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高中英语考点系统名词.doc

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找家教,到 阳光家教网 全国最大家教平台 高中英语考点系统名词 一.概念 名词是表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称的词,有专有名词和普通名词之分,还有可数名词与不可数名词之分. 二.相关知识点精讲 1.名词复数的规则变化 情况 构成方法 读音 例词 一般情况 加 -s 清辅音后读/s/ map-maps 浊辅音和元音后读 /z/ bag-bags /car-cars 以s, sh, ch, x等结尾 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses/ watch-watches 以ce, se, ze,等结尾 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses 以辅音字母+y结尾 变y 为i再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies  2.其它名词复数的规则变化 1) 以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数。例如:     two Marys     the Henrys      monkey---monkeys  holiday---holidays   2) 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时:    a. 加s,如: photo---photos   piano---pianos          radio---radios   zoo---zoos;    b. 加es,如:potato--potatoes  tomato--tomatoes    c. 上述a和b两种方法均可,如zero---zeros / zeroes。  3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时:    a. 加s,如: belief---beliefs  roof---roofs          safe---safes  gulf---gulfs;    b. 去f,fe 加ves,如:half---halves       knife---knives leaf---leaves  wolf---wolves     wife---wives  life---lives  thief---thieves; c. 上述a和b两种方法均可,如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。 3.名词复数的不规则变化 1) child---children  foot---feet  tooth---teeth mouse---mice    man---men  woman---women  注意:由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women,如an Englishman,two Englishmen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。 2) 单复同形,如deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese ,li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。 3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。例如: people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle, the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用,如The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 4) 以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如: a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数。 b. news 为不可数名词。 c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。    The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。例如: "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。 5) 表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes等,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。 6) 另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼。                           4. 不可数名词量的表示 1)物质名词 a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。 比较:Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数) These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数) b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,可数。例如: This factory produces steel. (不可数) We need various steels. (可数) c. 当物质名词表示份数时,可数。例如: Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。 Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。 2) 抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如: four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化 物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量,如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice 一则建议。 5. 定语名词的复数 名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。 1)     用复数作定语。例如: sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室    talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系 2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例如:    men workers  women teachers  gentlemen officials 3) 有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。例如:    goods train (货车) arms produce 武器生产      customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush 衣刷  4) 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如: two-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋  a ten-mile walk 十英里路 two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan. 一个五年计划 6. 不同国籍人的单复数 国籍 总称(谓语用复数) 单数 复数 中国人 the Chinese a Chinese  two Chinese 瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss 澳大利亚人 the Australians  an Australian two Australians 俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians 意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians 希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks 法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese 美国人 the Americans an American two Americans 印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians 加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians 德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans 英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen 瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes 7. 名词的格   英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下: 1) 单数名词词尾加"'s",复数名词词尾没有s,也要加"'s",如the boy's bag 男孩的书包,men's room 男厕所。 2) 若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加" ' ",如:the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。 3) 凡不能加"'s"的名词,都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系,如:the title of the song 歌的名字。 4) 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:the barber's 理发店。 5) 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示"分别有";只有一个's,则表示'共有'。例如: John's and Mary's rooms(两间)  John and Mary's room(一间) 6) 复合名词或短语,'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。例如:a month or two's absence 巩固练习 1.He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his_______. a.   little wage b. few wage c. wage d. wages 2.Most of the houses in the village were burnt to ______ during the war. a.       an ash b. the ash c. ash d. ashes 3.The students at colleges or universities are making ______ for the coming New Year. a.       many preparations b. much preparation c. preparations d. preparation 4.Paiting in _____ is one of their spare-time activities. a.       oil b. an oil c. oils d. the oil 5.In the view of the foreign experts, there wasn’t ____ oil here. a.       much b. lots of c. a great deal of d. many 6.The large houses are being painted, but ______. a. of great expense b. at a great expense c. in a lot of expenses d. by high expense 7.The room was small and contained far too ______. a.much new furniture c. much new furnitures b.many new furniture d. many new furnitures 8.Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the ______. a. rooms number b. room number c. room’s numbers d. room numbers 9.Computers can do ______ work in a short time, but a man can not do ______ by himself. a great many…many c. much…a great deal b.great deal of…much d. many…a great many 10.She didn’t know _____ he had been given. a. how many information c. how many informations b. the number of information d. how much information 11.He invited all of his ______ to join his wedding party. a. comrade-in-arms c. comrades-in-arm b. comrades-in-arms d. comrade-in-arm 12.All the ______ in the hospital got a rise last month. a. women doctors c. woman doctors b. women doctor d. woman doctor 13.After ten years, all these youngsters became_____. a. growns-ups c. growns-up b. grown-up d. grown-ups 14.The police investigated those _____ about the accident. a.  stander-by c. standers-by b.  stander-bys d. standers-bys 15.The Nazi kept those ______ in their concentration camp. a.prisoner-of-wars c. prisoners-of-war b.prisoners-of-wars d. prisoner-of-war 16.The manager was greatly appreciate that _____ made by Linda lately. a. new reel b. news reel c. new-reels d. news reels 17.Mary’s dress is similar in appearance to her ______. a. elder sister b. elder sister’s c. elder sisters d. elder sisters dress 18.All the people at the conference are ______. a. mathematic teachers c. mathematics teacher b.mathematics teachers d. mathematic’s teachers 19.Professor Mackay told us that ______ of lead are its softness and its resistance. a. some property c. properties b. some properties d. property 20.Physics _____ with matter and motion. a. deal b. deals c. dealing d. are 答案 DDCCACADCDCADBBBBCCB 北京家教 找家教上阳光家教网
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