Issue论证及论据工具8_艺术.doc

艺术
1、 The Definition of Art
艺术是用来表达艺术家的创造力，吸引观众的审美感，或者引导观众考虑更加美好的事物。艺术如果被用在其他目的，如商业，被称作应用艺术。
Art is an abbreviation for creative art or fine art. Fine art means that a skill is being used to express the artist's creativity, or to engage the audience's aesthetic sensibilities, or to draw the audience towards consideration of the finer things. Often, if the skill is being used in a common or practical way, people will consider it a craft instead of art. Likewise, if the skill is being used in a commercial or industrial way, it will be considered commercial art instead of fine art. On the other hand, crafts and design are sometimes considered applied art. Some art followers have argued that the difference between fine art and applied art has more to do with value judgments made about the art than any clear definitional difference. However, even fine art often has goals beyond pure creativity and self-expression.
2、 The purpose of Art
Art has had a great number of different functions throughout its history, making its purpose difficult to abstract or quantify to any single concept. This does not imply that the purpose of Art is "vague", but that it has had many unique, different reasons for being created. Some of these functions of Art are provided in the following outline. The different purposes of art may be grouped according to those that are non-motivated, and those that are motivated.
Non-motivated functions of art
无动机类艺术目的是表达人们对和谐、美的本能的欣赏；体验神秘；表达想象力；世界的交流；仪式和象征功能。
The non-motivated purposes of art are those that are integral to being human, transcend the individual, or do not fulfill a specific external purpose. Aristotle said, "Imitation, then, is one instinct of our nature." In this sense, Art, as creativity, is something humans must do by their very nature (i.e., no other species creates art), and is therefore beyond utility.
1. Basic human instinct for harmony, balance, rhythm. Art at this level is not an action or an object, but an internal appreciation of balance and harmony (beauty), and therefore an aspect of being human beyond utility.
2. Experience of the mysterious. Art provides a way to experience one's self in relation to the universe. This experience may often come unmotivated, as one appreciates art, music or poetry. "The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious. It is the source of all true art and science." -Albert Einstein.
3. Expression of the imagination. Art provide a means to express the imagination in non-grammatical ways that are not tied to the formality of spoken or written language. Unlike words, which come in sequences and each of which have a definite meaning, art provides a range of forms, symbols and ideas with meanings that are malleable.
4. Universal communication. Art allows the individual to express things toward the world as a whole. Earth artists often create art in remote locations that will never be experienced by another person. The practice of placing a cairn, or pile of stones at the top of a mountain, is an example. (Note: This need not suggest a particular view of God, or religion.) Art created in this way is a form of communication between the individual and the world as a whole.
5. Ritualistic and symbolic functions. In many cultures, art is used in rituals, performances and dances as a decoration or symbol. While these often have no specific utilitarian (motivated) purpose, anthropologists know that they often serve a purpose at the level of meaning within a particular culture. This meaning is not furnished by any one individual, but is often the result of many generations of change, and of a cosmological relationship within the culture.
Motivated functions of art
有动机的艺术目的是交流，娱乐，政治目的，治疗，反映社会状况，宣传。
Motivated purposes of art refer to intentional, conscious actions on the part of the artists or creator. These may be to bring about political change, to comment on an aspect of society, to convey a specific emotion or mood, to address personal psychology, to illustrate another discipline, to (with commercial arts) to sell a product, or simply as a form of communication.
1. Communication. Art, at its simplest, is a form of communication. As most forms of communication have an intent or goal directed toward another individual, this is a motivated purpose. Illustrative arts, such as scientific illustration, are a form of art as communication. Maps are another example. However, the content need not be scientific. Emotions, moods and feelings are also communicated through art.
"[Art is a set of] artifacts or images with symbolic meanings as a means of communication." -Steve Mithen.
2. Art as entertainment. Art may seek to bring about a particular emotion or mood, for the purpose of relaxing or entertaining the viewer. This is often the function of the art industries of Motion Pictures and Video Games.
3. Art for political change. One of the defining functions of early twentieth century art has been to use visual images to bring about political change. Art movements that had this goal—Surrealism（产生于第一次世界大战后人们对于战争的恐惧与憎恨）, Russian Constructivism（十月革命之后(the October Revolution)艺术家认为艺术与工业有关）, and Dadaism（推翻旧的政治体系和规范）, Abstract Expressionism（美国纽约想代替法国巴黎成为世界艺术中心）, among others—are collectively referred to as the avant-garde arts.
4. Art for psychological and healing purposes. Art is also used by art therapists, psychotherapists and clinical psychologists as art therapy. The Diagnostic Drawing Series, for example, is used to determine the personality and emotional functioning of a patient. The end product is not the principal goal in this case, but rather a process of healing, through creative acts, is sought. The resultant piece of artwork may also offer insight into the troubles experienced by the subject and may suggest suitable approaches to be used in more conventional forms of psychiatric therapy.
5. Art for social inquiry, subversion and/or anarchy. While similar to art for political change, subversive or deconstructivist art may seek to question aspects of society without any specific political goal. In this case, the function of art may be simply to criticize some aspect of society. Graffiti art and other types of street art are graphics and images that are spray-painted or stenciled on publicly viewable walls, buildings, buses, trains, and bridges, usually without permission. Certain art forms, such as graffiti, may also be illegal when they break laws (in this case vandalism).
