哈佛大学幸福课第六课中英文讲义.doc

(完整)哈佛大学幸福课第六课中英文讲义
哈佛大学幸福课第六课中英文讲义
希望各位度过了个愉快的周末
Hope you had a wonderful long weekend.
好了 直入主题
So,let's jump right into it.
上回说到哪儿了
So where did we leave last time？
上回我们谈了环境的力量
Last time we talked about the power of the situation,
谈到了信念是如何成为自我实现的预言
we talk about how beliefs become self -fulfilling prophesies。
以及我们是如何通过环境
And how it is through the situation
对他人产生期望及信念
that we very often create expectations,believes of people。
这些信念会变成现实
And these believes become reality.
还谈到了为什么说社会心理学本质上是从
And we talked about how social psychology essentially started
某些重要的实验开始的 比如米尔格伦实验
with some very important experiment such as the Milgrim effect，
又称权利服从研究
or obedience to authority.
比如津巴多的监狱实验
Such as Zimbardo’s prison experiment，
试验中 囚犯被关在。.。
where prisoners were put in or played.。。
学生扮演囚犯及看守的角色
students play the role of prisoners or the role of wardens
完全进入了角色 以至于
and they actually entered that role so totally
一周后实验被迫中止
that after a week the experiment had to be stop,
而原计划是要进行两周
when it was suppose to go on for two weeks.
接着我们提出了一个问题
And then the question we asked was，
既然环境的力量如此巨大
OK,so we know that the situation is powerful.
能使人改变
We know that it makes a difference。
那能否创造出一种强大但积极的环境
Can we also create a powerful，
将人的最佳状态充分调动起来?
positive situation to bring out the best in people?
答案是肯定的
And the answer is yes。
我们对此做了深入分析 并谈到了
And we started talking about it and we talk about professor
Langer教授以及她的研究
Langer and her research and how she show that putting
她让一群老人置身于仿20年前的环境中
um..。elderly men in an environment where they were actually
要求他们装作回到20年前的生活
or where they acted as if they were 20 years younger
这些老人竟然变得年轻了
actually became younger.
他们的智力水平提高了
To the point of having higher levels of intelligence.
记忆力提升了
To the point of improving their memory。
视力听力也改善了
Improving their eyesight,improving their hearing。
手指骨骼间的距离变长了
The distance between the bones in their fingers actually
这是年轻的迹象
became longer which is a sign of younger age.
他们自评及互评都认为
They were rated by others as well as by themselves
自己更健康 更年轻了
as stronger and younger just because they acted as if
就因为他们装作自己处在1959年
it was 1959 instead of what it was really was，
而不是1979年 这就是积极环境的力量
which was 1979。 The power of the positive situation.
她还进行了另一项实验
And then she did another more research on
对象要进行视力检查
people going for an eyesight test，
他们被安排在了飞行模拟器里
and put them in a situation in a flight simulator.
做完全一样的视力检查
And the exact same eyesight test，
因为环境的不同 测试结果竟然提高了
they actually performed better just because of the situation。
然后我们接着继续讲 上回结束的地方就是
And we moved on that what we ended last time
分析影射 影射是..。
by talking about priming. Priming is...
可以从意识及潜意识两个层面进行
can be done in the conscious or subconscious level。
是指在我们的意识或潜意识中植入
It means planting a seed，planting a belief，planting a word，
一粒种子 一种信念 一个词或一幅画面
or a picture in our mind，consciously or subconsciously.
以及如何对我们行为产生影响
And how that actually influences our behavior.
Bargh在纽约大学时
So Bargh，that time of NYU，
进行过一项研究 他用"年老"的相关词
did the research where he primed to people
影射实验对象
with words associated with old。
如果你们还记得 这些词包括皱纹
Words if you remember such as wrinkles，
年老 佛罗里达
words such as old，words such as Florida.
这种影射导致的结果是
And as a result of this priming,
实验参与者走路更慢了
those participants in the study actually walked slower,
更佝偻了
or actually were more stooped.
研究者进行评估时
When evaluated by researchers
并不知道每个对象的实验条件
who were not aware of their condition,meaning they didn’t know
也就是说不清楚他们是被影射了对照词
whether they were primed with control words，
随机词 还是年老相关词
just random words,or with words associated with old.
所以通过影射 人们的行为
So it was just through the priming that people actually
的确会发生改变
started to behave differently.
