备战2010高考：阅读表达解题指导.doc

备战2010高考：阅读表达解题指导
【考纲展现】
该题型的测试目的是从多方位多角度考查考生通过阅读获取信息、处理信息并进行书面表达的能力。比传统的阅读理解题型更具综合性和主观性，更能体现对考生的 综合语言运用能力的考查。
【真题评析】
（2009.天津卷原创解析）第一节:阅读表达（共5小题;每小题2分,满分10分）
阅读下面短文,并按照题目要求用英语回答问题.
Almost everybody in America will spend a part of his or her life behind a shopping cart（购物手推车）. They will, in a lifetime, push the chrome-plated contraptions many miles. But few will know—or even think to ask—who it was that invented them.
Sylvan N. Goldman invented the shopping cart in 1937. At that time he was in the supermarket business. Every day he would see shoppers lugging（吃力地携带） groceries around in baskets they had to carry.
One day Goldman suddenly had the idea of putting baskets on wheels. The wheeled baskets would make shopping much easier for his customers, and would help to attract more business.
On June 4, 1937, Goldman’s first carts were ready for use in his market. He was terribly excited on the morning of that day as customers began arriving. He couldn’t wait to see them using his invention.
But Goldman was disappointed. Most shoppers gave the carts a long look, but hardly anybody would give them a try.
After a while, Goldman decided to ask customers why they weren’t using his carts. “Don’t you think this arm is strong enough to carry a shopping basket?” one shopper replied.
But Goldman wasn’t beaten yet. He knew his carts would be a great success if only he could persuade people to give them a try. To this end, Goldman hired a group of people to push carts around his market and pretend they were shopping! Seeing this, the real customers gradually began copying the phony（假冒的） customers.
As Goldman had hoped, the carts were soon attracting larger and larger numbers of customers to his market. But not only did more people come—those who came bought more. With larger, easier-to-handle baskets, customers unconsciously bought a greater number of items than before.
Today’s shopping carts are five times larger than Goldman’s original model. Perhaps that’s one reason Americans today spend more than five times as much money on food each year as they did before 1937—before the coming of the shopping cart.
1. The underlined words “chrome-plate contraptions” in Paragraph 1 refer to ______.
（No more than 3 words）
【答案】 shopping carts
【解析】词义猜测题。由上句----a part of his or her life behind a shopping cart（购物手推车）可以得出谈的是.购物手推车。
2. What was the purpose of Goldman’s invention? （No more than 10 words）
【答案】It was to make shopping easier and attract more business.
【解析】细节理解表达。由二段的Every day he would see shoppers lugging（吃力地携带） groceries和第三段可知他做购物手推车的目的。
3. Why was Goldman disappointed at first? （No more than 10 words）
【答案】Because few customers used his carts.
【解析】细节理解表达。由第五段可知。
4. Why did Goldman hire people to push carts around his market? （No more than 10 words）
【答案】 Because he wanted to promote his shopping carts.
【解析】细节推理表达题。由第七段关键词---persuade people to give them a try.可知。
5. What do you think of Goldman? Please give your reasons. （No more than 20 words）
【答案】He was a smart businessman. He invented the shopping cart and made it accepted by customers.
Or: He was smart but he shouldn’t have used tricks to attract customers.
【解析】主旨大意表达题。通读全文把握大意，本文主要介绍Goldman和他的购物手推车。

【专题预测】
此题型与阅读理解相比，既有相同点也存在着区别。其相同点在于两者都是对语篇阅读能力的考查，考生需对文章有较好的理解。区别主要表现在以下三个方面：
1. 阅读理解题目的题型是客观的，而阅读表达的题型则是主观的，这不仅需要考生将文章理解，还需要将自己对文章的理解通过自己的语言表达出来，而且要受到字数的限制。这就是说阅读理解只是要求学生将文章及题目中的信息理解了，就能作对题目，而阅读表达不仅要求学生理解文章和题目而且要把文章中的信息用自己的语言表达出来，是一种信息的输出。
2. 阅读理解的文章难度较大，片幅较长，生词较多；阅读表达的文章较为简单，生词少。
3. 在于阅读理解中的题型是选择题，问题类型及所考查的方式差别很大，所供选择的答案只有一项是正确的；但在阅读表达中，题型和题目的设置是比较固定的，包括：主旨概括、填空、翻译句子、同意句替换、封闭性问题、开放性问题（个人观点描述）、其他类型等七种类型，答案往往是不唯一的。
这七种类型在题目设置上的考查如下：
问题类型 常见问题
主旨概括 What’s the best title of the passage?
What is the purpose of the writer’s writing this passage?
What’s the main idea of the passage/article?
填空 Please fill in the blank in the passage with a proper sentence / proper words or phrases.
翻译句子 Translate the underlined sentence in the … paragraph into Chinese.
同意句替换 Please find out the sentence in the passage which can be replaced by the following one.
封闭性问题 Regular close-ended wh-questions based on the passage.
开放性问题 What would you do if you …?
What other suggestions would you give?
How would you settle the problem if you…?

