高中英语必修2语法讲解.doc

高中英语必修2语法总复习与专项训练一、定语从句（一）定语从句一般由关系代词和关系副词引导1、关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as2、关系副词：when, where, why关系代词和关系副词必须位于从句之首，主句先行词之后，起着连接先行词和从句的作用，同时在从句中又充当句子成分。e.g. She is the girl who sings best of all.（关系代词who在从句中作主语）The comrade with whom I came knows French.（whom在从句中作介词with的宾语）3、关系代词和关系副词的用法：1）当先行词为人时用who 作主语，whom作宾语；2）当先行词为物或整个句子时用which ，可作主语或宾语；3）先行词为人、物时用that ，可作主语或宾语；4）whose用作定语，可指人或物；5）关系副词when（指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，where（指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语），why（指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语）。（二）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1、限制性定语从句：从句与主句关系密切，去掉从句，主句意义不完整，甚至不合逻辑。e.g. I was the only person in our office who was invited.（去掉定语从句，意思就不完整）2、非限制性定语从句：从句对先行词关系不密切，去掉定从句，意思仍然完整。形式上用逗号隔开，不能that用引导。e.g. Toms father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.（who引导非限制性定语从句，整个句子可分成两句来翻译）（三）使用定语从句时特别注意的几个问题1、that与which的区别。1）用that而不用 which的情况：先行词为不定代词all, anything, nothing, ；先行词有最高级修饰，有序数词修饰；先行词有only, very, any等词修饰；先行词既有人又有物时。e.g. There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it. 没有什么能阻止他不干那件事。The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这部电影是我看过的最好的一部。Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows. 史密斯先生是他认识的唯一的外国人。2）用which而不用 that的情况：引导非限制性定语从句；代表整个主句的意思；介词 + 关系代词。e.g. He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry. 他数学考试没有及格，这使他的父亲很生气。This is the room in which my father lived last year. 这是父亲去年居住过的房子。3）as引导定语从句时的用法as引导限制性定语从句通常用于the same as, such as结构中。e.g. I want the same shirt as my friends. 我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型：as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。e.g. As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination. 正如我所预料的那样，他在这次期中考试中又获得了第一名。3）as 引导非限制性定语从句时与which的区别当主句和从句语义一致时，用as；反之，用which来引导非限制性定语从句。e.g. He made a long speech, as we expected.He made a long speech, which was unexpected.当非限制定语从句为否定时，常用which引导。e.g. Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesnt like at all.2. 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词单数还是用复数应由先行词决定。e.g. The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently. 住在楼下的那个人英语说得很流利。The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.3. 定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。e.g. There is an expression in his eyes that I cant understand.4. 引导定语从句的关系副词有时可以用“介词 + which”来代替。e.g. October 1, 1949 was the day on which ( = when ) the Peoples Republic of China was founded.5. 当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的固定短语动词时，短语动词的各个固定部分不要拆开。e.g. The sick man whom she is looking after is her father.6. 介词在关系代词前，只能用which和whom，且不能省略；介词在句尾，关系代词可有which, that, whom, 口语中也可用who，且可省略。e.g. The man (whom/ who/ that) you were talking about has come to school.二、被动语态被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是由“助动词be及物动词的过去分词”构成的。被动语态主要用于两种情况:1.不知道动作的执行者，或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时;2.需要强调动作的执行者时。英语中的五个基本句型中，只有三个可以用于被动语态。(一)单宾语及物动词的被动语态在一般情况下，将主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语，动词变为被动语态。如:They found a wallet in the car.他们在车中捡到一个钱包。A wallet was found in the car.钱包是在车中捡到的。(二)双宾语及物动词的被动语态有些动词（如：give,tell,buy等）在句中做谓语时可有两个宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语），又称双宾语。含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，可以将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个保留不动。一般是将主动结构的间接宾语变为被动结构的主语。当直接宾语变为被动结构的主语时，间接宾语前应加介词to（有时可以省去）或for。如：My mother gave me a pencil.I was given a pencil by my mother.或:A pencil was given(to)me by my mother.（介词to可以省略）Father bought me a new coat. I was bought a new coat.或：A new coat was bought for me.（介词for不可省略）注意：被动句中两个间接宾语对比时，其前的介词to不可省略。如：This apple is given to me,not (to) you.这个苹果时给我的，不是给你的。(三)复杂宾语及物动词的被动语态有些动词后面可以跟“宾语+补足语”结构，这种结构被称作复合宾语。含复合宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，只将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，宾语补足语保留不动，这时它就成了主语补足语。可以充当宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词等。如：They call her Xiao Gao. She is called Xiao Gao(by them).He told me to wait for you. I was told to wait for you(by him).I found him lying on the floor. He was found lying on the floor(by me).We painted the wall blue.The wall was painted blue.