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初中英语语法---情态动词
一、情态动词的特点
1 情态动词 + 动词原形作谓语——表示说话人对所术动作的看法,如需要、可能、意外等。
2 无人称和数的变化——绝大多数情态动词没有人称和数的变化,但是以be和have 开头的情态动词短语除外。
3多义性——情态动词具有多层含义
常用情态动词的多层含义如下
can
表示能力,意为 “能 会”;表示推测, 意为 “可能”;表示请求, 允许, 意为“可以”,常用于否定句和疑问句中
could
can 的过去式,意为“能、会”;表示过去的能力;在疑问句中表示委婉请求
may
表示请求、许可,意为“可以”;表示推测,常用于肯定句中,意为“可能、也许”
might
may的过去式表示推测,常用于肯定句中,意为“ 可能、也许 ”
must
表示主观看法,意为“必须、应该”,表示有把握的推测,用于肯定句
Need
表示需要、必须,主要用于否定句和疑问句中
dare
表示敢于,主要用于否定句和疑问句中
should
意为“ 应该”,表示要求和命令,或表示劝告、建议
had better
意为 “最好”,表示建议
used to
意为 “过去常常”,表示过去的动作、行为
二、常见考点:
考点一 情态动词在陈述句中的用法
1. can 的用法
(1)表示能力、许可、可能性。 表示能力时一般译为“能、会”, 即有种能力,尤其是生来具备的能力,此时may 和must 均不可代替它。如: I can see with my eyes. She can swim fast, but I can’t .
(2)表示可能、能够。 如:I can finish it in an hour. 我能在一小时后完成它。
(3)表示许可,常在口语中。如:You can use my dictionary. 你可以用我的字典。
(4)表示推测,意为“可能”, 常用于否定句和疑问句中, 此时can’t 译为“ 不可能”。 如:
Can the news be true? 这个消息会是真的吗?
2. could的用法
(1)can的过去式, 意为“ 能、 会”,表示过去的能力。如:He could write poems when he was 10.
(2)could 在疑问句中, 表示委婉的语气, 此时 could 没有过去式的意思。如:
---Could I use your pen? 我能用一下你的钢笔吗?--Yes, you can. 可以。
3. may的用法
(1)表示请求、许可, 比can 正式, 如:May I borrow your bike? 我可以借你的自行车吗?
(2)表示推测,谈论可能性,意为“ 可能, 或许”,一般用于肯定句中。 如:
It may rain tomorrow . 明天可能会下雨。 She may be at home. 她可能在家呢.
(3) may的过去式为might ,表示推测时。可能性低于may。 如:
He is away from school. He might be sick.他离开学校了, 可能是他生病了。
4.must的用法
(1) must 表示主观看法,意为“必须、一定”。 如:You must stay here until I come back.
(2) 其否定形式mustn’t 表示“ 一定不要 ” “千万别” “禁止, 不许”. 如:
You mustn’t play with fire. 你不许玩火。 You mustn’t be late. 你一定不要迟到。
(3)对must引导的疑问句,肯定回答为must, 否定回答为needn’t 或 don’t have to .
如:---Must I finish my homework?我现在必须完成作业吗?
---No, you needn’t.不,你不必。
(4)must 表示有把握的推测,用于肯定句。如:
The light is on, so he must be at home now.灯亮着, 他现在肯定在家。
注意其反意问句的构成形式:当must表示肯定的判断、推测时,其反意疑问句要用实际问句的助动词来构成。
如: She must have finished writing, hasn’t she? 她一定已经写完了, 不是吗?
5. need的用法
(1) need 表示需要、必须,主要用于否定句和疑问句中,其否定形式为needn’t ,意为“没有必要,不必”。 用need 提问时,肯定回答为 must,否定回答为 needn’t 。 如:
----Need I stay here any longer? 我还有必要留在这儿吗?
----Yes, you must . 是的。 -----No. you needn’t . 不, 你不必。
(2) need 还可以作实义动词,此时有人称、数和时态的变化,后边多接动词不定式。如:
I need to do it right now. 我需要马上做这件事。
6. dare 的用法
dare意为“敢、敢于”, 用法近似于need, 有两种词性:
(1)dare作为情态动词,多用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中,无第三人称单数形式,只有一般现在时和
一般过去时。 如: Dare he tell them what he knows?他敢告诉他们所知道的情况吗?
(2)dare 作为实义动词,此时有人称、数及时态的变化。如:
He doesn’t dare to break his promise.他不敢食言。
注意:在口语中dare 的各种形式常与不带to 的不定式连用。如:I didn’t dare look at him.我不敢看他。
7. shall 的用法
(1)shall 表示征求对方意见(多用于第一、三人称),如:Shall we go out for a walk?