其他类型 …
每年的高考题将会从以上的七种类型中选出五类，问题的顺序也会结合问题的信息点在文章种出现的顺序进行排列。其他类型的题目属于不确定题型，是根据文章题材和体裁的具体特点设计的与以上六种题型不同的问题类型。还有就是为了控制考生在该试题上所化肥的时间，在每一个需要考生回答的 问题后面都有具体字数的要求（翻译句子和句子填空题除外）。
【专题技巧】
1、主旨概括：这类问题要求考生归纳文章的要点，了解题目，速读全文，了解大意和主题，概括中心思想，考查考生对文章内容的整体把握能力。要想答好该题，考生必须有很强的概括能力或归纳能力，标题要简洁,要善于寻找能够概括全文的主题段落或者主题句，剔除文中的细节事实或者作者所用的论据，即要分清主旨和细节，概括出来的中心意思一定要能够覆盖全文或整个段落，绝对不可太笼统离题太远或者以偏概全，可以抓住文章开头的主题句或文章最后的结论，尤其要注意文章的首段的首末句，这里往往是文章的主旨所在；文中标题格式可以是完整的句子，简洁的短语，也可以用问题的形式，同时要注意字数要求。具体的表达可以先根据文章内容找出关键词，其中主要看题目的第2、3、5小题，抓住重点考查信息，再在此基础上搜寻关键词、主题句，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，确定文章标题或者文章的main idea，把握语篇实质。
2、同义句替换：这种题型在英语中也常说被成“paraphrase”。此类型比较简单，只要对句子的意义进行正确的理解，弄透所给句子的意思，然后根据语句中的关键词，迅速找出在文中相对应的意义相同的句子即可。另外还应注意这种替换中数字表达形式的变化，与主动句与被动句的边化。需要注意的是：考生在文章中准确找到原句后要将其完整的抄写在答题纸所给定的位置上，切不可只是写上第“某某”个句子（The XX sentence in paragraph XX. ）了事，这样是不能得分的！
3、填空：回答此类问题时，一定首先注意弄清楚语境和上下文之间的逻辑关系，如递进、转折、并列、对比、因果等等，注意上下文，前后句的联系；然后根据上下文的含义猜测出空白处该填句子还是短语或者单词，再读上下文，看上下文是否通顺，最后确定答案。
上下文之间的关系通常有下列几种，这些关系通常通过一些连词表示出来：
A．同位关系（并列关系）
标志词：and, also, likewise, similarly, too, either…or, neither…nor, not…but…, not only…but also…, in the same way, equally, …
B．递进关系
标志词：then; besides; in addition; additionally; what is more; moreover, further, …
C．对比关系（转折关系）
标志词：but, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, in any case, unfortunately, while, on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, conversely, on the other hand, …
D．因果关系
标志词：because, since, as, for; now that, so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result, …
E．让步关系：
标志词：although; though; even though; even if; nevertheless; despite; in spite of; …
F．时间关系
标志词：when, while, as, after, before, since, until, as soon as, once, …
G．条件关系：
标志词：if, suppose（that）, supposing（that）, unless, in case, so（as）long as, so far, on condition（that）, provided（that）, providing（that）,without, …
I. 表示目的（意图）
标志词：to, in order to, so as to, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, as, …
H．解释与被解释关系
标志词：is, that is, that is to say, means, the meaning is（that）…, …
例如:
The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association is working with companies and government officials on setting rules for use of portable music devices. The group says the best way to protect your hearing is to, limit listening time and use earphones that block out foreign noises.
根据横线后面句意及连词“and”；限制听的时间“和”利用可以阻止外部噪音的耳机，可判断前面与后面一致，故应是reduce the volume/turn down the player。
4、翻译句子：本题主要考查考生理解英语语句的基本能力，是对学生综合语言知识理解和运用的考察，而且需要将其转译成汉语，因此又是对汉语表达水平的一种检测。在该类题目中要求翻译的句子往往是结果较为复杂或者包括一些特定习语的句子。因此，翻译时一定要先分析句子结构，找准句子的主干成分，然后确定一些附属的部分，如定语，状语、插入语等等，并结合文章中心思想以及上下文弄清句子所在的语境，同时还要注意英、汉两种语言及其问题特征的差异，最后在忠实于原文的基础上，可以适当应用增词、减词、词性转化、语序转化等技巧把英语中的从句（定语从句及名词性从句）和较长的短语往往单独翻译，从而把画线部分的长句翻译成符合汉语表达习惯的句子。
5、封闭性问题：封闭性问题是指答案是固定或唯一的问题，一般可在文章中找到明确的答案或依据。每篇文章的作者会运用事实、分析原因或对比事物间的关系等加以论证自己的观点，本题型就是结合文中某个问题进行解答，首先要仔细地看懂问题，明确问题问的是什么，然后按照题意进行寻读，找到文中的重要事实或细节，常与what, when, where, who, which, why等有关。常见题的提问方式：
① What cause…?
② What does the writer really mean by saying…?
③ Why does the author mention…?
④What are the reasons why…?
⑤Which is the result of…?
⑥Where in the passage does the author describe…？
6、开放性问题：是阅读表达中主观性最强的试题，解答比较容易，要根据文章提供的线索，调动自己所学的综合英语知识，结合个人的观点、经验选择较容易回答的点回答相关问题。这类题会有字数要求，回答必须完整，即怎么问，怎么答。如：要回答“which … is the … ”，不要只是说“The first/ second one.”要把句子写完整；回答“why”的问题时最好用上“because”。常见题的提问方式：
① What would you do if you were…？
② What other suggestions would you give?
③ How would you settle the problem if you were …?
7、其他类型：该题是结合文章的不同题材和体裁给出的除以上6种类型以外的类型的题，比如设计图表题，推理判断题等，问题的顺序也会结合问题所问的信息点在文章中出现的顺序进行排列。
还有，答题字数要求（Please answer within 10/15/20 words）：一般情况下，考生回答问题所书写的英文会限制在50个以下（句子替代和句子翻译除外），以控制考生在该试题上所花费的时间；每一个需要考生用英语回答的问题在后面都有具体的字数要求。
新课程标准提高了对高中生英语阅读及写作能力的要求，但在学习过程中存在的一些不利因素仍制约着学生这些能力的提高，要提高学生阅读表达能力，首先要克服影响做阅读表达题的不利因素。
影响阅读表达的因素可分为知识性障碍和非知识性障碍。知识性障碍包括：词汇障碍、语法障碍、背景知识障碍；非知识性障碍包括：心理障碍、阅读习惯、阅读速度、阅读技巧。下面就如何克服影响阅读表达的不利因素，提高学生的阅读表达能力谈几点应对策略：
1、克服词汇障碍，提高阅读能力。
重视英语词汇和习惯用语的积累。英语词汇大约有100万到120万，我们应当灵活运用构词记忆法。构词法包括：派生、合成和转化。掌握常用的前缀（un / dis / ir / super...）、后缀（less / ful / ment...）的含义和用法，就可以根据已知的前、后缀猜出它的派生词的意思，从而达到扩大词汇量的目的。如：前缀super有“超过、超越”的含义，可以猜出supertanker（超级轮船）、 superglue（超强力胶水）、 supermarket（超级市场）等词的含义。“To read well, you need a strong vocabulary... to build a strong vocabulary, you need to read well.”这句名言指出了阅读和词汇量的关系，因此，只有多读，多记忆单词，扩大词汇量，真正把文章弄懂，弄明白，并会用自己的语言进行表达，才能有的放矢地把这种题型做好。
2、牢固掌握语法知识，破解长、难句。
阅读表达短文的句式结构较复杂，语法知识在阅读中的作用已经突显出来。如在阅读中遇到令人费解的长句、难句，就可以借助语法对句子进行分析，搞清各部分的关系，从而准确理解整句的意思，做到事半功倍。
以“Decision—thinking is not unlike poker—it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think.（2000全国卷）”为例。该句的29个词中包含了主语从句、宾语从句、并列句和破折号连接的附加说明等多种关系。其中并列句中又有复合句，复合句中又有并列句。只有把句子的成分一一理清，才能掌握其文义，此长句往往又是我们阅读表达的翻译题，相对较难，需要我们对这样的句子认真分析，仔细研究。
3、 积累一定的文化背景知识和生活常识，培养良好的阅读习惯。
养成良好的阅读习惯要求学生平时多朗读、背诵精彩段落和文章，以培养语感；另外，不良的阅读习惯也会影响阅读速度和对文章的理解，因此，学生要克服这些不良习惯，做到不回读、不声读、不点读，只有这样，阅读速度才能加快，理解的准确率才能提高。
4、养成良好的阅读习惯，掌握一定的阅读技巧。例如，要善于概括文章或者其中某一个段落和层次的主旨大意、作者的写作目的，要善于分析或把握篇章的结构、推测作者的语气、态度和观点，捕捉文章的 具体信息，理解特定环境中语言的意义。
5、阅读表达题要求应试者给出答案，或者是发表自己的看法。所以在平时学习中要养成主动思维的习惯，如就文章的内容或作者的观点进行讨论或评价，对文章故事的情节或作者的思路进行预测、对作者的语气进行揣摩等等。
6、在回答问题之前要认真审题，判断问题的类型，弄清题目的要求；回答要有针对性，避免答非所问；同时还要注意问题后的字数要求，回答要简洁，语言要准确、达意，蠲免要整洁。
7、解答阅读题的关键是弄清楚其考查的目的、问题的类型和掌握一定的答题技巧，并在老师的指导下进行一定量的针对性训练；尤其要注意的是平时一定要注意英语书面表达能力的提高以及书写的训练。
8、要保持书写清楚，工整；卷面整洁、干净。给阅卷老师留下一个好印象。

