高中化学有机方程式归纳.docx

高中化学有机方程式归纳
高中化学有机方程式归纳
有机化学方程式归纳
一、取代反应R-H+X2光照光照R-X+HXCH3Cl+HClCH2Cl2+HClCHCl3+HClCCl4+HCl
H2SO4(浓)55－60℃BrCH4+Cl2CH3Cl+Cl2光照光照光照CH2Cl2+Cl2CHCl3+Cl2+HO-NO2+Br2NO2+H2O
FeBr3+HBr
H2O△CH3CH2Br+NaOH2CH3CH2OHCH3CH2OH+NaBr
H2SO4(浓)140℃C2H5OC2H5+H2O
二、加成反应
CH2=CH2+Br2→CH2BrCH2Br（1,2二溴乙烷）CH2=CH2+H2CH2=CH2+HClCH2=CH2+H2OCHCH+H2CHCH+2H2
催化剂△△CH3CH3
CH3CH2Cl
催化剂催化剂加热、加压CH3CH2OH
催化剂△催化剂△CH3CH3CH2=CH2
催化剂CHCH+HCl
+3H2RCHO+H2CH3CHO+H2
OH
Ni△△CH2=CHCl
Ni△R─CH2OHNi△CH3CH2OH
+3H2
Ni△OHNi△
+3H2
(硬脂酸甘油酯)
三、氧化反应y
CxHy+(x+4)O2CH4+2O2
点燃点燃y
xCO2+2H2O
CO2+2H2O(现象：蓝色火焰)
CH2=CH2+2O22CHCH+5O22C6H6+15O2
点燃点燃CO2+2H2O(现象：明亮火焰，伴有黑烟)
4CO2+2H2O
(现象：明亮火焰，伴有浓黑烟)
点燃12CO2+6H2O(现象：明亮火焰，伴有浓黑烟)
2CH3CH2OH+O22CH3CHO+O2
Cu/Ag△2CH3CHO+2H2O
催化剂△2CH3COOH
CH3CHO+2Ag(NH3)2OH
△CH3COONH4+2Ag↓+3NH3+2H2O
△CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO+2Ag(NH3)2OHRCHO+2Cu(OH)2+NaOH
△CH2OH(CHOH)4COOH+2Ag+4NH3+H2O
R─COONa+Cu2O↓+3H2O
△CH3CHO+2Cu(OH)2+NaOH
四、水解反应
CH3COONa+Cu2O↓+3H2O
CH3CH2Br+NaOHRCOOR"+H2ORCOOR"+NaOH
H2O△CH3CH2OH+NaBrRCOOH+HOR"
H2SO4(稀)△△RCOONa+HOR"
H2SO4(稀)△△CH3COOC2H5+H2OCH3COOC2H5+NaOH
CH3COOH+C2H5OH
CH3COONa+C2H5OH
(C6H10O5)n+nH2O
H2SO4(稀)nC6H12O6
（淀粉）（葡萄糖）
催化剂(C6H10O5)n+nH2OC12H22O11+H2O
△nC6H12O6
（纤维素）（葡萄糖）
催化剂C6H12O6+C6H12O6
（蔗糖）(葡萄糖)(果糖)
C12H22O11+H2O
五、酯化反应
催化剂（麦芽糖）（葡萄糖）
2C6H12O6
H2SO4(浓)CH3COOH+HOC2H5
H2SO4(浓)△CH3COOC2H5+H2O
RCOOH+HOR"
△RCOOR"+H2O
CH3COOH+HOC2H53C17H35COOH+
六、消去反应（邻C有H）CnH2n+1X+NaOHCH3CH2Br+NaOHCH3CH2OH
七、加聚反应nCH2=CH2
催化剂醇△18
H2SO4(浓)△CH3CO18OC2H5+H2O
+3H2O
H2SO4(浓)△CnH2n+NaX+H2OCH2=CH2↑+NaBr+H2O
醇△H2SO4(浓)170℃CH2=CH2+H2O
CH2CH2］［n
八、缩聚反应nHOCH2CH2COOH
HO[CH2CH2CO］nOH+(n-1)H2OHO[OC(CH2)4COO(CH2)2O］nH+(2n-1)H2O2)2OHnHOOC(CH2)4COOH+nHO(CH
九、裂化反应(稍作了解)CH4
△C+2H2
△C16H34C8H18C4H10C4H10
C8H18+C8H16C4H10+C4H8C2H6+C2H4CH4+C3H6
△△△十、置换反应
2CH3CH2OH+2Na→2CH3CH2ONa+H2↑2
OH
+2Na→2
+H2↑ONa2CH3COOH+2Na→2CH3COONa+H2↑
十一、其它反应
OH
+NaOH→+CO2+H2O→
ONa+H2O
OHONa+NaHCO3
CH3COOH+NaOH→CH3COONa+H2O2CH3COOH+CuO→(CH3COO)2Cu+H2O
