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宾语从句
在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句.
一.时态
1•主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时。I suppose that he will come tomorrow.
2•主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。I said that he passed the exam.
3•主句用过去时，从句是真理时，只用一般现在时。My father told me that the sun rises from the east.
二.宾语从句的连接词
1. 从属连词
连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that,if,whether.
He told that he would go to the college the next year他告诉我他下一年上大学.
I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.我不知道是否还会有公交车.
Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.没人知道他是否会通过考试.
2. 连接代词
连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等.
Do you know who has won Red Alert game?
你知道谁赢了这一局红警游戏吗?
I don’t know whom you should depend on.
我不知道你该依靠谁.
The book will show you what the best CEOs know.
这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解些什么.
3. 连接副词
连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等.
He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.
他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面.
Could you please tell me how I can get to the nearest hospital?
你能告诉我怎么怎么去最近的医院吗?
None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到.
三.注意事项
whether和if常用来引导宾语从句，这时两者的含义区别很小，一般可通用。
① I don't know whether/if they will come to help us.
我不知道他们是否会来帮助我们。
② I am not sure whether/if I'll have time to go with you.
我很难说我们是否有时间跟你们一起去。 上面两句无区别。
但是，当whether与or not连成一个词组时，whether不可换用if。例如：
③ I don't know whether or not they will come for our help.
我不知道他们是否要来求我们支援。
【注意】若whether和or not不连在一起，在口语中可以用if取代whether，当然也可以用whether。例如：
④ I am not certain if/whether the train will arrive on time.
我没有把握火车是否准时到达。
④ I don't care if/whether your car breaks down or not.
我不在乎您的车是否是会出故障。
此外，还有几种情况值得注意：
(1)在介词后面只能用whether，不能用if。例如：
① I am not interested in whether you'll come or not. 你来不来我不感兴趣。
(2)在动词不定式之前，只能用whether，不能用if。例如：
①He doesn't know whether to stay or not. 他不能知道是否要留下来。
②She doesn't knows whether to get married now or wait.
是否现在结婚或是等待她不知道。
(3)在及物运动discuss后的宾语从句中，只能用whether，不能用if。例如：
①We discussed whether we should make a change in our plan.
我们讨论了是不是要对我们的计划作一些修改。
②We were discussing whether we should discuss the business with them.
我们正在讨论我们是否要和他们谈这个生意。
2)引导主语从句时，只能用whether，不能用if。例如：
①It is unknown whether he will come. 他是否来还不知道。
②Whether the news is true remains a question. 这个消息是否真实仍然是个问题。
3)if可以用来引导一个否定的宾语从句，whether则不能用来引导否定的宾语从句，因为它表示正反两方面的选择意义比较强。例如：
①Tell me if it is not going to rain, please. 请告诉我明天是否不会下雨。
②He considered if he shouldn't tell her the secret.
他考虑他是否不该告诉她这个秘密。
4)if除引导宾语从句外，还可以引导条件状语从句，作“是否”解。在容易引起混淆产生歧义的情况下，就不可用if，而须用whether。例如：
①Please let me know if you intend to come.这个句子有两种解释： A：“请让我们知道你是否想来。” B：“如果你打算来，请让我们知道。” 第一种解释是把if引导的从句看作宾语从句，把动词know视为及物动词(vt．)；第二种解释是把if引导的从句当作条件状语从句，把动词know看作不及物动词(vi．)。 在口语中，我们可以通过语调来表示两者的区别；但是，在书面语中，无上下文(如一张便条上写着这句话)，那就含混不清了。如果我们想表达的第一种含义，就得用whether来改写第一句。
①Please let me know whether you intend to come. 又如：
②Let me know whether he has left for Shanghai. 告诉我他是否已经去上海了。
③Let me know if he has left for Shanghai. 如果他去上海，请告诉我一声。
2. 宾语从句的否定转移
主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider, guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致.
I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he won’t come to my party.我认为他不会来我的舞会.
I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?
我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是?
如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式.
We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully, does he?
我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课,是不是?
3. 宾语从句的时态和语序
当主句为现在时或将来时的时候,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响.
当主句为过去时的时候
①从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生
I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didn’t know what country he was in.
我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书,可不知道是哪个国家.
He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in.
他问我他进来的时候我是否正在读<老人与海>.
②从句过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前
He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.
他告诉我他已经把有关会议的事情告诉的了Mary.
③从句谓语用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后
The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do.
记者问政府是否会采取必要的措施镇压骚乱.
如果从句是一个客观真理,那么从句的时候不根据主句的时态而变化
The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.
老师昨天说月亮绕着地球转.
当宾语从句的引导词是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑问时,不能按正常语序安排,经常将这类引导词置于句首
Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year?