【专题训练】
（一）
当今社会“感恩”话题盛行，总有一些有关感恩的人和事会让我们思考良久。这篇阅读表达题会给我们一些很好的启示，让我们有深深的感悟。
Our little boy came up to his mother in the kitchen one evening while she was fixing supper，and handed her a piece of paper that he had been writing on. After his mom dried her hands on an apron，she read it，and this is what it said：For cutting the grass $5. 00For cleaning up my room this week $1. 00For going to the store for you $0. 50
Baby－sitting my kid brother while you went shopping $0. 25
Taking out the garbage $1. 00
For getting a good report card $5. 00
For cleaning up and raking the yard $2. 00
Total owed: $14. 75
Well，I’ll tell you，his mother looked at him standing there expectantly，and boy，could I see the memories flashing through her mind. So she picked up the pen，turned over the paper he’d written on，and this is what she wrote：
For the nine months I carried you while you were growing inside me，No Charge.
For all the nights that I’ve sat up with you，doctored and prayed for you，No Charge.
For all the trying times，and all the tears that you’ve caused through the years，there’s No Charge.
For all the nights that were filled with dread，and for the worries I knew were ahead，No Charge
For the toys，food，clothes，and even wiping your nose，there’s No Charge，Son.
When you___________________，the cost of my love is No Charge.
Well，friends，when our son finished reading what his mother had written，there were great big old tears in his eyes，and he looked straight up at his mother and said：“Mom，I sure do love you. ”And then he took the pen and in great big letters he wrote：“PAID IN FULL”.
1. What’s the best title of the passage?

