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动词词义辨析
第一组:
spend/ take /cost
①spend的主语通常是“人”,即“某人在─花多少时间或金钱。”
例句:
1)The boy spends a lot of money.(in) playing computer games.
(那个男孩花了很多钱玩电子游戏。)
2)She spent lots of money on books last year.
(去年她花费很多钱在书本上。)
②take前常以it作形式主语,作“做某事需要花多少时间。”
It takes +(人)+时间+ to do sth.
1)How long does it take you to finish the work?
(你需要多少时间才能完成那工作?)
2)It took me an hour to repair my bike.
(我花了一个小时修理自行车。)
3)It takes a lot of courage to tell the truth.
(说真话需要很大的勇气。)
③cost的主语通常是事物,即指 ①某物值多少钱②需要多少时间③某人花了多少钱④使(某人)(丧失)(事/物)+cost+(人)+时间/金钱
1)The watch cost me two hundred yuan.
(这块手表花了我200块钱。)
2)Writing a novel cost plenty of time.
(写本小说要花很多时间。)
3)The girl's bad behavior cost her parents many sleepless nights.
(那个女孩的不良行为使得她的父母许多夜晚睡不着。)
注意:cost的过去式,过去分词都是cost。
第二组:
speak/say/tell/talk
①speak说某种语言,说某人好、坏话是及物动词;发表讲话,对某人说话,是不及物动词。
1)The students speak English very fluently.
(这些学生英语说得非常流利。)
2)The Prime Minister spoke on the international situation.
(首相就国际形势发表了演说。)
3)She always speaks ill of others.
(她总是说别人的坏话。)
②speak的习惯用语:
Generally speaking 一般而言
Frankly speaking 坦白地说
Strictly speaking 严格地说
not to speak of 且不说;更不用说
1)Generally speaking, man is stronger than woman.
(一般而言,男人比女人强壮。)
2)We can speak English, not to speak of Chinese.
(我们会读英语,汉语更不用说了。)
④say说出某句话或某件事;后接从句,(但say与从句之间不能直接接人称代词或名词);说明时间;书信、布告报纸上的“说”,习惯用法
1)She said ,“I love you.”
(她说:“我爱你。”)
2)Say goodbye to them.
(跟他们说再见。)
3)She says she is busy.
(她说她很忙。)
4)My watch says 10:00 sharp.
(我的表是十点整。)
5)The paper says that there was a big fire in Shanghai.
(报上说上海发生了一场大火)。
6)It is said that she has been away for a month.
(据说她已走了一个月了)
7)It goes without saying that education is important.
(不用说,教育是重要的。)
8)Tom is a good student, that is to say, he gets good grades in school.
(Tom是个好学生,也就是说,他在学校的成绩很好。)
③ ①tell说谎;讲故事;说实话
1)Don't tell a lie.
(不要说谎。)
2)She likes to tell stories.
(她喜欢讲故事。)
3)We should always tell the truth.
(我们应该永远说实话。)
③ ②tell辨别;叫某人做某事;接“间接”与“直接”宾语;tell+宾语+that从句
1)Sometimes we can't tell right from wrong.
(有时我们无法辨别是非。)
(他告诉我他要去那儿。)
④talk连续地说话;习惯用法
1)What are the girls talking about ?
(那些女孩们讲什么?)
2)Young people like to talk politics.
(年青人喜欢谈论政治。)
3)I talked over the matter with her.
(我与她谈论了那个问题。)
第三组:
take /bring/carry/fetch
①take作“带去”“拿去”解;从近处把东西送到远处
例句:
1)She'll take her children to the park.
(她要带孩子去公园。)
2)It's raining, you'd better take an umbrella with you.
(下雨了;你最好把雨伞带上。)
②bring“拿来;带来”;从远处把东西拿到近外
1)Bring the dictionary to me.
(把字典拿给我。)
2)Please bring your report with you when you come tomorrow.
(明天你来的时候,请把你的报告带来。)
③carry作“携带,带去;搬运”解
1)She always carries a red handbag.
(她总是带一个红色手包。)
2)Please carry this TV set upstairs.
(请把这台电视搬到楼上去。)
④fetch作“去…取来,拿来;叫某人来”解
1)The football is over there. Fetch it please.
(足球在那边呢,请把它拿回来。)
2)Fetch the police at once. We've found the robber.
(马上去叫警察来,我们已经发现那个抢劫的人。
第四组:
wear/put on/ dress
①wear穿着,戴;留,表示“状态”是及物动词需加宾语
例句:
1)She always wears a pair of glasses.
(她总是戴着一副眼镜。)
2)He wears a black jacket today.
