无机化学物质的命名市公开课一等奖百校联赛优质课金奖名师赛课获奖课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,无机化合物命名,Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemicals,element,compound,1/48,一,.元素和单质命名,“元素”和“单质”英文意思都是“,element,”，有时为了区分，在强调“单质”时可用“,free element,or,elementary substance,”。所以，单质英文名称与元素英文名称是一样。下面给出既是元素名称，同时又是单质名称。,2/48,S-block Element(S区元素),IA,Hydrogen(H),Lithium(Li),Sodium(Na),Potassium(K),Rubidium(Ru),Cesium(Ce),Francium(Fr),IIA,Beryllium(Be),Magnesium(Mg),Calcium(Ca),Strontium(Sr),Barium(Ba),Radium(Ra),P,26,3/48,III A,b,oron(B),Aluminium(Al),Gallium(Ga),Indium(In),Thallium(Tl),IV A,Carbon(C),Silicon(Si),Germanium(Ge),Tin(Sn),Lead(Pb)plumbi,V A,Nitrogen(N),Phosphorus(P),Arsenic(As),a,ntimony(Sb),Bismuth(Bi),VIA,o,xygen(O),s,ulfur(S),Selenium(Se),Tellurium(Te),Polonium(Po),VIIA,f,luorine(F),Chlorine(Cl),Bromine(Br),Iodine(I),Astatine(At),0,Helium(He),Neon(Ne),a,rgon(Ar),Krypton(Kr),Xenon(Xe),Radon(Ra),P-block Element,(P区元素),4/48,Common Transition Elememt,Fe:iron;determine,Mn:manganese,Cu:copper;cuprum,Zn:zinc;spelter,Hg:mercury;quicksilver,Ag:silver;argentine,Au:gold;aurum,5/48,二,.化合物命名,化合物命名次序都是依据化学式从左往右读，这与汉字读法次序是相反。表示原子个数时使用前缀：,(1),mono-,(2)di-,(3)tri-,(4)tetra-,(5)penta-，(6)hexa-,(7)hepta-,(8)octa-,(9)nona,-,(10)deca-，,不过在不会引发歧义时，这些前缀都尽,可能被省去。,6/48,mono,valent,:单价 carbon dioxane:CO,2,tribromethane:CHBr,3,;,tetrachloromethane:CCl,4,CO(Carbon,mono,xide)NO (Nitrogen oxide)NO,2,(Nitrogen,di,oxide)N,2,O,3,(Nitrogen,tri,oxide)N,2,O,5,(Nitrogen,pent,oxide),N,2,O,(,nitrous,oxide)FeO(Ferrous oxide),Fe,2,O,3,(Ferric oxide);MnO(Manganous oxide)Mn,2,O,3,(Manganic oxide),H,2,MnO,4,(Manganic acid)MnO,2,(Manganese dioxide),VB:valence bond theory,MO:molecular orbital theory,7/48,1.化合物正电荷部分读法,1.,1,Single valence,ion,s,Cation,s name=Element,for example:,Na,+,Sodium Al,3+,Aluminum,K,+,Potassium Ca,2+,Calcium,如:,CO:carbon monoxide Al,2,O,3,:aluminium oxide,N,2,O,4,：Dinitrogen tetroxide,(tetra-,mono-后缀中a,o在后-o之前省去),ion:离子,anion：阴离子,cation:阳离子,8/48,1.2,Multi,valence ions,Cati,ons,name=Element(N),For example:,Fe,2+,Iron(II)or Ferrous,Fe,3+,Iron(III)or Ferric,Cr,2+,Chromium(II),Cr,3+,Chromium(III),Mn,4+,Manganese(IV),Mn,2+,Manganese(II),9/48,2.化合物负电荷部分读法,2.1,Mon,atomic anions,Anions name=Elements root-,ide,For example:,Cl,-,Chlor,ide,O,2-,Ox,ide,Br,-,Brom,ide,OH,-,Hydrox,ide,I,-,Iod,ide,CN,-,Cyan,ide,S,2-,Sulf,ide,H,-,Hydr,ide,10/48,2.2,Poly,atomic,oxy,anion,s,2.2.1 Acid radicals for,normal,salt(正酸根,-ate,),Anions name=,Central,Elements root-,ate,For example:,ClO,3,-,Chlor,ate,IO,3,-,Iod,ate,PO,4,3-,Phosph,ate,NO,3,-,Nitr,ate,SO,4,2-,Sulf,ate,CO,3,2-,Carbon,ate,11/48,2.2.2 Acid radicals for,hypo,-salts(次酸根,-ite,),Anions name=,Hypo-,Central,elements root-,ite,For