初三英语中考被动语态专项复习1.doc

被动语态（The Passive Voice）
一．主动语态与被动语态
英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态(The Active Voice)与被动语态（The Passive Voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者;被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
e.g. 1.They make trains in Zhuzhou .(主动语态) Trains are made in Zhuzhou. (被动语态)
2.The farmers grow cotton every year. (主动语态) Cotton is grown by the farmers every year. (被动语态)
二、被动语态的用法
以下三种情况要用被动语态1. 当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者; 2. 没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时; 3. 只需强调动作的承受者时。
三、被动语态的构成：be + done (p.p.--及物动词的过去分词）
四、主动语态变被动语态的方法：
1. 换：主动语态的宾语改成被动语态的主语；主动语态的主语变成被动语态中by的宾语。
2. 加：被动语态中要增加be 和by。
3. 变：主动语态变成被动语态后，谓语动词全都变成过去分词（done）形式。特别注意判断
时态，并注意时态的相应变化。
Eg： They make shoes in that factory.

The shoes are made by them in that factory.
五、不同时态的被动语态及句型变化：
时态
被动语态
是（be）情助
一般现在时
am/is/are + done
am/is are
一般过去时
was/were + done
was/were
现在进行时
am/is/are +being + done
am/is/are
过去进行时
was/were +being + done
was/were
一般将来时
will/shall + be + done
am/is are going to +be+done
will
am/is/are
过去将来时
would/ should + be + done
was/were +be+done
would
was/ were
现在完成时
have/has + been + done
have/has
过去完成时
had + been + done
had
现在完成进行时
have/has been being done
have/has
另：情态动词
can/may/must等+be+done
情
六、不能用于被动语态的情况:
1、某些表示“静态”的及物动词（表示状态而不是动作，而且常常是不可用于进行时态的动词）
如have，fit，suit，hold（容纳），cost， suffer，last（持续）等不能用于被动语态。
如： They have a nice car．他们有一辆漂亮的汽车。 My shoes don't fit me．我的鞋不合适。
My brain can't hold so much information at one time．我的脑子一下子记不住这么多资料。
How much ／What does it cost？这值多少钱？ Our holiday lasts 10days．我们的假期有十天。
This food will last（them）（for）3days．这食物足够（他们）（吃）三天。
2、不是所有带介词的动词都能用于被动结构。
如：They arrived at the station．他们到达车站。（不说：The station was arrived at．）
3、动词leave（离开），enter（进入），join（参加）不可用于被动语态。
如： The car left the road and hit a tree．车子离开了道路，撞上了树。
4、某些及物动词可作不及物动词用，特别是后加副词（如well， easily等）时。主动语态有被动含义，这类动词常见的有sell，write， wear，wash，cook，open，close，lock，read，record等。
如： His new novel is selling well．他的新小说很畅销。 The cloth washes well．这布很耐洗。
This material won't wear．这种材料不耐穿。 His play won't act．他的戏剧不会上演。
The window won't shut．这窗关不上。 The door won't open．这门打不开。
The door won't lock．这门锁不上。 This poem reads well．这首诗读来很好。
5、feel，look，appear，sound，taste，smell等由实意动词演变而来的系动词，后接形容词作表语，不可用于被动语态。
如： Tell me if you feel cold．你要是感到冷就告诉我。 You're looking very unhappy?你看来很不高兴。
The soup tastes wonderful．这汤味道好极了。 Those roses smell beautiful．那些玫瑰好闻极了。
She appears to be friendly．她看上去很友好。
6、宾语是不定式或动词的-ing形式时，不可用于被动语态。
如： Peter hoped to meet her．彼得希望遇见她。
Mr Smith enjoyed seeing his daughter．史密斯先生喜欢看他的女儿。
7、宾语是反身代词或相互代词时，不可用于被动语态。
如： She can dress herself．她可以自己穿衣服。
We could hardly see each other in the fog．在雾中我们彼此几乎看不见。
8、宾语带有与主语有照应关系的物主代词时，不可用于被动语态。