环境的力量 外界的力量
The power of the situation. The power of the environment。
然后Bargh将实验更进了一步
And then Bargh took it step further and said，
决定用使用积极的影射 比如成就
OK，let’s prime the with positive primes such as achievement,
毅力 成功
such as persistence，such as success.
比如这些词
These words,for example，
成就的近义词
they had to find a synonym for the word achievement。
实验对象被影射这些词后
Those who are primed with these words on intelligence test
智力及记忆力测试的成绩
and on memory test actually performed better
比没有影射的对照组好
than the control group who wasn't primed with these words。
两位荷兰研究人员Dijksterhuis和Knippensberg
Two Dutch researchers — Dijksterhuis ＆ Knippensberg，
也进行了影射实验 他们找了一批人
what they found was that they brought people,
请他们为下一次实验进行描述
and they ask them to describe for future experiment,
不是本次实验
not for that experiment.
让他们为下一次实验
For a future experiment，ask them to describe
描述三种原型的典型日常行为及其性格：
the typical day or typical characteristics of three archetypes —
足球流氓 秘书及教授
a soccer hooligan,a secretary and a professor。
描述这三种原型
Describe these three archetypes。
他们被告知 这是为下次实验做准备
And they told them this is for the next experiment
需要这三种原型的描述
where we just want people to evaluate these archetypes。
但他们不知道的是 通过对原型进行描述
Not knowing that actually by describing these archetypes,
自己已经被影射了
these individuals were primed.
他们分别被影射为足球流氓 秘书
They were primed for a soccer hooligan，for a secretary,
或教授
or for a professor。
影射后 他们接受了智力测试
And then they have to do intelligence tests afterwards,
及记忆力测试
memory test after those primes.
描述足球流氓日常行为的人
Those who had to describe the day of soccer hooligan
表现得最糟
performed the worse。
无论是记忆力还是智力
In terms of memory. In term of intelligence.
然后是描述秘书的人
Then there was the secretary and those who performed the best
表现最好的 是描述教授的人
were those who described the professor。
而他们之前并没有更努力学习
Now they didn’t study any harder before。
什么也没有改变 除了发生了影射
Nothing changed except for the fact that there was a prime，that
环境中有东西植入了他们的思想
there was something planted from the environment in their minds。
现在的问题是
The question then is,
我们如何为自己创造一个积极的环境
how can we create a positive environment for ourselves,
让自己受到积极的影射 变得更幸福
where we are primed by the positive,where we can be happier，
更成功等等
more successful and so on.
方法有很多
And there's many ways in which we can do it.
我跟大家分享几个
Let me share a few。
其实这将是你们这周的作业之一
In fact there's going to be your assignment for this week,
即创造一个积极的环境
or one of the assignments to create a positive environment.
举几个例子
So you are some of the examples。
找一些你爱的人或地方的照片
Have pictures of people you love or places you love，the
这些东西很重要 因为即使你不看它们
importance of these things is that even if you don’t see them,
潜意识中还意识到它们的存在
you see them。 So on the subconscious level it’s still there.
虽然只是在潜意识层面
Even though on the subconscious level，
人们被影射时 看不见。.。那些词
when people are primed，they don’t really see..。the word,
比如"成就"这个词出现在屏幕上25毫秒
say achievement on the screen,when it’s there for 25 mini—second，
根本不可能看清 但大脑却记录了下来
they don’t really see it,but it registers。
所以即使你挂了照片但没去看它
So even if a picture is there and you don't "really” see it
或没意识到它 念到它
or not really conscious of it,mindful of it，
它仍然会对你造成影响
it still has a impact on you.
所以找些你爱的人的照片
So have pictures of people you love,
让你开心的东西 无论是纪念品
have pleasant object,whether it’s memorabilia,
鲜花 艺术品 你最喜欢的艺术品
whether it's flowers,whether it's art，your favorite art.
我家中和办公室都挂了
So I have in my house,and my office,
我最爱的画 由我最爱的艺术家创作
my favorite art on the wall,by my favorite artists.
让我跟你们分享一下
And let me share with you a few。
我今天带到课堂上来了 它们价值连城
I actually brought them here. These are very valuable。
我给它们投了保 所以不用担心 瞧
I insured them，so it’s not a problem。 So.。. so this is,um，
这位画家处在艺术生涯第一阶段时的作品
this specific artist from the first phase of his career,
如你所见 充满了有力的线条
as you can see，you know，very powerful strokes,
非常强烈 非常从容 真是绝了
very intense,very deliberate，and just gorgeous.