example:,ClO,-,Hypo,chlor,ite,IO,-,Hypo,iod,ite,PO,2,3-,Hypo,phosph,ite,12/48,2.2.3 Acid radicals for,per,salts(高酸根Per,-ate,),Anions name=,Per-,Central,Elements root,-ate,For example:,ClO,4,-,Per,chlor,ate,IO,4,-,Per,iod,ate,MnO,4,-,Per,mangan,ate,13/48,2.2.4 含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子,采取前后缀不一样组合显示不一样价态含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子，价态相同含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子含有相同前缀，不一样后缀。,高某酸,per,-ic 正酸,ic,亚酸,-ous,次酸,hypo-ous,高某酸根,per,-ate 正酸根,ate,亚酸根,-ite,次酸根,hypo-ite,其它前缀还有,ortho,-正,meta,-偏,thio,-硫代,举例：,HClO,4,per,chloric acid ClO,4,-,per,chlor,ate,ion,HClO,3,chloric acid ClO,3,-,chlor,ate,ion,HClO,2,chlorous acid ClO,2,-,chlor,ite,ion,HClO,hypo,chlorous acid ClO,-,hypo,chlor,ite,ion,H,2,SO,4,sulfuric acid H,2,SO,3,sulfur,ous,acid,HNO,3,nitric acid HNO,2,nitr,ous,acid,HPO,3,meta,phosphoric acid S,2,O,3,2-,thio,sulfate ion,14/48,3.Naming compounds,3.1 Metal oxide,Metal oxide=Cation+oxide,For example:,FeO Iron(II)oxide (Ferr,ous,oxide),Fe,2,O,3,Iron(III)oxide (Ferr,ic,oxide),Fe,3,O,4,Ferro,ferric,oxide,Pb,3,O,4,Tri,lead tetroxide,Na,2,O,2,Sodium peroxide,15/48,Nonmetal oxide=,n,-Nonmetal element,+n-oxide,For example:,CO Carbon monoxide,CO,2,Carbon dioxide,SO,3,Sulfur trioxide,N,2,O,3,Di,nitrogen,tri,oxide,P,2,O,5,Di,phosphorus,pent,oxide,N,2,O,4,Di,nitrogen,tetr,oxide,(tetra-,mono-后缀中a,o在后一o之前省去),有些物质惯用俗称,如NO:nitric oxide N,2,O:nitrous oxide,3.2,Non,metal oxide,16/48,4.,非金属氢化物,除了水和氨气使用俗称,water，ammonia,以外，其它非金属氢化物都用系统名称，命名规则依据化学式写法不一样而有所不一样。,4.1,对于卤族和氧族氢化物，,H在化学式中写在前面，所以将其看成与另一元素二元化合物。,举例：HF hydrogen fluoride HCl hydrogen chloride,HBr hydrogen bromide HI hydrogen iodide,H,2,S hydrogen sulfide H,2,Se hydrogen selenide,H,2,Te hydrogen telluride,17/48,4.2,对于其它族非金属氢化物，在化学式中写在后面，可加后缀,-ane,，氮族还可加,-ine,。,举例：,PH,3,:phosphine或phosphane,AsH,3,:arsine或arsane,SbH,3,:stibine或stibane,BiH,3,:bismuthane,CH,4,:methane,SiH,4,:silane,B,2,H,6,:,di,borane,NH,3,:ammonia,18/48,5.无氧酸,命名规则：,hydro-词根-icacid,举例：HCl:,hydro,chlor,ic,acid,H,2,S:,hydro,sulfuric acid,HF:,hydro,fluoric acid,HBr:,hydro,bromic aicd,19/48,总结,:,H,2,SO,4,（,+6）,Sulfur,ic,acid(正),H,2,SO,3,（,+4,）,sulfur,ous,acid;(亚),H,2,SO,5,Peroxy,sulfuric,（过）,H,2,SO,7,（,+6,）,Pyro,sulfuric,acid)(焦),H,2,S,2,O,3,(,Thio,sulfuric acid）,e.g.,Na,2,S,2,O,3,（硫代）,-,H,2,O,-O-O-,-,O,S O,20/48,HPO,3,（偏）,(,Meta,phosphoric,),H,3,PO,4,(正)(Phospho,ric,),H,3,PO,3,（亚）,(Phospho,rous,),H,3,PO,2,(次)(,Hypo-,phosphorous,),H,4,P,2,O,7,(焦),(,Pyro,phosphor,ic,),分子间,-,H,2,O,分子内,-,H,2,O,-,O,-,O,+5,+3,+1,HNO,3,(Nit,r,ic,acid,+5,);,HNO,2,(Nit,r,ous,acid,+3,),-,O,21/48,H,3,BO,3,(,Ortho,boric,)(原);,HClO,(,Hypo,chlo,rous,acid)(次),HClO,3,(Chloric acid)(正),HClO,4,(,Per,chloric acid)(高),HClO,2,(Chlor,ous,acid)(亚),-,O,-,O,-,O,+5,+7,+3,+1,22/48,6.Bases,Base=Metal cation+,hydroxide,For example:,Al(OH),3,Aluminum,hydroxide,NaOH Sodium,hydroxide,Ca(OH),2,Calcium,hydroxide,Ba(OH),2,Barium,hydroxide,Co(OH),2,Cobalt(II),hydroxide,23/48,7.