如： The old man broke his（＝the old man's）legs．那老人把自己的腿弄断了。
The girl shook her（＝the girl's）head．那女孩摇了摇头。
9、某些动名词的主动形式表被动含义
(1) 在need，want，require，deserve和bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动含义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
如： The house needs repairing（to be repaired）．这房子需要修理。
My clothes need washing（to be washed）．我的衣服需要洗了。
(2) 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。
如： The picture-book is well worth reading．
（＝The picture-book is very worthy to be read．）这本画册很值得一读。
Such a man as Mr. Smith is not worth helping．
（＝Such a man as Mr. Smith is not worthy to be helped．）像史密斯先生那样的人不值得帮助。
(3) 某些动词不定式的主动形式表被动含义
a．当nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant， interesting等形容词后跟不定式作状语，而句子的主语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动含义。
如： Japanese is not difficult to learn．日语并不难学。（指日语被学）
The water is unfit to drink．这水不适合喝。（指水被喝）
The piece of music is pleasant to hear．这首音乐听起来很悦耳。（指音乐被听）
This book is easy to read．这本书读起来很容易。（指书被读）
b．当动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
如： I have a lot of work to do today．我今天有很多工作要做。（work to do指被做的工作）
He has three children to look after．他有三个孩子要照看。（children to look after指孩子被照看）
注意：如果以上句型用动词不定式的被动形式，其含义有所区别。如： I have some clothes to be washed．我有些要洗的衣服。（衣服不是自己洗）
c．在there be．．．句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动或被动式，其含义没有什么区别。
如： There is a lot of homework to do.（to be done）有很多家庭作业要做。
There are some clothes to wash.（to be washed）有些衣服要洗。
(4) 由介词for，on，above，under等构成的短语有时可以表达被动含义。
如： His paintings will be on show tomorrow afternoon．
＝His paintings will be shown tomorrow afternoon．他的油画作品明天下午展出。
七、注意：
1、含双宾语的被动语态：直接宾语（物）和间接宾语（人）
主动语态改为被动语态时有两种情况：①把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语，直接宾语仍保留原位；②把直接宾语改为主动语态的主语，此时，间接宾语前要加介词to或 for。
如： He gave the boy an apple．→An apple was given to the boy．间接宾语作主语，→The boy was given an apple．Her father bought her a present．→A present was bought for her by her father．→She was bought a present by her father．
2、使役动词(make, have, let) 和感官动词 (see, look, watch, notice, listen, hear, feel, find) 后必省略to, 但在被动语态中必须加上to。
如： They watched the children sing that morning．→The children were watched to sing that morning．
3、短语动词是不可分割的整体，改为被动语态时要保持其完整性，介词或副词不可遗漏。
如： We must take good care of the young trees．→The young trees must be taken good care of．
4、带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，一般把主动语态的宾语改为主语，宾语补足语在被动语态中作主语补足语。如： We call him Xiao Wang．→He is called Xiao Wang． He cut his hair short．→His hair was cut short． They told him to help me．→He was told to help me．
5、含有宾语从句的主动结构变为被动结构时，通常用it作为被动结构的先行主语，从句放在句子后面；也可采用另一种形式。可以这样转换为被动结构的动词有know，say，believe，find，think，report等。
如： People believe that he is ill．→It is believed that he is ill．（或：He is believed to be ill．）
