M2U3grammar.doc

The 5th period
Grammar and usage (the first period)
Teaching Aims:
Learn the past perfect tense
Compare the use of the past tense , the present perfect and the past perfect
Teaching Points:
How to use the past perfect tense.
Teaching Methods:
1 Inductive method
2 Comparative method
Teaching Aids:
1 a multimedia
2 a blackboard
Teaching Procedures:
Step 1 Revision Guessing game
Do you know any job words? Use your body language to show your job and ask your partner to guess.
Step 2 Lead in
Hong Kong _______ to China in 1997.
Macao ________ to China in 1999.
Hong Kong ____________to China before Macao came back to China.
Step 2 Structure
Had done/had been done
The past perfect tense is often used with the simple past tense. If one action happens before another in the past, the past perfect tense is used.
Compare the simple past and The past perfect tense
What is The past perfect tense
More examples
By the end of last year, I _______for 15 years.
When I came back home, my favourite TV program __________.
He was not worried at all. He ____________ preparations.
The past perfect tense used in indirect speech
Here the past action didn’t happen a long time ago.
Used with time expressions such as when, after, before, as soon as, until, by, for and already
Step 3 A Complete the story of Amelia Earhart
(1) had seen (2) moved (3) had taken (4) had become
(5) had met (6) had begun (7)had started (8)had gone
Step 4 B Complete the story of Amelia Earhart
(1)surprised (2)was built (3)spent (4)was finished
(5) had wanted (6)had received (7)had arrived (8)had hit
(9)survived (10)had searched （11）use （12） had caused
Step5 Make sentences using the past perfect tense and tell the story of Karl Marx.
In 1818 was born in Germany
in April 1841 received his doctor’s degree
in 1849 went to England; made London the base for his revolutionary work
in 1853 wrote articles in English; kept on studying and using English
in the 1870s began to learn Russian;
Step6Question
How do you know you will use the past tense or the past perfect tense?
How do you know you will use the past tense or the past perfect tense?
Step 7 Compare Present perfect or past perfect?
The present perfect tense is used when we are talking about a past event which relates to the present time.
The past perfect tense is used when we are discussing the past and want to talk about an even earlier event.
Step 8The inventor of paper
(1) had failed (2)had tried (3)had heard (4)had caught
(5) had showed/shown
Step 9 Summary
一、 主语＋过去完成时
＋①when引导的从句(注：从句谓语动词为过去式)
＋②by短语
＋③by the time引导的从句(注：从句谓语动词为过去式)
＋④before引导的从句(注：从句谓语动词为过去式) 例如
二、 1. 主语＋had＋hardly(scarcely)＋过去分词＋when(before)＋主语＋一般过去时。
　　2.主语＋had＋no sooner＋过去分词＋than＋主语＋一般过去时
三、 根据上下文的时间关系来确定用过去完成时。
四、 表示过去未曾实现的愿望、打算或意图，用过去完成时。常用动词有：hope，think，expect，intend，mean，suppose，want等。
例如： They had wanted to help but couldn't get here in time. 他们本来是要来帮忙的，但未能及时赶到。
五、 It was＋时间＋since＋主语＋过去完成时。
Step 10 Practice
Fill in the blanks
1. There________（be）25 parks in our city up till 2000.　
2. By the end of last term we ______(finish) the book.
3. They finished earlier than we __________(expect).
4. That was the second time that she _________ (see) her grandfather
5. It was 3 years since we ————(part)。
6. I ———— (hope) that I could do the job.
7. I ———— (intend) to see you but I was too busy.
8. When I arrived at the station, he had already left. We had learned about 4000 English words by the end of last term. I waited until he had finished his homework. We were surprised at what she had done. We ____our breakfast when an old man came to the door.
　A) just have had 　　B) have just had C) just had 　　D) had just had.
9. Before the first nonstop flight made in1949, it ____ necessary for all planes to land for refueling. (CET-4 1996, 6)
A) would be B) has been C) had been D) would have been