宾补与主谓一致.doc

高一英语模块三Unit 3 Grammar
M3 Unit 3 Grammar and Usage
宾语补足语
一．英语的五种基本句型结构：
① S 十 V 主谓结构 He runs quickly．他跑得快。
② S 十 V 十 P 主系表结构 The story sounds interesting．这个故事听起来有趣。
③ S 十 V 十 O 主谓宾结构 They built a house last year．他们去年建了一所房子。
④ S 十 V 十 O1 十 O2 主谓双宾结构He offered me his seat/ his seat to me．他把座位让给我。
⑤ S 十 V 十 O 十 C 主谓宾宾补结构
They found her happy that day． 他们发现那天她很高兴。
I found him out． 我发现他出去了。
They named the boy Charlie． 他们给这个男孩起名为查理。
I saw him come in and go out． 我见他进来又出去。
They felt the car moving fast． 他们感到汽车行驶得很快。
He found the door of study closed to him． 他发现研究所的大门对他关闭了。
说明：
S＝主语；V＝谓语；P＝表语；O＝宾语；O1＝间接宾语；O2＝直接宾语；C＝宾语补足语
二．宾语补足语：
1、定义：The object complement gives more information about the object.顾名思义， 宾补是补充说明宾语，使句子意义完整的句子成分。
2、使用场合：Verb + object + object complement
3、可以充当宾语补足语的词和词组有：
(1). 名词：
We made him our monitor.
They thought this good advice.
They named their daughter Jenny.
注：充当宾语补足语的名词若表示正式的或独一无二的头衔、职位时，前面一般不用冠词。
They elected John chairman of the committee.
(2). 形容词：
You should keep your room clean and tidy.
We’d better leave the door open.
We found the ruins most interesting.
(3). 介词短语
He left his bag in the office.
We found ourselves in the middle of a desert.
(4). 副词
He opened the window to let the fresh air in.
I saw him out with his father the day before yesterday.
(5). 现在分词：
I’m sorry to have you waiting for so long.
I could feel the cold wind blowing on my face.
At this moment she noticed the teacher coming in.
(6). 过去分词：
When he wake up, he found himself tied to a tree.
He raised his voice to make himself heard.
I had my watch repaired yesterday.
(7). 不定式 或 省略 to 的不定式
My mother allowed me to play games for a while.
Can you make your car park over there?
注：(1).使用不定式作宾语补足语时， 五看（see, watch, notice, observe, look at） 三使（make, let, have） 两听（listen to, hear）一感觉（feel） 后接省略to 的不定式
(2).help 一词后的不定式，可带 to，也可以不带 to。
4、在复合宾语中，宾语通常为名词或代词，但有时也可以用不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或that从句来充当。一般情况下，宾补通常紧跟在宾语之后。值得注意的是：think, find, consider, feel, make, take等动词应使用先行it代替宾语，it后面应接宾补，而将真正的宾语移到句子的后部
I felt it necessary to speak about our shortcomings.
I think it very important to attend this meeting.
We all thought it a pity that you couldn’t join us.
注意：在这种结构中，宾语补足语通常为名词或形容词；常用于这种结构的动词有： feel, find, think, make, take, judge, consider 等。
【小结】
1、宾语补足语是补充宾语的成分，通常置于宾语之后。 宾语+宾语补足语=>复合宾语。
2、可以用作宾补的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词。
3、能带宾补的动词一定是及物动词。
4、主动语态句子中的宾语在被动语态句子中是主语，相应的宾补就成为主补。
常跟宾语补足语的动词：
第一类, 感官动词, 所接的宾补可以是不带to的动词不定式，也可以是现在分词或过去分词。
feel, hear, listen to, notice, observe, see, watch, look at
I saw him cross/crossing the road. => He was seen___________/ ____________ the road.
但句子变为被动语态时，不定式的to要还原。
第二类, 使役动词，所接的宾补多为动词不定式或过去分词。如：let, have, get, make, would like, want等。
This makes people know the importance of protecting the environment.
If you are back, will you please make yourself known to me?
The machine doesn’t work. I must have it repaired right now.
第三类, 含命名意义的动词，所接的宾补一般是名词。如：call, name, appoint, elect, make, consider等。
Call me Joe, please. She was elected president of the company.
第四类, v. + sb. + to do sth. 结构中的动词，所接的宾补一般是不定式。
这类动词有：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, expect, force, get, help, inspire, invite, order, permit, persuade, remind, request, require, teach, tell, train, urge, want, warn, wish, report等
第五类, find, keep, leave 等几个词的用法非常灵活，后面所接的宾补可以是形容词、副词、现在分词、过去分词等。
We found it very difficult to solve the problem.
How can you keep them waiting for so long?
Keep the door closed.