(他穿着一件黑色的夹克。)
②put on穿上,戴上,表示“动作”
例句:
1)The teacher put on his hat and went out of the office.
(老师戴上帽子然后走出办公室。)
2)Put on the gloves .It‘s cold outside.
(戴上手套外面很凉。)
③dress作“穿着…的衣服”解;给某人穿衣服不用写衣服
例句:
1)She is dressed in red.(她穿着红衣服。)
2)The mother dresses the child every day.
(那位母亲每天给孩子穿衣服。)此句不能加衣服。
3)She dresses herself in red.
(此句等于第一个例句。)
第五组:
do /make
①do“做”主要是用来表示“行动”“行为”,如do omelets是“把蛋卷煎好”。在do后面常加一些抽象名词,如do wrong(犯错)。“wrong”是抽象名词常与do搭配的短语有:
①do one‘s
②dosome
③do sb. a favor帮人忙
④do with利用;忍受;需要
⑤do away with废除
⑥do without用不着;不需要
⑦have
⑧do sb.
⑨do nothing but do除了做…以外什么也没做
⑩do business做生意
例句:
1)I‘ll do the dishes today.
(我来洗盘子。)
2)I‘ve done my homework.
(我已经做完了作业。)
3)Crying does harm to you.
(哭对你没有益处。)
4)Will you do me a favor?
(能否帮我一个忙?)
5)We cannot do without a telephone in our business.
(我们做生意没有电话是不行的。)
6)The new teacher didn‘t know what to do with the class.
(新老师不知道如何对待他班上的学生。)
7)I did nothing but watch TV last night.
(昨晚我除了看电视以外什么也没有做。)
8)Who does your hair?
(平常是谁给你做头发的?)
②make“作”,表示“制造”,其后的宾语是make的产品。如make clothes 制做衣服;make后常跟一些可数名词常与make动词搭配的短语有:
①make a
②make an
③make
④make
例句:
1) They have make great progress in learning English.
(在学习英语方面他们已经取得了很大的进步。)
2)Who is going to make a speech today?
(谁来演说?)
3)Don‘t make a noise.
嘘!(不要出声。)
4)She makes her living as a teacher.
(她作教师来维持生计。)
第一组:
lie/lay/lie
1)lie不及物动词,躺;位于
lie—lay—lain—lying
例句:①Shanghai lies to the south of Beijing.②She has lain in bed for three days.2)lay及物动词,放置;下蛋
lay—laid—laid—laying
例句:①These hens lay eggs every day.②He laid his hand on my shoulder.③lie不及物动词,说谎
lie—lied—lied—lying
例句:①Don’t lie to me.②She lies about her career.第二组:
hear/listen to
①hear听;是一种“自然无意的动作。”hear of听说过hear from得到消息
例句:The deaf cannot hear.②listen是一种“有意的动作。”如后面有宾语则需加to;如没有宾语,listen后不可加to。
例句:①Listen, somebody is crying.②I listened but heard nothing.③Listen to me.
第三组:
sit/set/seat
①sit不及物动;坐;就座;
sit—sat—sat—sitting
例句:①He sat at the table writing a letter.
(他坐在书桌旁写信。)
②Sit here until she comes back.
(坐在这里等她回来。)
③set安置;下沉;点燃;出考题;定时;树立(榜样)
set—set—set—setting
例句:①Tom, set the table for dinner.
(Tom,摆好桌子准备吃饭。)
②He set the alarm for 6:00 in the morning.
(他把闹钟定在早晨6点钟。)
③My teacher set very difficult questions for the exam.
(我们老师试题出得非常难。)
④The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
(太阳从东方升起从西方落下。)
③seat使坐;容纳
seat—seated—seated—seating
例句:①)The theater can seat at least 2000 people.
(这家戏院至少能容纳2000人。)
②Please be seated.
(请坐下。)此句等于Sit down please.
③He seated himself next to her.
(他坐在她的旁边。)
第四组:
rise/raise/arise/arouse/rouse
1)rise(太阳、月亮)升起,起来;(物价)上涨;(水)高涨
rise—rose—risen—rising
例句:①Everyone knows that the sun rises in the east.
(每人都知道太阳是从东方升起。)
②Prices have risen quickly.
(物价快速上涨了。)
③She rose to her feet.
(她站了起来。)
2)raise举起;养育;募款
raise—raised—raised—raising
例句:①Raise your hand please.
(请你把手举起来。)
②The farmer raises a lot of sheep on his farm.
(这位农民在农场养了许多绵羊。)
③They are raising founds for the expedition.