盐(Salts),7.1正盐(Normal salt)：依据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子名称。,Normal salt=Cation+anion,For example:,HgSO,4,Mercury(II)sulfate,Hg,2,SO,4,Mercury(I)sulfate,KNO,3,Potassium nitrate,Na,2,CO,3,Sodium carbonate,NaClO Sodium hypochlorite,FeSO,4,iron(II)sulfate,KMnO,4,potassium permanganate,24/48,7.2 酸式盐：(Acidic salts)同正盐读法，酸根中读做hydrogen，氢原子个数用前缀表示。,Acidic salt=Cation+,hydrogen,+anion,For example:,NaHSO,4,Sodium hydrogen sulfate,Na,2,HPO,4,Disodium hydrogen phosphate,NaH,2,PO,4,Sodium dihydrogen phosphate,Ca(HSO,4,),2,Calcium bisulfate,NaHCO,3,Sodium hydrogencarbonate,或 Sodium,bi,carbonate,25/48,7.3 Basic salts,Basic salt=Cation+hydroxy-anion,For example:,Cu,2,(OH),2,CO,3,:,Dicopper(II)dihydroxycarbonate,Ca(OH)Cl:Calcium hydroxychloride,Mg(OH)PO,4,:,Magnesium hydroxyphosphate,26/48,7.4 复盐(Mixed salts)：同正盐读法。,Mixed salt=Cation+cation+anion,For example:,NaKSO,3,:Sodium potassium sulfite,CaNH,4,PO,4,:Calcium ammonium phosphate,AgLiCO,3,Silver lithium carbonate,NaNH,4,SO,4,Sodium ammonium sulfate,KNaCO,3,:potassuim sodium carbonate,NaNH,4,HPO,4,:sodium ammonium hydrogenphosphate,27/48,7.5,水合盐：结晶水读做,water或hydrate,如,AlCl,3,6H,2,O:,aluminum chloride 6-water,或 aluminum chloride hexahydrate,AlK(SO,4,),2,12H,2,O:,aluminium potassium,sulfate 12-water,28/48,8.Acids8.1 Per-,hydro-,normal acid(its salt-ate,-ide),Acid=Central elements root-ic+acid,For example:,H,2,CO,3,Carbonic acid,H,2,SO,4,Sulfuric acid,H,3,PO,4,Phosphoric acid,HNO,3,Nitric acid,HClO,4,Perchloric acid,HCl Hydrochloric acid,29/48,8.2 Meta-and hypo-acid(its salt-ite),Acid=Central elements root-ous+acid,For example:,H,2,SO,3,Sulfurous acid,H,3,PO,3,Phosphorous acid,HNO,2,Nitrous acid,HClO Hypochlorous acid,HClO,2,Chlorous acid,30/48,命名时先命名阳离子部分，最终命名阴离子部分，阴离子配体以字母次序列出，中心阳离子价态普通以罗马数字在名称后标出。,KBF,4,potassium tetrafluoroborate(III),K,4,Fe(CN),6,potassium hexacyanoferrate(II),Cu(NH,3,),4,SO,4,Tetraamminecopper(II)sulfate,Co(H,2,O),2,(NH,3,),2,(CO,2,)NO,3,Diammine diaquacarbonatocobalt(III)nitrate,9.络合物命名（,Naming,coordination,complex,）,31/48,9.1 Ligands,(配体),9.1.1 Negative ions as ligands,Ligand=Elements root-o,For example:,CN,-,Cyano NO,2,-,Nitro,F,-,Fluoro NO,3,-,Nitrato,Cl,-,Chloro CO,3,2-,Carbonato,Br,-,Bromo CH,3,COO,-,Acetato,O,2-,Oxo H,-,Hydrido,OH,-,Hydroxo,-,O,2,CCO,2,-,Oxalato,32/48,9.1.2 Neutral molecules as ligand,Ligand=Radical name,For example:,NH,3,Ammine,CO Carbonyl,H,2,O Aqua,CH,3,NH,2,Methylamine,H,2,NCCNH,2,Ethylenediamine,33/48,9.2 Complex ions,9.1 Neutral complex or