2CH3COOH+Na2CO3→2CH3COONa+CO2↑+H2O
十二、有机离子反应
2CH3COOH+Cu(OH)2→2CH3COO－+Cu2++2H2O2CH3COOH+CaO→Ca2++2CH3COO－+H2O2CH3COOH+Zn→Zn2++H2↑+2CH3COO－
2CH3COOH+CaCO3→Ca2++2CH3COO－+CO2↑+H2O
O－+CO2+H2O→OH
+HCO3-
高中有机化学方程式汇总
1.CH4+Cl2光照CH3Cl+HCl2.CH光照3Cl+Cl2CH2Cl2+HCl3.CH光照2Cl+Cl2CHCl3+HCl4.CHCl光照3+Cl2CCl4+HCl5.CH4高温C+2H2
6.C催化剂
16H34加热、加压C8H18+C8H16
7.CH3COONa+NaOHCaOCH4↑+Na2CO3
△
8.CH2=CH2+Br2CH2BrCH2Br
9.CH2=CH2+H2O催化剂CH3CH2OH10.CH2=CH2+HBr催化剂CH3CH2Br△11.CH2=CH2+H2催化剂CH3CH3
△12.nCH2=CH2催化剂[CH2CH2]n
13.nCH2=CH-CH=CH2催化剂[CH2-CH=CH-CH2]n14.2CH催化剂2=CH2+O22CH3CHO15.CH≡CH+Br2CHBr=CHBr16.CHBr=CHBr+Br2CHBr2－CHBr2
17.CH≡CH+HCl催化剂H2
C=CHCl△
18.nCH2=CH[CH2－CH]nClCl19.CH≡CH+H2O催化剂CH3CHO
20.CaC2+2H2OCH≡CH↑+Ca(OH)221.+Br2催化剂Br+HBr22.+HO－NO2浓硫酸NO2+H2O
△23.+HO－SO3H△SO3H+H2O
24.CH3+3H2催化剂△CH3NO2ON25.+3HO－NO2催化剂2+3H2O26.3CH≡CH→NO227.CH3CH2Br+H2ONaOHCH3CH2OH+HBr28.CH3CH2Br+NaOHCH3CH2OH+NaBr29.CH3CH2Br+NaOH醇CH2=CH2+NaBr+H2O
△H2O30.2CH3CH2OH+2Na2CH3CH2ONa+H2↑31.2CH3CH2OH+O2催化剂2CH3CHO+2H2O
△
32.CH3CH2OH浓硫酸CH2=CH2↑+H2O33.C2H5OH+C2H5
170℃
OH浓硫酸C140℃2H5OC2H5+H2O
34.OH+NaOHONa+H2O35.OH+H2OO－+H3O+36.ONa+H2O+CO2OH+NaHCO3
OHBr37．+3Br2Br↓+3HBr
△催化剂△OHBr38.CH3CHO+H2催化剂CH3CH2OH39.2CH3CHO+O22CH3COOH40.CH3CHO+2Ag(NH3)2OHCH3COONH4+2Ag↓+3NH3+H2O
41CH3CHO+2Cu(OH)2△CH3COOH+Cu2O↓+2H2O
△42.2CH3COOH+2Na2CH3COONa+H2↑43.2CH3COOH+Na2CO32CH3COONa+H2O+CO2↑
44.CH3COOH+NaHCO3CH3COONa+H2O+CO2↑
45.CH3COOH+NaOHCH3COONa+H2O
46.2CH3COOH+Cu(OH)2(CH3COO)2Cu+2H2O
COOCHCH+HO47.CH3COOH+CH3CH2OH浓硫酸CH3232△48.CH3COOCH2CH3+NaOHCH3COONa+CH3CH2OH
49.nOHCH2CH2COOH→[OCH2CH2C]n+H2O50.C6H12O6(s)+6O2(g)6CO2(g)+6H2O(l)51.C6H12O6催化剂2CH3CH2OH+2CO252.C12H22O11+H2OC6H12O6+C6H12O6蔗糖葡萄糖果糖
53.C12H22O11+H2O催化剂2C6H12O6
麦芽唐葡萄糖催化剂54.(C6H10O5)n+nH2OnC6H12O6
淀粉葡萄糖nCHO55.(C6H10O5)n+nH2O催化剂6126△纤维素葡萄糖
催化剂
56.C17H33COO-CH2C17H35COO-CH2C17H33COO-CH+3H2加热、加压C17H35COO-CHC17H33COO-CH2C17H35COO-CH257.C17H35COO-CH2CH2-OH
C17H35COO-CH+3NaOH3C17H35COONa+CH-OHC17H35COO-CH2OCH2-OHO58.CH2OHCOOH+
CH2OHCOOH
浓硫酸△CCOO+2H2OCH2－CH2催化剂