(他们正在筹募探险的基金。)
④arise(问题、困难)发生、产生、出现;起(风、雾)
arise—arose—arisen—arising
例句:①A strong wind arose this morning.
(今天早上刮起强风。)
②A different problem has arisen.
(不同的问题发生了。)
③A mist arose from the lake.
(湖上起雾了。)
④arouse通常表示比喻或情绪方面的“激发”
arouse─aroused─aroused─arousing
例句:①The book aroused my interest in learning English.
(这本书引起我对学习英语感兴趣。)
②The speaker aroused the anger of the audience.
(演讲者激起了听众的怒气。)
③rouse通常表示比较具体的“叫醒”或“唤醒”
rouse─roused─roused─rousing
例句:①The sound roused him from reflection.
(声音使他从深思中惊醒。)
②The lies he heard about his friend roused his anger.
(听到有人对他朋友造谣,使他怒火中烧。)
第五组:
lend/借出borrow
1)lend+人+物=lend+物+to+人
例如:①Please lend me your dictionary.=Please lend your dictionary to me.
(请把你的字典借给我。)
②I will lend you $200, but I can’t lend money to him.
(我借给你200美元,但我不能借钱给他。)
borrow借入
borrow+物+from+人
①She has borrowed a lot of books from the school library.
(她已从学校的图书馆借了很多书。)
②He often borrows money from me.
(他经常从我这儿借钱。)
第六组:
fall/feel/fell/fail/
fall─fell─fallen落下;跌倒
fall asleep睡着/fall behind落后
例句:①An apple fell to the ground.
(一个苹果落在地上。)
②Be careful on the ice or you will fall.
(在冰上要小心,否则你会跌倒。)
feel─felt─felt
feel like+doing sth.想要;
feel sleepy.想睡
例句:①Can you feel your heart beat violently?
(你能感觉到你的心在猛烈地跳动吗?)
②Both my legs didn’t feel.
(我的双腿没有感觉。)
③I suddenly felt a pain in my back.
(我突然感到背部疼痛。)
④Do you feel like taking a walk?
(你想不想去散步?)
fell─felled─felled砍伐
例句:A lot of trees were felled last night.
(昨晚很多树被人伐倒了。)
fail─failed─failed失败
例句:He has failed in English exam again.
(他英语考试又没及格。)
第七组:
win/beat
win─won─won
win a prize得到奖品win a war打了胜仗
win a game赢得比赛win an election选举获胜
例句:①Our team won the same 3 to 2 last night.
(昨晚我们队以3比2赢了比赛。)
②Who do you think will win the beauty contest?
(你认为那场选美谁会获胜?)
③beat─beat─beaten
beat是打败了对手
例句:①He beat me in the race.
(他在赛跑中赢了我。)
②We have beaten their team for 3 years.
(我们已连续3年打败他们的球队。)
③My heart beat fast at the sight of her. (一看见她,我的心跳就加快。)
deserve 是应得。
eg:You deserve a rest after all that hard work.
He deserves this glory.
worth是价值。
This necklace is worth 100US dollars.
This novel is worth reading
worthy是形容词
The cause is worthy of our continued support.
这一事业值得我们不断地支持。
He is a worthy man.
他是值得我们尊重。
动词是是各类考试的重点,高考试题中,单项填空、完形填空和改错等三项题型中,动词辨义的比重较大,并逐年增加。动词辨义主要指:1、形状相同的动词之间辨义。如:lie, lay; hanged, hung; rise, raise; sit, seat等。2、意义相近的动词之间辨义。如:borrow, lend; speak, say, talk; hope, wish等。3、动词与其它词形相近、意义相似的词的辨义。如:advise, advice; cost, worth; pass, past 等。4、意义不同,但容易混淆的动词的辨义。如:
explain, say; discover, invent, uncover; find, find out等。
5、某些常用动词的习惯用法的辨义。如:ask, give, call, make, find,
get, keep, want, see, hear等。6、某些常用动词短语的辨义。如:
give in, give up, turn on, turn off, turn down, turn up等。
(一)易混动词
1、lay(放), lie(躺)与lie(说谎):
放 lay laid laid laying 及物动词
躺 lie lay lain lying 不及物动词
说谎 lie lied lied lying 不及物动词
2、rise和raise:rise是不及物动词,其过去式是rose,过去分词是risen,而raise是及物动词,是规则动词。
3、hear与listen to:hear侧重点是听到,听见什么,而listen to是侧重于听的倾向,但hear用于无意中的听见,而listen to却用于集中注意力的听。
4、see, watch和look:see用作看电影,剧目;watch则用作看电视比赛,而watch还有在旁观看之意。如:Are you going to play or only watch?;look一般用作不及物动词,只是当盯着某人看时用作及物动词,如:The little boy looked me in the face.(小男孩直盯着我的脸。)
5、wind和wound:wind意为蜿蜒而行,其过去式与过去分词都是wound,而动词原形wound意为伤害,其过去式、过去分词都是wounded。
6、hang的用法:hang有两个意思:一为悬挂,是不规则动词,过去式、过去分词都是hung;二为绞刑,是规则动词,其过去式、过去分词都是hanged。
7、hear的过去分词born与borne:bear作为出生讲有两个过去分词born,borne。只有当be+born…短语后没有by介词短语时,才可用born。如:He was born in Shanghai. 而作它用时要用borne。如:She has borne five children. 但如果作忍受讲,则一律用borne。
8、sit与seat:seat为及物动词时是作容纳讲,sit只是表示一动作。seat如果表示就座时要用be seated。如:They were seated at their desks. 或用seat oneself, 比如:I seated myself in the armchair.