你认为今年公众会选谁为他们最喜欢的歌手.
完成下列习题
（ ）1. Please tell me___ . I have some good news for him.
A. where Robert lives B. where does Robert live
C. where Robert lived D. where did Robert live
（ ）2. —We don’t know ．
—It is said that he was born in Canada．
A．what he is B．when he was born
C．where he comes from D．if he lives here
（ ）3. —May I come in? I’m sorry I am late.
—Come in, please. But could you please tell me ______?
A. why you are late again B. what were you doing then
C. who you talked with D. how do you came to school
（ ）4. Could you tell me________?
A. When will Mary come back B. When Mary comes back
C. When Mary will come back
（ ）5.—What did you say just now?
—I asked _______.
A. that I could open the door B. could I open the door
C. how could I open the door D. how I could open the door
（ ）6.—Do you know ________, Mike?
—On May 12th,2008
A. when the earthquake took place in Wen Chuan
B. when did the earthquake take place in Wen Chuan
C. when the earthquake will take place in Wen Chuan
（ ）7.I really want to know _______.
A. what is wrong with my brother B. how will he go to Beijing tomorrow
C. if had he bought that car D. where did he go yesterday
( )8. —Can you tell me ______?
—By doing more speaking.
A. how I will improve my English B. which way can I choose
C. how do I deal with my English D. what’s wrong with my English
( )9. ---Do you know ______ the MP4 yesterday?
--- Sorry, I’ve no idea about it.
A. how much did he pay for B. how much he paid for
C. he paid for how much D. he paid how much for
( )10. I don’t know to go there at once.
A if B weather C what D which
( )11. He asked me I’d move to New York I got the job.
A if ,if B if , weather C weather , if D weather ,weather
( )12. He said he go there by train.
A will B would C is going to D was
反义疑问句
（一）概念：反意疑问句是由陈述句和附在其后的附加疑问句组成。其中附加疑问句是对陈述句所说的事实或观点提出疑问，起证实作用，一般用于证实说话者所说的事实或观点。
（二）要点注意：
1、反意疑问句前后两部分谓语应是：“肯定陈述＋否定疑问”或“否定陈述＋肯定疑问”。
2、简略问句如果是否定式：not应与be，do，will等系动词、助动词、情态动词缩写。
3、简略问句的主语不用名词，应用人称代词。
（三）用法：
1) 陈述部分I am时，疑问部分要用 aren't I.
I'm as tall as your sister，aren't I? （我和你姐姐一样高，对吗？）
2) 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, little, seldom, hardly等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。如： The old man made no answer, did he?
Jim is never late for school, is he?
3) 陈述部分有情态动词
have to +v. (had to + v.)，疑问部分常用don't +主语（didn't +主语）。
We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we?
used to，疑问部分用didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语。
He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he?
had better（最好） + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you?
You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you?
4) 陈述部分有would rather（宁可、宁愿） +v.，疑问部分多用 wouldn't +主语。
He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?
5 陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。
You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?
6) 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。
Everything is ready, isn't it?
陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he.
Everyone knows the answer, don't they? (doesn’t he?)
Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)
7) think引导的宾语从句：
A.主语是第一人称, 则疑问部分与从句相对应构成反意疑问句。
I don't think he is bright, is he?
We believe she can do it better, can't she?
B. 如果主语不是第一人称则疑问部分与主句相对应构成反意疑问句
He thought they were wrong, didn't he? （不能说weren't they?）
8) 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。
Don't do that again, will you?
Go with me, will you / won't you?
Let's 开头的祈使句，后用shall we（或用shan't we) ?
而Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you（或won't you）?
Let's go and listen to the music, shall we（或用shan't we)?
Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you （或won't you）?
9) 陈述部分是"there be"结构的，疑问部分用there。
There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there?
There will not be any trouble, will there?
10) 否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。
It is impossible, isn't it? He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?
完成下列习题
（ ）1. Don’t forget to give Polly some food and change her water, _______?
A. shall we B. will you C. won’t you D. do you
（ ）2. There is little juice in the glass, _________?
A. is there B. isn’t there C. is it
（ ）3. ---He’s seldom late for school, ___________?
--No. He is used to going to school early.
A. isn’t he B. has he C. hasn’t he D. is he
（ ）4.---This bus is always late, _________? ---Sure, it is.
A. is not it B. isn’t it C. isn’t the bus D. doesn’t it
（ ）5.---You’re new here, ________?
----Yes, I’m from Dujiangyan. I came here last week.
A. do you B. don’t you C. are you D. aren’t you
（ ）6. You used to be outgoing， ?
A. do you B. don’t you C. didn’t you D. did you
（ ）7. He has never watched such an important match , _____ he?
A. hasn't B. has C. is D. isn't
（ ）8.They have to work at once,______ they?