另外一幅
And here is,
仍是那位画家 进入艺术生涯第二阶段
by the same artist from the second phase of his career。
印象派对他作品的影响已经清晰可辨了
Here you already begin to see impressionist influence
不过你仍能从中看出同样的特点
on his work。 But still,you know you see the same trait,
同样的力量 同样强烈的情感
the same power,the same intensity.
这些都挂在我家墙上
So I have these on my wall。
我还想向你们介绍一位画坛新秀
There’s a new and upcoming artist who I want to introduce you to.
她还没进入第二阶段
She still doesn't have a second phase，
因为她才一岁大
you know，she’s only one year's old.
这幅画是在她妈妈帮助下完成的
But，you know,this is a work done with the help of her Mom。
但是我还是挂在墙上 每天提醒我
But again,these are on my wall and they remind me everyday
虽然我已经看过几百次了
even I've seen them hundreds of time，
但还是挂着 让我想起我的孩子们
it’s still there and I think about my kids.
我挂了些其他的.。。
And I also have other，you know，
名气不比他们的画家作品
less known artists' work on my wall。
你们可能没听过这画
Again,this is,probably not heard of this one，
这是罗丹的《沉思者》
um,this is Rodin,The Thinker.
也挂在我的墙上 是我最喜欢的雕塑
And,so I have this on my wall,it’s my favorite sculpture。
还有罗丹的另一幅作品
And then I have another piece by Rodin just to remind me
提醒我生活不仅要沉思 还有其他的
that it’s not all about thinking,there are other things
让生活更美好
that make life make life worth living。
这是罗丹的《吻》
So this is Rodin’s The Kiss，for those of you who know it.
所以找些东西挂在墙上
And again have these things on your wall
创造一种让你觉得温暖
create(s) the environment where you feel warm，
觉得开心的环境
where it's fun for you to be there。
名人名言 我喜欢名人名言
Quotes，you know I love quotes,
你们很多人肯定也喜欢
and I know that many of you love quotes.
已经有人把他们最喜欢的名言发我了
Some of you have sent me your favorite quotes。
我墙上也有一列名言
I have on my wall a list of quotes and they are there
就算我没看它们 也能感受到
even if I don’t see them，I see them。
比如 让我看看有没有带来
So for example，let’s see if I brought some here。
好 在这里呢
Yes，here they are。
这句说亚当斯总统说的
So one is by John Quincy Adams。
”耐心和坚持总能奇迹般地
"Patience and perseverance have a magical effect before
扫除困难和障碍"
which difficulties disappear and obstacles vanish"。
将"坚持"用于影射
So priming the issue of persistence，
插一句 Bargh的实验也囊括了这个词
by the way which is one thing that Bargh did it。
受到影射的人的确变得更坚韧不拔
He primed that and people actually became more persistent。
乔治.艾略特 原名玛丽.安妮。艾凡斯
George Eliot，or also known as Mary Anne Evens,
我最喜欢的作家 她写过"推动
my favorite author. She wrote,” The important work of moving
人类进步的重任 不能等待完人来完成”
the world forward does not wait to be done by perfect men”。
大约三周后 我会讲到完美主义
I'll talk about perfectionism which is a very important，
对我个人来说是非常重要的私人话题
very personal thing for me in about three weeks。
可以说她是我的榜样
So she is a very much a role model.
加缪说过"在深冬里 我终于发现在
Camus，"In the depth of winter，I finally learned
心里有个不败的夏天"
that there was within me an invincible summer”.
这句话帮助我走过了艰难困苦
A quote that has helped me through difficult,through hard times.
亨利.戴维.梭罗
Henry David Thoreau，
"如果一个人能昂首挺胸地朝着梦想前进
"If one advances confidently in the direction of his dreams，
努力实现他想象的生活
and endeavors to live the life which he has imagined,
他会与成功不期而遇"
he will meet with success，unexpected in common hours "。
同样地 我都挂在了墙上 还有其他的
Again,I have these quotes up on my wall，and a few others,
其中许多名言你们都在课上读到过了
that many of the quotes that you’ve seen in the course。
它们不断影射我 提醒我
And they prime me，they remind me，
为我创造出积极的环境
they create the environment for me.
我们会在下一节讨论艺术及其重要性
We’ll talk about art in the next section，and its importance。
把喜欢的书放在手边 听听音乐
Have you favorite books next to you. Listen to music,
要集中注意听
but listen to it mindfully，
不要只当背景音乐 要让音乐激发你
not just as background music but the music that inspires you,
185
无论是摇滚 还是痞子阿姆 都可以
whether it’s rocky,whether it's Eminem，whoever it is.
