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1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下:
①在单数名词词尾加s。如:map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables.
②s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如:class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.
[注]:少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如:photo→photos, piano→pianos.
③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如:family→families, city→cities, party→parties.
④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如:shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.
2、不规则变化:man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如:a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
15 构成法:一个名词如果表示一个或一样东西,它取单数形式,如pen,dog,tree,fact,church,kiss.如果表示两个或更多这类东西,则需用名词的复数形式,如pens,dogs,trees,facts,churches,kisses.构成名词复数,大多数是在单数形式后加-s或-es,有下面6种情况:
a.在单数形式后直接加-s:
girl girls
hat hats
neck necks
tree trees
pencil pencils
kind kings
b.如单数名词以s,x,sh,ch或z结尾,需在后面加-es:
kiss kisses
church churches
fox foxes
match matches
tax taxes
watch watches
dish dishes
branch branches
brush brushes
buzz buzzes
c.以y结尾的词,变y为i,再加-es:
lady ladies
army armies
baby babies
story stories
soliloquy soliloquies
colloquy colloquies
如果y前还有一个元音字母,则直接加-s:
day days
key keys
boy boys
monkey monkeys
d.以o结尾的词,多数加-s:
demo demos
inferno infernos
kilo kilos
tempo tempos
cello cellos
memo memos
banjo banjos
octavo octavos
piano pianos
canto cantos
dynamo dynamos
tobacco tobaccos
solo solos
photo photos
cameo cameos
ratio ratios
以“元音字母+o”结尾的词,一概加-s:curios,rodeos,bamboos,tattoos,…
但有少数以o 结尾的词后需加-es:
echo,echoes; embargo,embargoes; jingo,jingoes; torpe- do;torpedoes;veto,vetoes;hero,heroes;negro,ne-groes;potato,potatoes;mosquito,mosquitoes;go,goes;no,noes;motto,mottoes.
其他以o结尾的词,一般既可加-s,也可加-es:
zero,zeros,zeroes;halo,halos,haloes;mango,mangos,mangoes.此外还有:motto;tornado;volcano;cargo;buffalo;commando.
e.以f或fe结尾的词,多数直接加-s:
chief chiefs
reef reefs
cliff cliffs
cuff cuffs
roof roofs
fife fifes
belief beliefs
safe safes
gulf gulfs
strife strifes
但有几个名词,需变f为v,再加es:
elf elves
leaf leaves
calf calves
thlef thleves
shelf shelves
loaf loaves
half halves
life lives
self selves
wife wives
wolf wolves
knife knives
有个别名词,可加-s或-es:
hoof hoofs,hooves
wharf wharfs,wharves
scarf scarfs,scarves
dwarf dwarfs,dwarves
beef beefs,beeves
staff staffs,staves
16 词尾读音:-s或-es 可读作[s],[iz]或[z]:
a.在清辅音(Voiceless Consonant)后读[s],如:
cups[k)ps],shapes[Meips],hats [h$ts],dates[deits],dochs[d&ks],lakes[leiks],monarchs['m&n+ks],fifes[faifs],roofs[ru:fs],laughs[la:fs],coughs[k&fs],pho-tographs ['f+t+gra:fs].
在th后多数读[s],如: cloths[kl&Is],month[m)nIs],myths[miIs].但在少数情况下也读[z],如:
path[pa:I],paths[pa: J z]
oath[+uI],oaths[+uJz]
mouth[mauI],mouths[mauJz]
wreath[ri:I],wreaths[ri:Jz]
bath[ba:I],baths[ba:Jz]
th 前有长元音或双元音时读作: youths[ju:Jz],truths[truJz],sheaths[Mi:Jz].
b.在s,z,M,tM,DN等音后读[iz]:
kisses['kisiz] foxes['f&ksiz]
dishes['diMiz] churches['tM+:tMiz]
languages['l$Rgwidziz] roses['r+uziz]
c.在其他情况下均读[z],如:
dogs[d&gz],pens[penz],boys[b&iz],girls[g+:lz],names[neimz],cities['sitiz],ways[weiz].
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