(2)表示决心、警告、命令( 多用于第二、三人称),如:
No one shall bring your beepers or mobile phones in the exam.考试中任何人不准带BP机和手机。
8. should的用法
(1)should 意为“应该” , 可表示劝告、建议、义务、责任等。 如:
We should protect the environment. 我们应该保护环境。
(2)should (would)like to do sth. 表示“想要、愿意做某事”,常用于口语中。如:
I should (would) like to go with you . 我愿意和你一起去。
(3)Should have done 表示对过去动作的责备、批评。 如:
You should have finished your homework.你应该已经完成作业了。(事实上你没有完成。)
9. will 的用法
will表示意愿、意志、打算,可用于多种人称。如:
I will help you if I’m free this afternoon.今天下午如果我有空,我就会帮你。
10. had better 的用法
had better 意为“最好”,没有人称的变化,后面接不带to 的不定式,其否定形式为: had better not。如:We had better go now. 我们最好现在就走。
考点二 含有情态动词的疑问句
1.由 can、may、must构成的疑问句
(1)句式: Can/ May/ Must… + 主语+动词原形+….? 如:
Can you repair the car? 你会修小汽车吗?
Could he be a good student? 他能是名好学生吗?
May I borrow your ruler? 我可以借你的尺子吗?
Must we clean the room now?我们必须现在打扫房间吗?
(2)对 may 引出的问句,可以有下列回答方式:
Yes, of course. Yes, certainly. Sure .No, you mustn’t. No, you can’t.
(3)对must引出的疑问句,回答方式为: Yes, …must. No,… needn’t/ don’t have to.
2. will, would, shall 的用法
(1)will 在一般疑问句中表示客气的“请求、劝说”。 would 是will 的过去式,语气更加客气、委婉。 如:
Would you show me your picture book? 你能让我看看你的画册吗?
Will you please give me a call? 请给我打个电话好吗?
(2)对 will/ would you… 的回答方式有以下几种:
Yes, I will. (No, I won’t.) Sure . (I’m sorry , I can’t.) All right.
Certainly. (No, thank you .) Yes, please.
考点三 不同情态动词的否定意义也不同
1.(1) can’t可译为“不会”, 如:I can’t play basketball. 我不会打篮球。
(2)当句子表推测时,用can’t 表达不可能, 如: He can’t be ill. He is playing chess with Tom.
(3)can’t 还可用来回答“ May I …? ” 这样的问句。 如:May I come in ? 我可以进来吗?
No, you mustn’t. / can’t. 不,你不能。
(4)can’t 还可用于固定习语中。如: She can’t help crying. 她不禁大哭起来。
2. may 的否定式为 may not , 译成“ 可能不”, 如:He may not be at home. 他也许不在家。
3.(1)mustn’t 表示不许, 不可。如:He mustn’t leave his room. 他不许离开他的房间。
(2) mustn’t 也可用于以 may 表示要求时的否定回答中。 如:
——May I stand here? 我可以站在这里吗? ------No, you mustn’t(can’t). 不,不行。
4.(1) needn’t 意为“ 不必” 。 如:You needn’t meet him unless you’d like to.
(2)needn’t + have+ 动词的过去分词,表不需要完成但已完成的动作,暗含时间或精力上的浪费。 如:You needn’t have bought it. 你没必要买它(但你却买了)。
5. shouldn’t 表示不应该。 如:You shouldn’t feel so unhappy over such little things.
考点四 情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的被动语态的结构为: 情态动词+ be + done (动词的过去分词)。
做题时要兼顾情态动词和被动语态这两个方面。 如:
More and more trees must be planted in China.在中国必须种植更多的树木。
三、易混知识清单
易混点一 can 和 be able to
两者表示能力时用法相同, 但 can 只有原形 “can” 和过去式“ could ”两种形式,在其他时态中
要用be able to 来表示。 另外 be able to 常常指经过努力, 花费了时间和劳力之后才能做到某事。
如:Jim can’t speak English. 吉姆不会说英语。He could speak English at 5.
We’ll be able to see him next week.下星期我们将会见到他。
He has been able to drive. 他已经会开车了。
易混点二 can和may
1. can 和 may 均可用来征求意见或许可,意为“可以”, 一般可互换使用。如:Can/ May I help you ?
2. can 和may 表示可能性时的区别:
1)在肯定句中用 might, may, must, 不用can 。She may be in the classroom . 她可能在教室里。
2)在疑问句中表示推测用 can,不用 might, may,must。Where can they be now? 他们现在可能在哪儿?
3)在否定句中用can’t(不可能), 不用 may, must。 如:That can’t be true. 那不可能是真的。
易混点三 may be 和maybe
用法区别 常用位置
may be may为情态动词, be为动词原形 句中,作谓语
maybe 副词,大概、也许,相当于perhaps 句首,作状语
He may be wrong , but I’m not sure. 也许他错了,但我也不确定。
易混点四 can’t 和 mustn’t
1. can’t 根据其基本用法可译为:
(1)不会, 如: I can’t speak English . 我不会说英语。
(2)不能, 如: We can’t do it now because it’s too dark.天太黑了, 我们现在干不了。
(3)不可能, 如:The man can’t be our teacher because he is much younger than our teacher.