9、borrow, lend与keep:借入英文中用borrow,借出用lend,但这两个词都是截止性动词或瞬间动词,不能用于长时间的动作,所以我能借多久应用keep。
10、win与beat:win作胜、赢讲时其后应接,a game, an argument, a battle, a prize, a contest, a race, a bet,但不能接人,如果接人则有另外的含意。如:I have won him. 即我已说服他了,我赢得他的好感。而beat是及物动词为击败、胜过讲,直接接人、队。
11、steal与rob:steal为偷。rob为抢,其用法不同。steal其后接物+from+某人、某地,而rob其后接人+of+抢的物品。
12、fit与suit:fit与suit均可作合适讲,但英文中却用在不同的地方。如fit用于尺寸大小的合适,而suit则多用于颜色式样的合适。
13、take, bring 与fetch:英文中拿三个词,即拿来,拿去,去取然后回来(即双程)。所以拿来,带来是bring,拿去带走是take,而去取回来是fetch。
14、shut与close:shut与close有时是可以互换的,但有些地方则不可这样做。如:在正式场合多用close,而在命令,态度粗暴的场合则用shut。如:
Shut your mouth!(闭嘴);又如:Shut up. 在指铁路、公路交通关闭或停止使用的场合,则要用close。
15、answer与reply:作为回答讲answer是及物动词,如作不及物动词,则意义不同,如answer for,意为向某人或向某事负责。而reply作回答讲是不及物动词,后跟宾语时,要加上to。
16、reach,arrive与get to:reach当到达讲是及物动词,而当延伸和拿得到、拿不到时讲,则是不及物动词。作到达讲时还有get to, arrive(at/in)。
17、cost,spend与take:英文中花费有三个词cost, spend, take,但各有不同用法。cost作 “花费”讲,主语不能是人,而spend的主语不能是物。如:
she spent all his money on stamps.而take作花费讲时,可用人也可用物做主语。更多的用法是用形式主语it,如It takes me three hours to finish this work.
18、lost, gone与missing:作补足语时意为丢失、不见了,可以用
lost, gone,但要用 miss时则不能用missed, 而要用missing.
19、have on, wear, put on及dress:作穿衣服讲的动词分为状态和动作两种。have on与wear作穿着状态讲;但have on不用进行时态,而wear则常要用进行时态。put on是动作,但dress既可用作状态,又可用作穿衣动作,但用作状态时要用其过去分词作形容词如:He was dressed in a b1ue suit作动作讲时,其后不要接衣物而要接反身代词或表示人、物的名词,如:
I dress my children in the morning every day.
20、begin与start
begin与Start 均可作开始讲,并无多少区别,同样可接不定式或动名词,但在下面的场合多要用Start:1)机器的开动发动;2)旅途的开始。如:
we shou1d have to start early because there was a lot traffic in the street。
21、allow 与permit
allow与permit其后直接接动作时要用动名词,如接人后再接动词则要用不定式,所以用在被动语态时一定要用不定式。如:People are not allowed to spit.
22、find与found
find找到的过去式和过去分词都是found,而found是动词“建立”的原形,其过去式和过去分词是founded,founded,如:
The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.