2. Which sentence in the passage is the closest in meaning to the following one?
Although you have brought me hard times and many tears in these years, you needn’t pay for them.

3. Please fill in the blank in the passage with proper words or phrases to complete the sentence.（within ten words）

4. What do you learn after reading the passage? （within 30 words）

5. Translate the underlined sentence into Chinese.

（二）
“如果你信念坚定，你只需要坚信所发生每一个结果都对你有利。也许过一段时间之后，你就会明白了”。相信这样主题的阅读表达文章能够让学生受益匪浅。
Two traveling angels stopped to spend the night in the home of a wealthy family.
The family was rude and refused to let the angels stay in the mansion’s guest room. Instead the angels were given a small space in the cold basement.
As they made their bed on the hard floor, the older angel saw a hole in the wall and repaired it. When the younger angel asked why, the older angel replied,
“Things aren’t always what they seem.”
The next night the pair came to rest at the house of a very poor, but very hospitable farmer and his wife.
After sharing what little food they had the couple let the angels sleep in their bed where they could have a good night’s rest.
When the sun came up the next morning the angels found the farmer and his wife in tears. Their only cow, whose milk had been their sole income, lay dead in the field.
The younger angel was infuriated and asked the older angel how could you have let this happen? The first man had everything, yet you helped him, she accused. The second family had little but ___________________, and you let the cow die.
“Things aren’t always what they seem,” the older angel replied.
“When we stayed in the basement of the mansion, I noticed there was gold stored in that hole in the wall. Since the owner was so obsessed with greed and unwilling to share his good fortune, I sealed the wall so he wouldn’t find it. ”
“Then last night as we slept in the farmer’s bed, the angel of death came for his wife. I gave him the cow instead. Things aren’t always what they seem. ”
Sometimes that is exactly what happens when things don’t turn out the way they should. If you have faith, you just need to trust that every outcome is always to your advantage. You just might not know it until sometime later.
1. What’s the best title of the passage?

2. Which sentence in the passage is the closest in meaning to the following one?
The couple shared their little food with the two angels and then spared their bed for the two angels to rest for a good night willingly.

3. Please fill in the blank in the passage with proper words or phrases to complete the sentence.（within ten words）

4. Do you think life is equal for the two families? And why? （within 30 words）

5. Translate the underlined sentence into Chinese.

（三）
“年轻时就要学会省钱，这是重要的一课。所有好的习惯都开始于年青时代. . . ”对于新时代的青年人，如何面对理财，如何学会理财是值得我们深思的问题。这篇阅读表达题会从某些方面给我们以启迪. . . .
Learning to save money when you're young is an important lesson.