complex ions with positive,charge,Complex ion=n-Ligand-metal ion(N),For example:,Ag(NH,3,),2,+,Diamminesilver(I),Cu(NH,3,),4,2+,Tetraamminecopper(II),Co(NH,3,),3,(NO,2,),3,Triamminetrinitrocobalt(III),34/48,9.2 Complex ions with negative charge,Complex ion=n-Ligand-metals root-ate(N),For example:,Fe(CN),6,4-,Hexafluoroferrate(II),BF,4,-,Tetrafluoroborate(III),AlF,6,3-,Hexafluoroaluminate(III),AuCl,4,-,Tetrachloroaurate(III,35/48,9.3 Naming complex,Complex=Cation+anion,For example:,LiAlH,4,Lithium tetrahydroaluminate(III),Ag(NH,3,),2,Cl Diamminesilver(I)chloride,K,4,Fe(CN),6,Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II),Cu(NH,3,),4,SO,4,Tetraamminecopper(II)sulfate,Ni(CO),4,Tetracarbonylnickel(0),36/48,常见配体名称,37/48,10.Halide,(卤化物):,NH,4,Cl,(Ammonium Chlor,ide,),CaF,2,(Calcium fluor,ide,),NaBr,(Potassium brom,ide,),KI,(Potassium Iod,ide,),PCl,3,(Phosphorus,tri,chlor,ide,),The Name of,Cation,+Hal,ide,38/48,Inorganic Chemistry,Introduce:,Inorganic chemistry is the study of the synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds.,It has applications in every aspect of the chemical industryincluding,catalysis,materials science,pigments,surfactants,coatings,medicine,fuel,and,agriculture,.,39/48,Inorganic chemists,are employed in fields as diverse as the mining and microchip industries,environmental science,and education.,Their work is based on understanding the behavior and the analogues for inorganic elements,and how these materials can be modified,separated or usedoften in product applications.It includes developing methods to recover metals from waste streams;employment as analytical chemists specializing in analysis of mined ores;performing research on the use of inorganic chemicals for treating soil.,40/48,Many inorganic chemists go into industry,but they are also at universities and in government labs.Inorganic chemists who work in government say their time is increasingly spent writing grant proposals and competing for a small pool of research money.,Inorganic chemists compare their jobs to those of materials scientists and physicists.All three fields explore the relationship between physical properties and functions,but inorganic chemistry is the most keenly focused on these properties at the molecular level.,41/48,Is a Creative Field,The field of inorganic chemistry has traditionally been characterized by scientists with an artistic or creative flair.Many inorganic chemists say that they were drawn to the field in part by the pretty colors of the metals in the lab and by the interesting things that could be done in the lab.They often say the opportunities for creativity and inferential thinking are what they like best about their work.Describing