A. have B. haven't C. do D. don't
（ ）9. She often feels tired,______ she?
A. doesn't B. does C. is D. isn't
（ ）10. Let's take a short rest, ______?
A. do we B. aren't we C. will you D. shall we
（ ）11. Hundreds of people lost their lives in the accident,_______ they?
A. don't B. didn't C. do D. did
（ ）12. ---Lily didn't come to school, did she?
---____. She was ill in bed.
A. No, she did B. Yes, she did. C. No, she didn't. D. Yes, she didn't
（ ）13.---She isn't a teacher, is she?
---_____. She works in a hospital.
A. No, she is B. Yes, she is. C. No, she isn't. D. Yes, she isn't
（ ）14.Lily looks like Lucy,_______?
A. is Lily B. isn't she C. does Lilly D. doesn't she
（ ）15.Tom often has lunch at school,_____?
A. doesn't Tom B. doesn't he C. does Tom D. doesn't he
（ ）16.He hardly hurt himself in the accident___________?
A. doesn’t he B. didn’t he C. did he D. does he
（ ）17. Let’s search the Internet for some information about famous people,______?
A. will you B. won’t you C. shall we
（ ）18．Eric’s never seen a three-D movie at the cinema，_______?
A．hasn’t he B．has he C．isn’t he D．is he
（ ）19.---He didn’t go to the lecture this morning, did he?
----______. Though he was not feeling very well.
A. No, he didn’t. B. Yes, he did. C. No, he did. D. Yes, he didn’t.
（ ）20.—He’s already back to Australia, _________?
— _________. He is on a visit to Shanghai.
A. isn’t he; No B. hasn’t he; Yes C. isn’t he; Yes D. hasn’t he; No
（ ）21.—She doesn’t like geography， does she? — ___________ .
A. Yes， she does B. Yes， she doesn’t C. No， she does
（ ）22 He’s flown to Hainan for a holiday, _______ he?
A. isn’t B. hasn’t C. wasn’t
（ ）23. ---- Let’s go skating,_______? ---- OK. Let’s go.
A. do you B. don’t you C. will you D. shall we
（ ）24. ---There is little milk in the milk bag, ________ there? ---OK. I’ll get you a new bag.
A. is B. isn’t C. aren’t D. are
（ ）25. Bob, you watched the fashion show last night, ________?
A. weren’t you B. didn’t you C. haven’t you D. won’t you
（ ）26. ---Are you going to the picnic with us tonight?
---Yes. ---You won’t be late, ________?
（ ）27. There is no important information in the newspaper, _______?
A. isn’t there B. is it C. is there
（ ）28. There are two libraries in this city, _______?
A. aren’t there B. aren’t they C. are two
（ ）29. Mom, my grandfather goes for a walk after supper every day, _______?
A. does he B. is he C. doesn’t he D. isn’t he
（ ）30. Liu Qian has made “magic” a hot word, _______ he?
A. doesn’t B. didn’t C. hasn’t D. isn’t
（ ）31.---You aren’t a professional athlete, are you?
---______. I am just a football fan.
A. Yes, I am B. No, I’m not C. Of course D. Sometimes
（ ）32. ---Millions of people know about Susan Boyle now, _______?
----_______, she becomes well-known because of her success on Britain’s Got Talent.
A. do they; No B. do they; Yes C. don’t they; No D. don’t they; Yes
（ ）33. He’s fed the dog and the cat, _______?
A. doesn’t he B. isn’t he C. wasn’t he D. hasn’t he
（ ）34. John, clean your room, _______?
A. will you B. shall we C. don’t you D. doesn’t he
（ ）35. I don’t think she has gone to Beijing, _______?
A. has she B. hasn’t she C. do I D. don’t I
被动语态
英语中及物动词有两种语态，即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
一、被动语态的构成：
1.一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词
Our classroom is cleaned everyday.
I am asked to study hard.
Knives are used for cutting things.
2.一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词
A new shop was built last year.
Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.
3.现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词
This book has been translated into many languages.
Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.
4.一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
A new hospital will be built in our city.
Many more trees will be planted next year.
5.现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词
Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→ My bike is being repaired by Tom now.
They are planting trees over there. → Trees are being planted over there by them.
6.过去进行时的被动语态构成：was\were+ being + 及物动词的过去分词
7. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
Young trees must be watered often.
Your mistakes should be corrected right now.
The door may be locked inside. Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.
二、怎样把主动语态改成被动语态? 把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤： 1.先找出谓语动词； 2.再找出谓语动词后的宾语； 3.把宾语用作被动语态中的主语； 4.注意人称、时态和数的变化。
例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week.
2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.
3.He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far.
4.They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow. 5.Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now.
6.You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave.
三、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：
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