多看看激励你的电影
Watch films that inspire you,
这些东西能帮你创造积极的环境
all these things help you to create an environment
有助于成长 获得成功与产生幸福感
that is conducive to growth，to success,to well being.
其中大部分都是在潜意识层面上进行的
A lot of this is done on the subconscious level
这就是影射的力量 对于影射的研究
which is the power of the priming. A priming studies。
这也是积极研究的意义
And finally this is what positive research is about.
如果我们总是关注”消极"研究 焦虑
If we constantly focus on "negative" research，anxiety，
压抑 精神分裂症 就会被这些研究影射
depression，schizophrenia,we are primed by this research,
被这些工作影射 创造出现实
we are primed by this work. And it creates reality。
你们有些人可能知道
You know,this indirectly and conjunctionally relates to,
这与冰山理论有这千丝万缕的联系
some of you may know,the Isenberg principle,
即当你度量某种现象时
is that when you measure a phenomenon,
就是在改变这种现象
you are changing the phenomenon;
当你度量某种现象时
when you are measuring a phenomenon，
也是在改变自己
you are also changing yourself.
所以通过研究积极环境 我们也是在
So by researching the positive we are also priming ourselves
对自己影射积极的东西
with the positive.
今天包括下周 我谈到的很多内容
Now，a lot of this work that I'm talking about today and I’ll talk
其实都是源于自助运动
about next time actually comes from the self—help movement。
自助运动确立于20世纪
In many ways the self-help movement was founded,
并从各个方面展开
was started in the 20th century。。.
其理论基础为我们通过思考创建了世界
was started with the understanding that we create the world
我们的思维创建了时间
through our thinking，that our mind creates the world。
1930年代相关书籍开始出版
And books like these came out,back in the 1930's,
比如《思考致富》
Thinking Grow Rich。
从30年代至今销售超过6千万本
This book since 1930’s sold over 60 million copies。
而且仍不断再版
It's still selling。
至今还是畅销书 不论在美国
It’s selling，it's the best seller in the US，
中国 印度
it's the best seller in China,in India,
非洲还是欧洲
it's the best seller in Africa,it’s the best seller in Europe.
它对人们产生了巨大影响
It has an impact on people and here's one of the things
作者Napoleon Hill这样说过
that Napoleon Hill says,
"只要你想得到 只要你相信 你就能够做到"
”Whatever your mind can conceive and believe,it can achieve."
只要你想得到 只要你相信 你就能够做到
Whatever your mind can conceive and believe，it can achieve。
非常鼓舞人心
Very empowering.
对各类人群 对大众产生了很多影响
And this had an impact on many different people，on the masses,
6千万本销量 史上最畅销书籍
again,60 million copies，one of the best sellers in history.
Henry Ford也发表过类似的看法
Henry Ford had a similar idea，
”不论你认为自己行还是不行 你都是对的”
”Whether you think you can or can’t,you are right。"
许多人都这一理念吸引 为什么
And people were drawn to this message. Why?
因为它鼓舞人心
Because it’s empowering，
让他们觉得没有什么不可能的
because it makes them feel that things are possible。
另一本极具影响力的书
Another very influential book，
Norman Vincent Peale的《正面思考的力量》
The Power of Positive Thinking,Norman Vincent Peale.
"要有美好的希望 并全力以赴去追求
"Have great hopes and dare to go all out for them.
要有远大的梦想 并全力以赴去实现
Have great dreams and dare to live them.
要有宏伟的期望 并深信不疑"
Have tremendous expectations and believe in them."
多么让人为之一振啊
How inspiring for people to hear that,
只要你思考
all you need to do is think,
只要你相信 就会获得富足
all you need to do is believe,and affluence will come to you。
无论是精神的富足
Whether it’s intrapersonal affluence,
还是物质的富足
whether it's monetary affluence.
这一理念对大众一直有着巨大吸引力
And this is been the message that has drawn the masses
时至今日仍是如此
and continues to do so today。
当今最畅销的励志书
The best selling book today，
全球销量第一 没错 《秘密》
No。1 best seller all over the world，that's right,The Secret。
成功的秘密就是 所谓的"吸引力法则”
The secret to success is，what they call,the law of attraction。
即 你的生活是被你吸引过来的
The law of attraction is that you attract to your life
无论你想象什么 无论你相信什么
whate