Exercises:
一．单句改错
1. We all elected Jason the monitor.
2. The teacher asked us not make so much noise.
3. ---What a nice fire you have in your fireplace!
--- During the winter I like my house warmly and comfortable.
4. Don’t leave the water run while you brush your teeth.
5. He pushed the door opening.
6. She looked around and caught a man put his hand into the pocket of a passenger.
7. With a lot of difficult problems settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
8. When I came in, I found a boy hide behind the door.
9. It was a pity that the great writer died of his works unfinished.
10．He was heard sing last night.
二．用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. In the end, we found the girl _______________ (lock) in a dark room.
2. Just at that time, I saw an old woman _______________ (cross) the narrow street.
3. Don’t let your son _______________（play）computer games like this any more.
4. I’ve never heard the word _______________ (use) in spoken English.
5. I think you can’t force your son _______________(go) to see her.
三．单项填空
1．Tell him _______ the window.
A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut
2. ----There’s a hole in your bag.
--- I know, I’m going to have it _______.
A. mend B. mending C. mended D. to be mended
3. Though he had often made his little sister _______, today he was made _______ by his little sister.
A. cry; to cry B. crying; crying C. cry; cry D. to cry; cry
4. They would not allow him _______ across the enemy line.
A. to risk going B. risking to go C. for risk to go D. risk going
5. I found the door _______when I got home.
A. opened B. close C. unlocking D. open
6. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _______.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do D. do not to
7. I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise_______.
A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on
8. With a lot of difficult problems_______, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled        B. settling       C. to settle     D. being settled
9. I advised _______ at once.
A. him to starting B. him to start C. to starting D. to start
10. When I put my hand on his chest, I could feel his heart still _______.
A. beat B. to be beating C. beating D. was beating
11. You had better get a doctor _______ your bad tooth.
A. pull out B. to pull out C. pulled out D. pulling out
12. He managed to make himself _______ with his _______ English.
A. understand; breaking B. understand; broken
C. understood; breaking D. understood; broken
13. The doctor asked him not to leave his wound _______.
A. expose B. exposed C. to expose D. exposing
14．Don’t you think it ______ to learn this kind of skill at present?
A. difficulty B. difficult C. difficultly D. the different
15. My advisor encouraged _______ a summer course to improve my writing skill.
A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take
16. The director had her assistant _______ some hot dogs for the meeting.
A. picked up B. picks up C. pick up D. picking up
17. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _______in the kitchen.
A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked
18. To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English _______ as much as we can.
A. speak B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak
19. I smell something ________ in the kitchen. Can I call you back in a minute?
A. burning B. burnt C. being burnt D. to be burnt
20. He is very popular among his students as he always tries to make them _______ in his lectures.
A. interesting B. interest C. interested D. to interest