themselves as tinkerers,inorganic chemists like putting things together and solving problems and stress the importance of being detail oriented,precise,and persistent.Inorganic chemists describe their work as a constant challenge.The job changes all the time,says Steve Caldwell,an inorganic chemist working at Dow Chemical.Everyday there are a new set of issues and I have to determine which are the most important ones to work on first.,Its definitely not a nine to five job,.,42/48,Integrates Many Disciplines,Inorganic chemistry,like many scientific fields,is becoming more interdisciplinary.Breakthroughs are anticipated in the interface between fields rather than in the more traditional area.In the future,jobs will not be filled by super specialists,says Sauer,but by scientists with a broad base of knowledge.,Even though a course of study like materials science or polymer science may appear to better position an individual for this interdisciplinary future,chemists in the field still strongly recommend getting a degree in inorganic chemistry.A degree in the basic discipline,will give a better understanding of bonding,valence,and orbital theory.,43/48,In addition,students are advised to take courses outside inorganic chemistry both to prepare themselves to integrate knowledge towards problem solving as well as be flexible in todays tough job market.Dont just stick to inorganic chemistry,Sauer says,.Learn inorganic chemistry and see how it applies in other areas.,Caldwell,adds,Starting out in inorganic chemistry doesnt mean thats what youll always do.I spent a few years doing environmental research;there are always applications in related fields.,44/48,45/48,Exercise,H,2,SO,4,HCl HNO,3,HNO,2,HCN Na,2,S CuSO,4,Fe(NO3),3,HClO,4,KCN NH,4,Cl NaClO,NaOH Mn(OH),2,Fe,2,O,3,P,2,O,5,H,2,O,2,K,2,Cr,2,O,7,Cu,2,(OH),2,CO,3,CaHPO,4,PtCl,4,2-,Ag(NH,3,),2,Cl K,4,Fe(CN),6,46/48,Answer,H,2,SO,4,sulfuric acid,HCl hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid,HNO,3,nitric acid,HNO,2,nitrous acid,HCN hydrogen cyanide or hydrocyanic acid,Na,2,S sodium sulfide,CuSO,4,copper(II)sulfate or cupric sulfate,Fe(NO,3,),3,iron(III)nitrate or ferric nitrate,HClO,4,perchloric acid,KCN potassium cyanide,NH,4,Cl ammonium chloride,47/48,NaClO sodium hypochlorite,NaOH sodium hydroxide,Mn(OH),2,Manganese(II)hydroxide,Fe,2,O,3,iron(III)oxide or ferric oxide,P,2,O,5,Diphosphorus pentoxide,H,2,O,2,hydrogen peroxide,K,2,Cr,2,O,7,potassium dichromate,Cu,2,(OH),2,CO,3,Dicopper(II)dihydroxycarbonate,CaHPO,4,calcium hydrogen phosphate,PtCl,4,2-,tetrachloroplatinum(II),Ag(NH,3,),2,Cl Diamminesilver(I)chloride,K,4,Fe(CN),6,Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II),Answer,48/48,