那个人不可能是咱们老师, 他年轻得多。
2. mustn’t 意为“ 禁止、不许”, 用来表达命令,表示强烈的语气。 如:
You mustn’t play football in the street. It’s too dangerous.你不可以在街上踢足球, 太危险了。
易混点五 must 和 have to
1. must 侧重于个人意志和主观上的必要, 还可以在间接引语中表示过去的必要或业务。
I know I must study hard.我知道我必须努力学习。
2. have to 侧重于客观上的必要,可用于现在时、过去时和将来时。如:
My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the mid-night.我弟弟病得厉害,我只得半夜里把医生请来
注意have to
肯定句
have to
+ 动词原形
has to
had to
否定句
don’t
+have to + 动词原形
doesn’t
didn’t
疑问句
Does
+ 主语 + have to + 动词原形
Do
Did
易混点六 need, dare 的两种用法
1. need , dare 作情态动词时, 多用于否定句、疑问句中,后接动词原形。如:
You needn’t explain it to me . 你不必向我解释这件事。Dare you say that again? 你敢再说一遍吗?
2.在肯定句中, 它们后边多接动词不定式,此时为实义动词。如:
Tom needs to fetch the book for me .汤姆需要给我取回那本书。
Mary dared to go across the street by herself. 玛丽敢自己过马路。
易混点 七 used to do / be used to doing / be used to do…
used to do 表示过去常常发生的动作, 强调过去,只用于过去,注意用 to do,不用doing形式;
而be used to doing 意为“习惯做…”, be 可有各种时态; be used to do 意为“……被使用去做……,” 为被动语态形式。如:
My father used to get up late.我父亲过去起床晚,但现在不得不早起了。
She is used to eating meat.她习惯吃肉。
He wasn’t used to eating in a restaurant.他不习惯在饭店吃饭。
Knives are used to cut things.刀是被用来切东西的。(被动语态)
初中英语语法专项练习-情态动词
一( )1 John___ come to see us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet. A. may B. canC. has to D. must
( ) 2 They ___ do well in the exam.A. can be able to B. be able to C. can able to D. are able to
( ) 3 -May I take this book out?-No, you___. A. can't B. may not C. needn't D. aren't
( ) 4 You___ go and see a doctor at once because you're got a fever.A. can B. must C. dare D. would
( ) 5 -Can you speak Japanese? -No, I____. A. mustn't B. can't C. needn't D. may not
二( ) 1 -He___ be in the classroom, I think. -No, he ___ be in the classroom. I saw him go home a minute ago. A. can; may not B. must; may not C. may; can't D. may; mustn't
( ) 2 -Shall I get one more cake for you, Dad? -Thanks, but you___, I've had enough.
A. may not B. must not C. can't D. needn't
( ) 3 Even the top students in our class can't work out this problem, so it be very difficult.
A. may B. must C. can D. need
( ) 4 He isn't at school. I think he ___ be ill. A. can B. shall C. must D. has to
( ) 5 ___ I take this one? A. May B. Will C. Are D. Do
三( ) 1 The children___ play football on the road. A. can't B. can C. mustn't D. must
( ) 2 You ___ be late for school again next time.A. mustn't B. needn'tC. don't have to D. don't need to
( ) 3 -Must I do my homework at once? -No, you___. A. needn't B. mustn't C. can't D. may not
四( ) 1 His arm is all right. He___ go and see the doctor.
A. has not to B. don't have to C. haven't to D. doesn't have to
( ) 2 He had to give up the plan, ___ he? A. did B. didn't C. does D. doesn't
( ) 3 They had to walk here, ___ they? A. mustn't B. did C. didn't D. hadn't
五( ) 1 He had better stay here, ___ he? A. didn't B. don't C. hadn't D. isn't
( ) 2 You'd better___late next time. A. not to be B. not be C. won't be D. don't be
( ) 3 You'd better ___ your hair ___ once a month.
A. had; cut B. had; cuttedC. have; cut D. have; cutted
( ) 4 You___ ask that man over there. Maybe he knows the way.
A. had better not to B. had not better C. had better D. had better not
六( ) 1 -Shall we go and visit the History Museum next Sunday?
A. Here you are B. Sorry, I can't C. Yes, please D. Let me try
( ) 2 -Why don't you ask Mike to go with us? -Thanks, ___.
A. I will B. I won't C. lean D. I may
( ) 3 -___ I take the newspaper away? -No, you mustn't. You____read it only here.
A. Must; can B. May; can C. Need; must D. Must; must
七( ) 1 Excuse me. ___ you please pass me that cup? A. Do B. Should C. Would D. Must
( ) 2 ___ you like to have another try? A. Could B. Will C. Would D. Do
( ) 3 -Would you like to go boating with us? -Yes, ___.A. I'd like B. I want C. I'd like to D. I do
八( ) 1 You___ worry about your son. He will get well soon. A. needn't B. can't C. mustn't D. have to
( ) 2 The poor man needs our help, ___ he? A. need B. needn't C. does D. doesn't
( ) 3 -Must we do our homework first?-No, you___. You may have a rest first.
A. mustn't B. needn't C. may not D. can't
参考答案:
1. 1-5 A D A B B 2. 1-5 C D B C A 3. 1-3 C A A 4. 1-3 D B C
5. 1-4 C B C C 6. 1-3 B A B 7. 1-3 C C C 8. 1-3 A D B
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