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难点1 并非只表抽象的抽象名词
抽象名词一般看作不可数名词,但有时也可与冠词连用，表示具体化。
●沙场点兵
1.Jumping out of airplane at ten thousand feet is quite________exciting experience. (NMET 2002)
A.不填；the B.不填；an C.an；an D.the；the
2.Many people agree that________knowledge of English is________must in international trade today.
A.a；a B.the；an C.the；the D.不填；the
3.One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain________good knowledge of basic word information. (上海2002)
A./ B.the C.a D.one
4.—I hear that as many as 150 people were killed in the earthquake.
—Yes，________news came as________shock to us.
A.the；the B.the；a C.不填；不填 D.不填；a
5.He has______great interest in history，especially in______history of Tang Dynasty.
A.a；the B.a；/ C./；the D./；a
●案例探究
1.For many Beijingers，dreams of living in___green area are becoming____reality.
A.a；a B.the；the C.不填；不填 D.the；不填
命题意图：表面看本题考查学生对冠词的用法，其实也考查了学生对抽象名词具体化的掌握。
知识依托：抽象名词并非都作不可数名词。
错解分析：D选项迷惑性较大，许多同学会认为reality为抽象名词，不能用a。
解题方法与技巧：抽象名词或物质名词前或后加上表示性质类别的修饰词，指概念的“一种”“一类”“一次”等时，可用不定冠词，例如：Physics is a science.
答案：A
2.The police have________power to arrest bad people by________law.
A.the；the B.a；a C.the；不填 D.不填；the
命题意图：考查学生对抽象名词具体化的理解。
知识依托：定冠词与抽象名词连用，特指双方都了解的人或事。
错解分析：许多学生会认为D正确，认为power是抽象名词，故不能用冠词。
解题方法与技巧：to arrest bad people是power的定语，故此处用the表示特指。
答案：C
●锦囊妙计
1.不定冠词与抽象名词连用表示：
①一种、一场或某个动作的一次、一番。例如：It was a war，have a look，have a try。
②某一品质的具体行动。例如：Thank you，Tim.You have done me a kindness.
③引起某种情绪的事。例如：It’s a pleasure to work with you. It’s a pity that you can’t swim.
2.定冠词与抽象名词连用，特指某一时、某一次的行动或情绪，或说话的双方都了解的人或事。
3.注意：有些词组中，有没有冠词含义是不同的。试比较：
●歼灭难点训练
1.He is________（help）to me.
2.Nowadays many young people get into________habit of smoking in________public and can’t kick it.
A.the；the B./；/ C./；the D.the；/
3.—The news is spreading from mouth to mouth.
—Yes，it’s become________talk of________town.
A.a；a B.the；/ C.the；the D.a；/
4.In face of________failure，it is the most important to keep up________good state of mind.
A./；a B.a；/ C.the；/ D./；the
5.Having received________training of the Ms.Company，he was offered________important position in management.
A.the；an B.不填；an C.the；不填 D.a；a
6.In________Sahara Desert，________rain was scarce，but in my hometown there is________heavy rain now and then，and the river around the town rises a lot after________.
A.the；the；a；a heavy rain B.the；/；a；heavy rains
C./；/；/；a heavy rain D.the；the；a；heavy rains
7.The building was completed in________September of 1956 not in________October,1955.
A./；the B.the；the C./；/ D.the；/
难点2 冠词的非前位用法难点
限定语与所修饰的中心名词的关系一般顺序是：冠词+表示大小尺寸的限定词+表示颜色的限定词+表示原材料的限定词+中心名词。但在某些固定结构中，冠词放在了形容词之后。
●沙场点兵
1.—What about________book？
—It’s too difficult________book.
A.a；a B.a；the C.the；the D.the；a
2.________Beijing you see today is quite________different city from what it used to be.
A.The；不填 B.The；a C.不填；the D.A；a
●案例探究
1.Peter won’t drive us to the station.He has________to take us all.
A.a very small car B.too small a car
C.a too small car D.such a small car
命题意图：考查学生对冠词不放在第一位的固定结构的掌握。
知识依托：不定冠词放在too+形容词之后。
错解分析：C迷惑性较大，学生都学过too+adj./adv. +to…结构，但对于too+adj.+n.+to…结构不熟悉。
解题方法与技巧：名词前修饰语一般正常语序为：不定冠词+形容词+名词。但有些固定结构需注意，如too+adj. +a/an+n.。
答案：B
2.Exercise is________as any other to lose unwanted weight.