6. Art for propaganda or commercialism. Art is often utilized as a form of propaganda, and thus can be used to subtly influence popular conceptions or mood. In a similar way, art that tries to sell a product also influences mood and emotion. In both cases, the purpose of art here is to subtly manipulate the viewer into a particular emotional or psychological response toward a particular idea or object.
3、 Some Famous Art Works.
French painter Gerome’s painting “Slave Auction” expressed his discontent with slavery; Italian painter Tiziano’s mural painting “Assumption of Mary” expressed his conviction of freedom and serenity. American writer Margaret Mitchell’s masterpiece “Gone with the Wind” expressed attitudes toward humanity, war, moral, ethnic and love. British writer Jane Austen’s masterpiece “Pride and Prejudice” expressed her attitudes toward love, marriage and happiness. French writer Victor Hugo’s masterpiece “The Hunchback of Notre Dame” exposed the hypocrisy nature of religious and praised the kindness and unselfishness of working people. German composer Mendelssohn’s music “The Spring Song” is a reflection of his attitudes about romance, happiness and serenity.
4、 Diagnostic Drawing Series 艺术治疗精神疾病
For art therapists and other interested mental health professionals who wish to incorporate drawings into their assessment options, familiarity with the Diagnostic Drawing Series (DDS), a standardized art interview of tested reliability and validity, is essential.  The three-drawing DDS, originally designed for use by clinicians in adult psychiatric settings, has been studied continuously in an international collaborative research project for the past thirty years.
5、 Picasso and his painting Guernica 毕加索（现实对艺术的影响，艺术反应现实）
Guernica is a painting by the Spanish painter Picasso, showing the booming of Guernica by German boomers and reminding us that wars breed ruin and misery.
6、 Rembrandt 勃朗特（当代人认可的大艺术家 家里有钱 不懂生活到破产）
Rembrandt, a Dutch painter and etcher during the “Dutch Golden Age” who is considered to be the most important artist in Dutch history, have achieved youthful success and his paintings were popular throughout his lifetime. But he overused his money, and was verge on bankruptcy.
7、 Vermeer 维米尔（不被当代人认可的艺术家 穷困潦倒 画的主题是爱）
Jan Vermeer, a Dutch Baroque painter who creates a world more perfect than any he had witnessed, seems never to have been wealthy since he have never sold one of his paintings during his lifetime and left his family no legacy but debt. After have been virtually forgotten for nearly one hundred years, his paintings begin to focus people’s attention and nowadays he is considered to be one of the greatest painters during the Dutch Golden Age. In 1866, he was recognized by French critic Thor.
8、 M. C. Escher 埃舍尔（没有数学底子的艺术家的作品被数学家青睐）
M. C. Escher, a great Dutch graphic artist who excelled at drawing but got poor grades in school, exerts a profound influence on graphic arts. Escher never got normal mathematic training after he leave secondary school. However, in 1956, his graphic works on an art exhibition are adorable to the mathematicians.
9、 Marcel Duchamp 马塞尔杜尚（颠覆传统，创新，不需要努力只要开放就可以成功）
Marcel Duchamp, a French artist whose endeavor exerts a profound influence on the development of western art, sparked a boon for the surrealist movement. In retrospect, he often challenged convention thoughts about arts through subversive actions such as naming a urinal “Fountain” and bringing it to the museum for exhibiting. Or drew beards on the edge of Mona Lisa, and then named his new painting “L.H.O.O.Q”. He said: “Art may be bad, good or indifferent, but, whatever, adjective is used, we must call it art and bad art is still art in the same way as a bad emotion is still an emotion.”
10、 John Ruskin 罗斯金（艺术与现实、理想与现实）
John Ruskin, British writer and critic, who insisted that art, cannot be separated from live. His works were mainly reflection of social problems, such as requesting the universal education. In 1871, he organized an institution for the sake of realizing his social idea and establishing a utopia, but failed even though he devoted all of his earning to it.
11、 Cervantes 塞万提斯（作品被人误解、批判现实）
Cervantes’ masterpiece Don Quixote was regarded as comical fiction at first.
12、 其他
1) 艺术：绘画painting, 雕刻sculpture, 建筑architecture, 摄影photography, 装饰艺术decorative arts，舞蹈dance，音乐 music，说明艺术illustrate art、涂鸦艺术graffiti art，街头艺术street art 等等。
2) 艺术作品往往不能够给那些单纯的艺术家，尤其是那些年轻的还不知名的艺术家带来足够的收入；同时，很多艺术家不希望用他们的艺术作品换得金钱，这样就导致了他们经济状况非常窘迫。
3) 博物馆里的艺术作品是面向社会公众的一个窗口，它使得大众能有机会了解艺术，了解艺术所反映出的社会问题以及艺术反映的历史事物。
4) 很多画家或者雕塑家采用一种感性的方式塑造了很多反映社会腐败现象corruption的作品，这类作品让大众意识到腐败这一现象。
5) 日本政府审查与二战有关的博物馆东西；美国审查音乐。
6) 有价值的艺术品被忽略：第一，人们的理解水平不够，不能明白艺术品中高深的文化底蕴和文化背景；第二，很多艺术品超越了人们的需求，多少人会漠视之；第三，有些艺术品超越了当时的时代。