23、speak, say, talk 与tell
英文中讲有4个词,speak, say, talk, tell,但其中speak, talk多用作不及物动词,但speak后加语言名词时则用作及物动词,如:Please speak English。而say与tell是及物动词,其中tell常用作接双宾语,如:Tell me a story。但也有些特定的习惯用法,如:在作讲实话,讲谎言,表示时间常用单宾语而不能换其它词,如:My watch was broken. It couldn’t tell time correctly。在书信、便条、海报上写着英文应为It said …。在作辨别不同讲时是tell,如:Can you tell me the difference between the two?而讲别人好坏话时用speak,如:
The father always speaks well of his son.。
24、excuse me 与sorry
excuse me用于来打拢对方前以提醒对方注意的提示语,而sorry则表达因作了某事向对方道歉。
25、care for 与care to do
care for其后要接不定式时则要省去for或换用名词,如:
Would you care for a cup of tea?但care for作照顾讲时与look after相同。
26、与名词易混的动词有:advise(v.), advice (n.); accept(v.), except(prep.); pass(v.), past(prep.); bathe(v.), bath(n.); breathe(v.), breath(n.); choose(v.), choice(n.); succeed(v.), success(n.);
27、意义相近的动词:ring摇铃,打铃,电话铃响,strike专指敲钟,打几点,撞击;suggest提出实验性或推测性的建议,advice表示对经验不足人的一种忠告;look由视觉得出的印象,seem暗示一定根据的判定,appear外表印象而实际或结果并非如此;stay停留,逗留,remain遗物,某物被取走一部分后剩余部分;discover(发现)找到早已存在但未被人所了解的东西,invent(发明)研制出不存在的东西;remember记忆起以前经历或知道的事,remind提醒某人做某事。
28、动词 + 副词 + 介词:catch up with, look forward to, come up with, keep up with, go in for, look down on, get on with …
29、动词 + 介词to的词组有:come to, stick to, object to, agree to,turn to, attend to, belong to, devote to, reply to …
30、与in相结合的动词有:give in, hand in, bring in, drop in, succeed in,
take in, check in, engage in, fill in, trade in …
(二)动词短语
动词短语是指动词和介词、副词或名词的习惯搭配。有关动词短语的测试点主要涉及结构上选用恰当的搭配词,不同搭配含意上的辨异及不同短语的辨异。需掌握以下要点:
1、根据动词短语的不同特点,掌握其运用规律。
(I)动词+副词(不及物)
Harry turned up after the party when everyone had left.
晚会后,人们都已离去,哈里出现了。
(2)动词+副词(及物)
Please turn every light in the house off. 请把房子里的每一盏灯都关掉。
注意:①如果宾语较长,就应避免把副词同动词分开。如:
She turned off all the lights which had been left on. 她关掉了所有还在亮着的灯。②如果宾语是人称代词,只能放在动词和副词之间。如:She gave them away.
她送掉了它们。
(3)动词+介词(及物)
I'm looking for my glasses. 我在找我的眼镜。
注意:①当它跟宾语时,不能把介词放在宾语后面。②动词短语可以放在句子或从句末尾。如:She's got more work than she can cope with.
她的工作多得使她应付不了。
(4)动词+副词+介词
I look forward to seeing you soon. 我盼望不久就见到你。
注:“动词+介词”、“动词+名词+副词”、“动词+副词+介词”,这三种搭配都是及物的,如变成被动语态,不可漏掉介词。In this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after. (不能漏掉after) 这样一来,粮食和蔬菜都能兼顾了。
2、熟悉同一动词和不同介词或副词、不同的动词和同一介词或同一副词搭配在意义上的差异。
(1)同一动词和不同介词搭配时,意义上的差异。如:①hear from收到…的来信,hear of听说。 ②look after照料,look at看,look for寻找。
(2)同一动词和不同副词搭配时,意义上的差异。如:①ring back回电话, ring off挂断电话, ring up打电话 ②put away放好, put on穿,上演, put up挂起,举起。
(3)不同动词和同一介词搭配时,在意义上的差异。如:look for寻找, call for去取(某物),去接(某人), ask for请求, wait for等候, send for派人去叫。
(4)不同动词和同一副词搭配时,在意义上的差异。如:①break out发生,爆炸, carry out进行,开展, go out熄灭, hand out分发, let out放出, look out当心, sell out卖完, set out出发, take out取出, work out算出。②break down出毛病, come down落下来, get down下车, take down取下, write down写下。
动词词义辨析检测练习
1.I can hardly ____ the difference between the two words.
A. point B.speak C.say D.tell
2.I ____ you will write me back soon.
A. wish B.hope C.want D.need
3.I asked him to ____ me a few minutes so that I could have a word with him.
A. spend B. spare C.save D. share
4. Father will not ____ us to touch anything in his room when he is away.
A. have B.let C. agree D. allow
5.I learned to ____ a bicycle as a small boy.
A. ride B. drive C. operate D.run
6.I can ____ you to the railway station in my car.
A. send B.pick C.ride D.take
7.If no one ____ the phone at home, ring me at work.
A. answers B. returns C. replies D. receives
8.1 don't know the
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