A.so useful a way B.as a useful way
C.as useful a way D.such a useful way
命题意图：考查学生对冠词不放在第一位的固定结构的掌握，属五星级题目。
知识依托：不定冠词放在as+形容词之后。
错解分析：A、B迷惑性较大，so…as结构常用于否定句和疑问句，故不能选A、B。
解题方法与技巧：名词前修饰语正常语序为：不定冠词+形容词+名词，但有些固定结构需注意，如：as+adj. +a/an+n.
答案：C
●锦囊妙计
1.不定冠词用在quite，rather，many，half，what，much等词之后。例如：
He is rather a fool.
—What did you think of the concert？
—Oh，it was quite a success.
2.不定冠词用在so（as，too，how）+形容词之后。
例如：She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.
It’s too difficult a book for us to read.
注意：以元音音素开头的名词前加不定冠词时用“an”。例如：an apple。
即使单词拼写以辅音字母开头，但该词的读音是元音音素开头，加不定冠词时也要用“an”，例如：an hour，an honest boy；反之，拼写以元音字母开头，但读音是辅音，加不定冠词时要用“a”，例如：a university。
3.so…that与such…that:
①so…that和such…that都作“如此……以致”解，that引导结果状语从句。常见句型如下：
so
②such…that和so…that有时可以换用，条件是such所修饰的名词必须是一个单数可数名词，且该名词还带有表性质的形容词。转变公式如下：such a/an+形容词+名词→so+形容词+a/an+名词。
例如：He is such a good student that we all like him.→He is so good a student that we all like him。
但是，如果是不可数名词或复数可数名词，则只能用such，不能用so修饰。
例如：It was such bad weather that he had to stay at home。
③如果复数名词前有many，few，不可数名词前有much，little等表示量的形容词时，应该用so而不用such。
如：I’ve had so many falls that I’m black and blue all over.
Mr White got so little money a month that he could hardly keep body and soul together（维持生活）。
但little不表示数量而表示“小”的意思时，仍用such。
例如：They are such little children that they cannot clean the house by themselves.
●歼灭难点训练
1.Ann is________girl.
A.quite a bright B.a quite bright
2.It’s ________day.
A.a rather cold B.rather a cold C.a cold rather
3.________is here.
A.Many a boy B.Many boys
4.多么聪明的一个男孩。
5.English is ________to the world as other languages.
A.so useful a bridge B.as a useful bridge
C.as useful a bridge D.such a useful bridge
难点 3 不定代词的固定表达
不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质，并有可数与不可数、单数与复数的区别，用时需慎重。
●沙场点兵
1.—Is________here?
—No,Bob and Tim have asked for leave.
A.anybody B.somebody C.everybody D.nobody
2.They were very tired,but________of them would stop to take a rest.
A.any B.some C.none D.neither
3.I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have________.
A.it B.those C.them D.one
4.—When shall we meet again?
—Make it ________day you like;it’s all the same to me.
A.one B.any C.another D.some
5.I agree with most of what you said,but I don’t agree with________.
A.everything B.anything C.something D.nothing
(NMET1997)
6.Sarah has read lots of stories by American writers.Now she would like to read________stories by writers from________countries.
A.some;any B.other;some C.some;other D.other;other
7.—Can you come on Monday or Tuesday?
—I’m afraid________day is possible.
A.either B.neither C.some D.any
8.Dr.Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge,I can’t remember________.
A.where B.there C.which D.that
9.—Are the new rules working?
—Yes.________books are stolen.
A.Few B.More C.Some D.None
10.Few pleasures can equal________of a cool drink on a hot day.
A.some B.any C.that D.those
●案例探究
1.If you want to change for a double room,you’ll have to pay________＄15.
A.another B.other C.more D.each
(NMET2000)
命题意图：本题考查学生对“又”“再”的英语表达方式的掌握。
知识依托：“another+数词+复数可数名词”表示在原有基础上多出的数量。
错解分析：B、C迷惑性较大。因other、more也有“再”“又”之意，但位置与another不同。
解题方法与技巧：必须记清表达方式，数词+more/other+复数可数名词。
答案：A
例：I’ve got another three books.
I’ve got three more/other books.
2.—Why don’t we take a little break?
—Didn’t we just have________?