练习一：
1. They make shoes in that factory. __________________________________________________
2. Lucy does the homework in the evening. __________________________________________________
3. People speak English as the first language in UK. _______________________________________________
4. They bought ten computers last term．__________________________________________________
5. He took good care of his little brother yesterday. ________________________________________________
6. They used this room for resting. __________________________________________________
7. They planted many trees several years ago. __________________________________________________
练习二：
1. Some workers are painting the room now. __________________________________________________
2. The workers from Fujian were building the bridge at this time last year.
__________________________________________________________________________
3. They are going to finish the work in ten days. __________________________________________________
4. We will have a sports meeting next week. __________________________________________________
5. The headmaster was going to give a speech this afternoon.
___________________________________________________________________________
6. The farmers would grow different kinds of vegetables the next spring.
__________________________________________________________________________
7. When will Uncle Wang mend the TV set? __________________________________________________
练习三：
1. We have learned English for more than ten years．______________________________________________
2. He had finished his homework when his mother came back.
_________________________________________________________________________
3. Mary has been collected stamps since she was seven years old.
_________________________________________________________________________
4. He could fix up the broken bikes. __________________________________________________
5. Lily might be reading the magazine in the library now.
_____________________________________________________________________________
6. You must turn off the lights. __________________________________________________
7. Should they learn English well? __________________________________________________
练习四：
一．单选
( )1.The room must ____ every day. A. be keep cleaning B. be kept to clean C. kept clean D. be kept clean
( )2. Miss Lin said something _____ into her bag. A. was put B. will put C. is put D. put
( )3. Every student _____ about it. A. tells B. told C. has told D. was told
( )4. Can you tell me whom the play _____ in 1998?
A. was written by B. was written C. is written by D. is written
( )5. When your work _____ , you _____ go swimming.
A. was done, can’t B. is done, mustn’t C. was done, may D. is done, may
( )6. Today, the forests have almost gone. People must ____ down too many trees.
A. stop to cut B. stop from cutting C. be stopped to cut D. be stopped from cutting
( )7. A strange man was seen _____ the shop with a heavy bag.
A. come out of B. to come out of C. came out of D. to come out
( )9. It was Tom’s birthday yesterday. Many presents _____ him.
A. were given B. were given to C. was given by D. was given for
( )10.This kind of book _____ well.They ____ already.
A. sells, have been sold out B. are sold, are sold out C. sells, sells D. is sold, are sold out
练习五：（中考真题）
A) Fill in the blanks with the right forms of the verbs given:
1. Last month, in the first match of the 17th World Cup, France _____________(beat) by a new team—Senegal.
2. How many fridges________________ (produce) in China in the last two years?
3. No dictionary should _______________(bring) to the English exam, boys and girls!
4. That day each of us_____________________(give) ten dollars after we finish the work.
5. They ________________(warn警告) not to touch the machine while they were visiting the workshop.
B) Multiple Choice:
( ) 1. Please don’t stand up in class until you______. A. were told to B. are told to C. were told D. are told
( ) 2. Please tell me when___________________on the wall.
A. has this map hung B. was this map hung C. this map has hung D. this map was hung
( ) 3. The doctor will operate on him at once as soon as he ___________the hospital.
A. is sent to B. will be taken to C. leaves D. doesn’t return
( ) 4. They won’t be back until the work___________. A. do B. does C. is done D. will do
( ) 5. The medicine ____________ cool, clean and dry.A. must keep B. must be kept C. must be carried D. must be in
( ) 6. –Where’re the old houses here?
--Oh, they_________by the end of last century, and a new tall building______here soon.
A. have been pulled down; is going to be built B. were pulled down; will be built
C had been pulled down; is going to be built D. had been built; is going to be pulled down
( ) 7. You can’t leave now. There are still twenty more trees _____________.
A. to plant B. being planted C. plant D. to be planted
( ) 8. –Where’s your car? --There’s something wrong with it and it ____________ in the garage now.
C) Put the following into English:
1. 近五年来在西昌已发射了几颗人造卫星。
Several man-made satellites ________________________________ in Xichang in the past five years.
2. 请你告诉我这把锁是用什么制成的好吗？
Would you please tell me________________________________________________?
3. 那个博物馆是八年前建造的。
That museum _________________________________________________.
4. 必须采取措施阻止人们砍伐树木。
_________________________________________________to stop people from cutting trees down.
5. When he got there, he found all the food____________________________________(都吃光了).
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