排
extracurricular activities课外活动 distance education远程教育
required course\compulsory course必修课 take an examination\sit an examination 参加考试
live outside campus 住在校外 food services饮食
application form 申请表 withdraw\draw cash 取钱
instructor 辅导老师 student union 学生会
undergraduate 本科生 postgraduate研究生
credit学分 degrees学位

经典句式：
① In recent years, studying abroad has become a new craze among college students.
如今，留学在大学生中成为一种新的热潮。
② With the admission expansion of colleges, a lot more graduates have to face the fierce competition in the job market.
随着大学的扩招，越来越多的毕业生在就业市场面临激烈的竞争。
③ Diploma and certificates are still significant standards by which many employers measure a person’s ability. In order to increase the qualifications for a job, the students compel themselves to run from one exam to another.
学位和证书仍然是很多雇主衡量一个人能力的重要标准。为了增加找工作资格条件，学生们被迫不断参加考试。
④ During the holidays, a growing number of students choose to be volunteers, take part-time jobs, or take part in other practical activities alike.
在假期，大量的学生选择做志愿者，做兼职工作或者参加其他类似的实践活动。
⑤ Some students spend too much time in taking part-time jobs so as to ignore their study. Therefore, we are supposed to try to balance the relationship between social practice and study.
有些学生花大量的时间做兼职工作，从而忽视了他们的学业。因此我们应该平衡社会实践和学习之间的关系。

2.网络科技:
相关话题：电脑/互联网的普及﹑信息安全﹑媒体广告、通讯设备的进步﹑网络教学及网上阅读﹑网上娱乐（游戏﹑博客﹑开心牧场等）
热门词汇：
cyber culture计算机文化 online love affairs网恋
net bar网吧 shopping online网上购物
cyber chat网上聊天 virtual net 虚拟网络
net partner网友 surf the Internet网上冲浪
net citizen网民 cyberspace网络空间
cyber college网络大学 convenient and effective方便有效
e-bank电子银行 kill time打发时间
information security信息安全 the popularity of computer电脑的普及
be addicted to对……上瘾 campus network校园网络
release one’s pressure减轻压力 e-mail电子邮箱

经典句式：
① No invention has received more praise and abuse than the Internet.
没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。
② It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology, and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.
人们普遍认为现代科技使我们的社会发生了巨大的变化，近几十年人类在科技方面取得了惊人的进步。
③ As a product of modern computer and the Internet, online games have become extremely popular among college students.
作为现代电脑和网络的产物，网络游戏已经在大学生中变得相当普及。
④ But as we see, some students lacking self-discipline are too much indulged in these games so that their health and academic performances are affected.
但是，正如我们看到的，一些缺乏自律的学生沉迷于网络游戏以至于影响了健康和学习。
⑤ More significantly, it does bring college students much pleasure and release their pressure greatly.
更重要的是，它能带给大学生们很多快乐并且极大地减轻压力。

3. 体育健康
相关话题：体育运动、节食减肥、吸烟、流行性疾病、心理疾病
热门词汇：
lung cancer 肺癌 smoking-related diseases抽烟引起的疾病 lose weight减肥 go on die节食
under the weather生病、不舒服 flight-headed头昏眼花
drowsy昏昏欲睡 flu 流感
epidemics瘟疫 rampant猖獗的
contract infections得传染病 pick up the habit 养成这种习惯
physical and mental condition身体与精神状态 overweight/fat(肥胖的)
mentally unhealthy精神不健全的 be good for/do good to对……有益处
good living habits良好的生活习惯 take regular exercise进行有规律的运动
unhealthy eating habit不健康的饮食习惯 junk food垃圾食品
stay/keep healthy/fit保持健康
build up one’s body/ improve one’s health强身健体