A.it B.that C.one D.this
(NMET2000)
命题意图：考查学生对表示特指事物的代词和表示泛指事物的代词的区别。
知识依托：one代替单数可数名词，但泛指物。
错解分析：A项选择迷惑性较大。因人称代词it和不定代词one都可以代替单数可数名词，但it指特定事物。
解题方法与技巧：答语中用one泛指第一个对话者询问的a little break。
答案：C
●锦囊妙计
不定代词的种类较多，用法各异，下面分别进行介绍。
1.one，some与any的用法
one可以泛指任何人，还可以在形容词和that、this等词后代替刚提过的可数名词，其复数形式为ones，可用作主语和宾语；one’s是它的物主代词形式，可用作宾语；oneself是它的反身代词形式，可用作宾语。some和any通常用作定语，都可用来修饰可数与不可数名词、单数或复数名词。some用于单数可数名词前，表示“某一”。some用于数词前，表示“大约”。some一般用于肯定句，any多用于疑问、否定句中。例如：
One should wash oneself regularly.
This film is not as good as the one I saw yesterday.
He thought it over carefully and concluded that heavy objects always fell faster than light ones.
We have some food left.Have you any books?I don’t have any books.
注意：①some可用于表达邀请或请求、预期的答案是肯定的或鼓励对方给予一个肯定的答复的问句。例如：
Could you let me have some coffee？（请求）
Would you like some bananas？（邀请）
②some和any可用作主语和宾语。例如：
Some are singing，others are dancing.（主语）
Does any of you know Mr Wang？（主语）
I don’t like any of the books。（宾语）
③some，any，every，no与one，body，thing构成的合成代词都作单数看待。另外，some的合成代词一般用于肯定句，any的合成代词一般用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句。例如：
Did anybody ask for you outside？
There is somebody waiting for you.
2.each，every的用法
①each强调个体，可以充当宾语、定语、主语和同位语，every强调整体，相当于汉语的“每个都”，在句中只作定语。例如：
The teacher had a talk with each of them.（宾语）
Each of us has two boxes.（主语）
We have two boxes each.（同位语）
Each boy has a bike.（定语）
Every one has strong and weak points.（定语）
② each所代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every所指的数必须是三个以上。例如：
Each of the two has won a prize.Every student in the class likes English.There is a line of trees on each side of the river.
3.none和no的用法：
①no=no any在句中作定语，修饰可数或不数名词。none在句中作主语或宾语。none不能用来说明两个人或物。例如：
There is no water in the well（井）.（定语）
None of them know the story.（主语）
I know none of them.（宾语）
②none代替不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；代替可数名词作主语时，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。例如：
None of the students are（is）afraid of difficulties。
③none不能回答who的问题，可回答how many或how much的问题，例如：
(误)—Who is in the classroom？—None.(改None为No one或Nobody)
(正)—How many students are there in the classroom？—None.
4.many和much的用法
many和much都表示“许多”， many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词，都可用作主语、宾语和定语。例如：
Many of the students often go shopping.（主语）
I have much to do.（宾语）
There is not much water in the cup.（定语）
much有时用作状语，例如：
He likes playing football very much。（状语）
5.few，little；a few，a little的用法
①few和little表示没有多少，含否定意义；而a few与a little表示有一些，有几个，含肯定意义。另外，few与a few修饰可数名词，而little与a little修饰不可数名词，它们在句中常用作定语、主语和宾语。例如：
He knows a little English.（定语）
He has many books.But few are interesting.（主语）
I know a little about Japanese（宾语）
②a few，a little可以用quite或only修饰，few和 little则不能。例如：
—How much water is left？
—Only a little./Qutie a little.
—How many books are left？
—Only a few./Quite a few.
6.other和 another
other泛指“另外的”，作定语，常与复数名词或单数不可数名词连用，但如果前面有the，this，that，some，any，each，every，no，none，one，or以及形容词性物主代词时，则可与单数名词连用。例如：all other rice，no other way，the other one，any other plant，every other day，some other reason等等。
others是other的复数形式，泛指“别的人或物”（但不是全部）。例如：
Don’t lend the book to others.
Some are carrying water，others are watering the trees.
the other指“两者中的另一个”，常与one连用，作定语修饰复数名词时，表示另一方中的“全部其余的”。例如：
He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.
the others是the other的复数形式，特指“全部其余的人或物”。例如：
I have got ten pencils.Two of them are red，the others are blue.another指三个或三个以上中的任何一个，“现一……”“另一个”，作代词或形容词。例如：
I don’t like this dictionary.Please give me another.
one… the other指两个人或物当中的“一个”和“另外一个”；叙述三个不同的人或事物时，需用one，another，the third。例如：
Here are two books. One is for Mary，the other is for Jack.