注意：在主动句中，动词不定式做感官动词（see,watch,hear等）和使役动词（make,have）的宾语补足语，通常省去动词不定式符号to。但改为被动结构后，要把省略了to再加上。但当动词是let时，其被动结构中不定式仍不带to。如：They made him go there alone. He was made to go there alone.They let John go. John was let go.(四)带有情态动词的被动语态如果主动句带有情态动词，在变为被动句时，情态动词不变，只是后面的主动词变为被动语态。如:We must prevent him from going.我们必须阻止他去。He must be prevented from going.必须阻止他去。(五) 主动句如果是带有宾语从句的复合句，也可改为被动语态，且有两种改法。如：We believed that he was ill. He was believed to be ill.或It was believed that he was ill.一为不定式结构，二是从句结构。通常以简洁看，最好改成不定式结构，但如果主从句中的时态先后关系不能得到反映时，就宜使用从句结构了。如：We know he will make much progress. He is known to make much progress.该句中的to make much progress不能体现原句中的将来时，如果使用从句结构，矛盾就迎刃而解了, It is known that he will make much progress。二、被动语态的时态英语主动语态的时态共16个，被动语态常用的时态只有8个以give为例列表说明如下:方式时间一般式进行式完成式现在am is givenare am is being givenare has havebeen given过去was were givenwas were being givenhad been given将来shall will be given过去将来should would be givenA new computer has been bought by the CAAC. 中国民航已购买了一台新电脑。(现在完成时的被动态)The life of the milu is being studied there. 在那里正进行着对麋鹿生活习惯的研究。(现在进行时的被动态)He had been invited to teach at a university there. 他被邀请在那儿的一所大学任教。(过去完成时的被动态)He said that the books would be given to the students. 他说这些书将发给学生。(过去将来时的被动态)三、短语动词的被动语态通常只有及物动词才有被动语态，但有些由不及物动词加介词/副词构成的短语动词，相当于及物动词，可以有宾语，因此也有被动语态。但应注意，短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，不可省略掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。如:Have you sent for the doctor?你派人去请医生了吗?Has the doctor been sent for?派人去请医生了吗?主动结构的谓语动词为“不及物动词+名词+介词”构成的及物的短语动词时，通常把它看成一个整体。但也可将这类短语动词本身的名词用作主语，构成被动语态，尤其是在名词前有定语修饰时。如：She takes good care of children in the village. Children are taken good care of in the village.或：Good care is taken of the children.You should pay more attention to your pronunciation. More attention should be paid to your pronunciation.或：Your pronunciation should be paid more attention.四、get-型的被动语态被动语态的基本形式是由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成的。但在现代英语中大量地出现了由“get+及物动词的过去分词”构成的被动语态，这叫get-型被动语态。get-型被动语态在高考试题中备受青睐，应引起我们的注意。构成：用“get+及物动词的过去分词”构成，其中get相当于be动词，起助动词的作用。例如：The computer got(was)damaged when we were moving.我们搬家的时候，电脑碰坏了。My bike is getting(is being) repaired now.我的自行车正在修理。用法：a. get-型被动语态可用于突然发生、未曾预料的事态。例如：My glasses got broken while I was playing basketball.我的眼镜在打篮球时给弄坏了。b. get-型被动语态可用于“最后终于”出现的某种事态。例如：In the end he got invited. 最后他受到邀请。c. get-型被动语态中的过去分词数量有限，通常为单个的动词或比较简单的动词短语。例如：Peter and Mary got married last year. 皮特和玛丽于去年结了婚。Bill got thrown out of college for failing his exams.比尔因历次考试不及格被勒令退学。要注意“两不准”。a. get-型被动语态一般不可接by短语引出动作执行者，如要表示动作的执行者，则需用“be+及物动词的过去分词”的形式。例如：误：The boy got hurt by a car on his way to school.正：The boy was hurt by a car on his way to school.b. get-型被动语态一般不宜用在含有双宾语的结构中，也不宜与see,hear,watch, listen to等感官动词构成被动语态。例如：上学期教了他们英语。误：They were taught English(by me)last term.正：They got taught English last term.五、主动形式被动含义的用法英语中常用主动表被动的情况主要有：一些既是及物又是不及物的动词。如read, write, sell, open, shut, begin, wash, wear, etc.；此类动词常接副词作状语。例如：The door wont shut. 门关不上。The shoes wear well. 这鞋子经穿。系动词look, feel, taste, sound, smell, prove, seem, appear, etc.。此类动词常接形容词作表语。例如：The cloth feels soft. 这布料摸起来柔软。The dish tastes good. 这菜味道不错。不定式作定语与前面的名词或代词有动宾关系时，动词不定式的主动形式表示主动含义。例如：I have a lot of work to do this week. Have you got anything to say at the meeting?当动词不定式作表语形容词（如形容词easy, difficult, hard等）的状语，又与句子的主语构成动宾关系时，动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。例如：This question is difficult to answer.We find the man hard to get along with.need, want, require 作需要时，他们后面常接主动的-ing分词或被动的不定式。在这种情况下，句子的主语必须在逻辑上是-ing分词的宾语。例如：Your hair needs cutting/to be cut.The room wants cleaning/to be cleaned everyday. 比较：I need to have my hair cut.He wants to go home this afternoon.用于be worth doing结构。例如：The film is well worth seeing twice. The book is worth reading.比较worthy用法：The book is worthy to be read. The book is worthy of being read.定语从句练习题（1.）根据句子意思，在第一个空白处填入介词，在第二个填入关系代词whom或which:1. The person _ _ I spoke just now is the manager that I told you about.2. The pencil _ _ he was writing broke.3. Wu Dong, _ _ I went to the concert, enjoyed it very much.4. The two things _ _ Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms of English.5. Her bag, _ _ she put all her books, has not been found.6. The stories about the Long March, _ _ this is one example, are well written.