经典句式：
① Epidemics are rampant throughout the whole human history, and they have caused the most devastating impacts on us.
在整个人类历史上瘟疫肆虐，他们给我们带来了灾难性的影响。
② For example, the outbreak of H1N1once killed lots of people and brought great economic loss to the whole country.
例如，H1N1甲型流感的爆发夺去了很多人的生命并且给整个国家带来了重大经济影响。
③ According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking. 
依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。
④ Children are undergoing fast physical development; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence on their later life.
孩子们正处于身体快速发育时期，缺乏体育锻炼可能会对他们未来的生活造成严重的影响。
⑤ In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.
事实上，我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。

第一部分 写作——写作步骤核心指导

2009年12月四级作文真题
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Creating A Green Campus.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:
1.建设绿色校园很重要
2.绿色校园不仅指绿色的环境……
3.为了建设绿色校园，我们应该……
(一)审题立意
1.首先审题目以及提纲，考生很容易判断出这是问题解决类作文。
2.该作文体现出一种较新的命题方式，首先在题材上，依然是我们所熟悉的校园类话题，同时兼顾社会的热点：环保问题，这也与社会的大背景有关系，刚刚闭幕的哥本哈根世界气候大会也同时关注环保减排这个主题，因此我们的作文也与社会热点有很大的关系。分析题目Green “绿色”和Campus “校园”是本作文的关键词。考生应该考虑绿色校园具体是什么含义。重点应放在绿色校园的含义以及我们应该采取的措施上。考卷已经列出了提纲，这是对“三段式”提纲类作文写作结构的考查。
(二)草拟提纲
段落一阐述问题段①开门见山，绿色校园引发人们关注；②建立绿色校园对自己、他人及社会都有重要影响。
段落二说明原因段①绿色校园具有两层含义；②绿色，无污染；③人文精神、文明建设、人文关怀、和谐。
段落三解决方法段①为了建设绿色校园，个人、学校、政府和社会各界应该采取哪些措施；②对未来的展望。
根据以上构思，写作提纲如下：
Creating A Green Campus
What’s a green campus and how to creat a green campus?
Creating A Green Campus
I.Nowadays the topic of a green campus has aroused public attention.
1.It is of vital importance to the students
2.It has a profound impact on society
II.The idea of “a green campus” is beyond a green environment.
1.green environment preservation and protection
2.a civilized atmosphere for students’ mental health
III.It is imperative for us to take effective measures to creat a green campus.
1.The law and regulations should be worked out
2.Enhanced the awareness of the students themselves
(三)落笔写作
1.阐述问题段 根据题目中的提纲，首先强调建立绿色校园的重要性，最好在此句之前做一个铺垫，介绍建立绿色校园受到人们广泛关注这一背景信息，即the topic of a green campus has aroused public attention.
常见问题：用词匮乏。如：“很重要” important。
使用对策：使用精彩替换词。如：the indispensable part for, has a profound impact on, significance等。
2.说明原因段 对绿色校园的两方面含义进行论述。另外在展开论证过程中，抽象句子要举例说明，如：such as planting more trees and flowers, for example, students will be severely punished in case of cheating in exams，这些具体信息使文章更生动，容易理解。
常见问题：结构不清，缺乏层次感。
使用对策：要注意各个理由之间的逻辑关系，适当地运用表示层次关系的词语，如：to begin with, in addition to; furthermore/not only … but also …/ what’s more; for example/for instance/such as; in other words/ in particular等。
本文的说明原因段可分为如下三个层次进行论证：
①开门见山：首先对“绿色校园”在下文要涉及的内容进行总体概括：The idea of “a green campus” is beyond a green environment.
②正面论证：说明“绿色校园”的第一层含义，也就是我们最熟知的一层含义，即campus construction refers to green environment preservation and protection。然后举例进一步解释此含义，并强调其重要性：which makes campus an ecological and natural resort.在这个过程中考生要注意亮点词汇以及句型的使用。
③反面论证：使用in addition to引出“绿色校园”的第二层含义，即create a civilized atmosphere for the sake of students’ mental health.然后举例进一步解释此含义。如：For example, students will be severely punished in case of cheating in exams and plagiarizing in academic papers.
3.解决方法段 鉴于“绿色校园”的重要性，说明采取措施的必要性，如：To bring “green campus” to its full play, effective measures should be taken.
常见问题：用语过于直白或极端。如：We must…/ We should…等。
使用对策：要站在中庸的立场上，客观地提出建议，可使用一些表示客观立场的词语，如：It is essential that …; Only by the coefforts of the whole society could “green campus” work smoothly.这样使自己的观点表达得既委婉又客观。