Three boys are here.One is Dick，another is Tom and the third is David.
7.all和both的用法：
两个词都表示整体，但both指两个人或物，而all指三个以上的人或物。在句中都可作主语、宾语、表语、同位语和定语。例如：
All of us should work hard.（主语）
We are all students.（同位语）
We both like to play football.（同位语）
We like both of the films.（宾语）
That’s all for today.（表语）
All knowledge comes from practice.（定语）
注意：①all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。
②both和all加否定词是部分否定。如果表示全部否定，要分别用 neither和 none，例如：
Both of us are not teachers.（部分否定）我们俩不都是老师。
Neither of us is a teacher.（全部否定）我们俩都不是老师。
All of the books are not English books.（部分否定）
None of the books are English books.（全部否定）这些都不是英语书。
8.neither和either的用法
neither表示两者都不；either表示两者中的任何一个。两个词都表示单数，在句子中作主语、宾语和定语。例如：
Neither of the answers is correct.（主语）
Either sentence is right.（定语）
I know neither of the teachers.（宾语）
Here are two dictionaries. You may take either.（宾语）
●歼灭难点训练
1.—Do you have________at home now,Allen?
—No,we still have to get several pounds of fruit and some tea.
A.something B.everything C.anything D.nothing
2.—What do you want me to say?
—________you like.
A.Anything B.Everything C.Something D.Nothing
3.—What shall we have for dinner tonight?
—Oh,I don’t care.________.It’s your job to come up with the menus,so get on with it.
A.Anything will do
B.I won’t have lessons tomorrow
C.I needn’t to talk about it with someone
D.What a nice meal
4.You can buy these maps at________railway station.They all have them.
A.all B.every C.each D.any
5.I don’t like these.Have you________?
A.some B.any others C.anothers D.another ones
6.I prefer a street in a small town to________in such a large city________Shanghai.
A.that;as B.one;as C.one;like D.that;like
7.She won the first prize,though________of us________it.
A.no one;expected B.none;had expected
C.nobody;was expecting D.none;would expect
8.—Do you live________near Jim?
—No,he lives in another part of the town.
A.somewhere B.nowhere C.anywhere D.everywhere
9.—Could you drop in on me on Friday or Saturday?
—I’m afraid________day is possible.
A.either B.both C.neither D.any
10.—Which share is meant for me?
—You can take________half.They’re exactly the same.
A.this B.any C.each D.either
11.—Is ________finished?
—Not yet.My dirty clothes are still soaking in the washing machine.
A.something B.anything C.nothing D.everything
12.—Excuse me,but can you tell me which road I should take to the post office?
—________of the four roads will do.
A.Any B.Neither C.Both D.Every
13.There is only an English-Chinese dictionary in that book-shop.I wonder if you still want to buy________.
A.it B.one C.another D.any
难点 4 不可混淆的延续性动词和非延续性动词
●沙场点兵
1.—Susan married Jason last Sunday.
—Really? How long________each other? Not more than a week,I’ m afraid.
A.did they know B.have they known
C.have they got to know D.had they known
2.Glad to see you back. How long________in Russia?
A.did you stay B.have you stayed
C.were you staying D.have you been staying
●案例探究
1.They________for 3 years.
A.have married B.got married
C.have got married D.have been married
命题意图：考查动词的延续性。
知识依托：延续性动词可与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。
错解分析：A、C项迷惑性较大，因为学生认为其是完成时态，但marry和get married可看作非延续性动词和短语，故不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。
解题方法与技巧：be married表状态，可以看作是延续性动词，可与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。
答案：D
●锦囊妙计
1.延续性动词可与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，而非延续性动词不行。
2.be married /be used to等表示状态的动词短语，可与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。
3.get married/ get used to /get to know等表示动作的动词短语不可与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。
●歼灭难点训练
汉译英
1.他参军三年了。
2.直到他喊出我的名字，我才认出他。
3.自从去年我就习惯早上5点起床
难点 5 动词-ing形式的双重语法功能
动词-ing形式可用作动名词和现在分词，动名词由动词+ing构成，具有动词和名词的性质，在句中起名词作用，可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。现在分词有一般时和完成时，在句中可以作定语、表语、状语和补语。
●沙场点兵
1.Though________money,his parents managed to send h
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