（2.）选择填空：1. The man _ visited our school yesterday is from London.A. whoB. whichC. whomD. when2. The woman _ is talking to my mother is a friend of hers.A. whoseB. whoC. whomD. which3. Because of my poor memory, all _ you told me has been forgotten.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. as4. Do you remember those days _ we spent along the seashore very happily?A. whenB. where C. whichD. who5. Tom did not take away the camera because it was just the same camera _ he lost last week.A. whichB. thatC. whomD. as6. Those _ want to go please sign their names here.A. whomB. whichC. whoD. when7. Where is the man _ I met this morning?A. whenB. whereC. whichD. who8. Who is the woman _ is sweeping the floor over there?A. whoB. /C. thatD. when9. The man _ you talked just now is a worker.A. whoB. whomC. to whomD. to who10. The man _ you are going to make friends is my fathers neighbour.A. with whomB. whenC. to whomD. which被动语态练习题1.-Where is your money? -My money was_.A.robbedB.lostC.not here no moreD.stolen2.The washing machine_by the engineer right now.A.repairedB.is being repairedC.is repaired D.is going to be repaired3.Shortly afterwards, I noticed to my satisfaction that their _work.A.was been improved B.was being improved C.had being improved D.would be improved4.They believed that by using computers the production of their factory_.A.will greatly increase B.would greatly increaseC.has greatly increased D.would be greatly increased5.The Anti-Japanese War_in 1937.A.was broken out B.broke outC.was broken D.was happened6.Dont be worried. The doctor_.A.has sent for B.was sent forC.will send for D.has been sent for7.Motors_by electricity.A.make to runB.are made runC.were made runningD.are made to run8.Because of the patients health,_.A.he was advised by the doctor to lose weightB.losing weight was advised him by doctorC.the doctors advice was to him losing weightD.lose weight was what the doctor advised9.This hospital_in three months. A.is completed B.had been completed C.will be completed D.will complete.10.All the farmers were made_from morning till night by the landlord. A.to work B.work C.working D.worked11.Ones success cannot always_in terms of money. A.being measuredB.to measureC.to be measuredD.be measured12.The exhibition is worthy_again. A.to seeB.of seeingC.of being seen D.seeing13.As the time went on, his theory_ to be true. A.provedB.is provedC.is to prove D.was proved14.The leather jacket_at a high price last winter. A.sold B.was soldC.has been sold D.had sold15.-How are things getting on? -All that can be done_. A.has been done B.have been doneC.has doneD.have done16.It is said that the library_80 years ago. A.has set upB.was built upC.had been set up D.was set up17.The first fire_by lightening. A.cant have caused B.may have been caused C.should be caused D.ought to have caused18.It is said that the cinema can_1,500 people. A.seatB.be seatedC.costs D.takes19.-Why are you staying so late at school? -Well, there is a lot of work that_by tomorrow morning. A.must being finished B.needs to be finished C.must to be finished D.needs to finish20.The baby is about_and cant_by herself.A.10 months old; leave B.10-month-old; be leftC.10 months old; be left D.10-month-old; leave21.Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to _. A. be put up B. give in C. be turned onD. go out22.-_ the sports meet might be put off. -Yes, it all depends on the weather. A. Ive been told B. Ive told C. Im told D. I told23.I need one more stamp before my collection _ . A. has completedB. completesC. has been completed D. is completed24.-Do you like the material? -Yes, it _ very soft. A. is feeling B. felt C. feelsD. is felt25.In some parts of the world, tea _ with milk and sugar. A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served26.If city noises _ from increasing, people_shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now. A. are not kept; will have to B. are not kept; have to C. do not keep; will have to D. do not keep; have to27.-Have you moved into the new house? -Not yet, the rooms _. A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painting