主谓一致
在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。
1、 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句做主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。
如：His father is working on the farm.
To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all.
The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.
注：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。
如：What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.
2、 由连接词and或both … and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。
Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates.
The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news.
Both she and he are League members.
注：
① 若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人，物或同一概念时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如：The writer and artist has come. / Trial and error is the source of our knowledge.
② 由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every, many a等修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room. / No boy and no girl likes it.
3、 主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。(就前原则)
如：Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.
Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall.
4、either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter.
① 在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词（或代词）”作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neither of the texts is (are) interesting.
② 若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：None of us has (have) been to America.
5、在定语从句时，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
注： 在one of + 复数名词 +who/that/which 引导的定语从句中，从句的谓语用复数如：He is one of my friends who are working hard.
在the only/very one of +复数名词+who/which/that 引导的定语从句中，从句的谓语用单数如：He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.
6、如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。
如： The class consists of 25 boys and 20 girls./ The class are doing experiments.
The population of China is 13.6 billion and 70% of the population are peasants.
people, police, cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：The police are looking for the lost child.
7、由“some,/ half,/a lot of, /lots of, /plenty of, /the rest of, /the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如：There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls.
a number of“许多”，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；
the number of“…的数量”，主语是number，谓语用单数。
8．由kind /type/ series /quantity of 等修饰的主语，其谓语形式取决于这些词的单复数而不是它们后面所跟的名词。
如：Large quantities of water are needed for watering the flowers.
A new type of bus is now on show.
9、在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。
如：There comes the bus./ On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts.
10．Many a + 单数名词（许多）；more than one +单数名词做主语时，谓语用单数形式。如；
Many a page in this book is missing./ More than one student has failed in the exam.
注：more than + 名词复数 或 more + 名词复数 + than one 做主语时，谓语用复数形式，如：
More than 20 students are playing basketball./ More people than one are against your plan.
11、what, who, which, any, more, all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。
如：Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing.
12、表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数做主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式， 这是由于做主语的名词在概念上是一个整体，如：Thirty minutes is enough for the work.
13、若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。 如： The Arabian Nights is an interesting story-book.
14、表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词做主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式（也可用复数。如：One and a half apples is (are) left on the table.
15、一些学科名词是以 –ics 结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们做主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn’t easy to study.
16、trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, chopsticks, scissors等词做主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a (the) pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes is under the bed.
17、“定冠词the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。
如：The old are taken good care of here.
18、（1）当两个主语由either … or, neither … nor, whether … or …, not only … but also, not…but…连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。（就近原则）如：Either the teacher or the students are our friends. / Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right?
As far as I know, not only his parents but also his brother treats the girl very well.
（2）there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如：There are two chairs and a desk in the room.

Exercises:
1、用所给词的适当形式填空
1) His Selected Poems ( be )first published in 1965．
2) Twenty dollars ( be )enough for the coat．
3) The poor woman with her two children ( see, beg ) in a street corner．
4) —Is there anybody in the classroom?
—No, the teacher as well as the students ( go ) to the playground．
5) Three-fourths of the land ( cover ) by forest and grass．
6) —Have you heard about the new school?
—No, when and where to build the new one ( not decide )
7) E-mail，as well as telephones， ( play ) an important part in daily communication．
8) The worker and poet ( invite ) to the party the other day．
9) This morning I saw Mr. Lee (kill) a chicken.
10) When I was here last year, the bridge was seen (build)by the workers.
2、句型转换
1. Both his father and mother are fond of light music. (改为否定句)
____________________________________________________________________________
2. We find that it is important to learn a foreign language well. (改为简单句)
____________________________________________________________________________
3. If you can keep still, you can sit on this end of the boat and you can also sit on that end. (用either…or改变句型)
____________________________________________________________________________
4. Helen is not good at French and John is not good at French, either.
( 用neither…nor改变句型)
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. We believe that he is honest. (改为简单句)
_____________________________________________________________________________
3、单句改错
1. This is one of the most interesting questions that has been asked.
2. Many a ship have been damaged in the storm.
3. Neither I or he am in favor of her marriage.
4. Tom as well as two of his friends were invited to the party.
5. About one third of the books is worth reading.
6. The number of students from the north are small.
7. What may surprise you are that I’m going to the US this July on a summer camp.
8. More than one worker have been failed in the exam.
9. Each boy and each girl have a beautiful dream.
10. Maths are one of the most important courses in middle school.

Keys:
一． 单句改错：1.去掉the 2.not后加to 3. warmly 改为 warm 4.run改为running
5. opening 改为 open 6. put—putting 7. to settle 8. hide—hiding 9.of—with 10. to sing.
二．1．locked 2. crossing 3. play 4. used 5. to go
三． 1---5 BCAAD 6---10 AACBC 11---15 BDBBD 16---20ＣＢＣＡＣ

Keys:
1) was 2) is 3) was seen begging 4) has gone 5) is covered
6) is not decided 7) is playing 8) was invited 9)killing 10）being built

1. Neither his father nor his mother is fond of light music.
2. We find it important to learn a foreign language well.
3. If you can keep still, you can sit ei