Creating A Green Campus
Nowadays the topic of a green campus has been widely debated which has aroused public attention.Undoubtedly, a green campus, the indispensable part for the development of college students, has a profound impact on both individuals and society, for its significance cannot be denied.
The idea of “a green campus” is beyond a green environment.To begin with, campus construction refers to green environment preservation and protection, such as planting more trees and flowers, which makes campus an ecological and natural resort, and advocating green products.For example, students are encouraged to avoid using disposable plastic containers in campus dining hall and recycle wasted batteries and other electrical products properly.In addition to the environmentally friendly practice, we shall make every effort to improve the moral standard and ethical level of university students in order to create a civilized atmosphere for the sake of students’ mental health.For example, students will be severely punished in case of cheating in exams and plagiarizing in academic papers.
To bring “green campus” to its full play, effective measures should be taken.First, based on its education function, campus should bring the theory of “sustainable development” into classrooms, set environmental management rules and conduct environmental education activities.Second, it is essential that law and regulations be worked out and enforced by the government and school authorities.Only by the co-efforts of the whole society could “green campus” work smoothly and bring benefit to people’s well-beings.
(四)修改润色
作文基本完成以后，主要有以下两项任务：
1.检查
检查是否包含考卷提纲列出的所有信息；各段落衔接是否连贯，使用In the first place, Furthermore, On the one hand， For instance， On the other hand等词可以达到这种效果；语法上单词拼写上是否有误，如较长单词indispensable，environmentally friendly，preservation，plagiarizing等，以及短语has a profound impact on，disposable plastic containers，in case of，bring …to its full play, bring benefit to以及最后一段中虚拟语气、倒装句使用是否正确。避免使用“汉语式英语”；检查文章标点符号是否正确。
2.润色
例如：Only by the coefforts of the whole society could “green campus” work smoothly and bring benefit to people’s wellbeings中使用倒装句的结构，凸显考生的语法功底。

第一部分 写作——出现亮点
四级作文在追求明白、通顺、完整的同时，还要力求语言的生动、形象、让开头结尾更新颖脱俗，为作文增色，取得高分。
(1)词汇选择标新立异
1)尽量使用同义词避免简单重复。在使用同义词的时候需要考生在选词时斟酌其含义的微妙差别，辨析同义词在具体语境中的不同用法。
如“认为”可用harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that等；“好的”可用conducive /beneficial/advantageous等。
但要注意词汇的准确性，即必须还要考虑适合的语境。比如形容眼睛“大”,很显然，great, large, huge, vast, titanic, enormous这些“大”都是不恰当的，而只能使用big。
2)尽量使用词性变化来丰富自己的表达手段。
如to voice some different opinions 替代to give/express some different opinions; to double/triple 替代twice or three times;
3)尽量使用派生形式来点缀文章亮点。
如be indicative of ,be suggestive of ,be fearful of替代indicate, suggest ,fear；it is of great importance/ help/ use/ significance 替代 it is very important/ significant/ helpful/ useful；not unnecessary/ not unimportant。
4)四级考试词汇不足采取措施：
在四级作文写作过程中，很多考生往往有很多话要说，但是词汇量不足无法完整表达自己的意思。为了应付这种情况，我们总结简便易行的应急措施：
①试用笼统词
英语中有些具体词