被动语态---用.doc

被动语态
一、 语态概述
英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。如：Many people speak English. 谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。
 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。所谓“被动语态”，相当于中文中常说的“被……”、“由……”的句式，如：“他的自行车被偷了。”，“这座楼房是由他们建造的。”再如：English is spoken by many people. 主语English是动词speak的承受者。
判断：看下面的两个例句，你来判断哪个是主动哪个是被动？
  He opened the door.他开了门。  （____________）
  The door was opened.门被开了。（____________）
二、主动语态变被动语态的方法
  （1）把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
  （2）把谓语变成被动结构（be＋过去分词）（根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式）。
  （3）把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如：
  All the people ___________（laugh）at him. →
He was ___________（laugh）at by all people.
They ___________（make）the bikes in the factory.→
The bikes are ___________（make）by them in the factory.
 三、被动语态的用法
（1）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例如：
  Some new computers___________（steal）last night.
  一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。（不知道电脑是谁偷的）
  This book __________（publish）in 1981. 这本书出版于1981年。
（2）强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。例如：
  The window ___________（break）by Mike.
  This book __________（write）by him.
  Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.
四、被动语态的构成 
 被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。
 1.一般现在时： am/is/are+过去分词
  肯定句：Bikes are ________（sell）in that shop.
  否定句：____________________
  疑问句：____________________
2.一般过去时： was/were+过去分词
  肯定句：China __________（liberate）in 1949.
  否定句：__________________
疑问句：____________________
3.一般将来时：  shall/will/be going to + be+过去分词
  肯定句：An English class _________（give）by Jack tomorrow.
  否定句：____________________
  疑问句：____________________
4.现在进行时：am/is/are + being+过去分词
  肯定句：A car ___________（drive）now.
  否定句：.____________________
  疑问句：____________________
5.现在完成时：have / has+ been+过去分词
  肯定句：A road__________（build）by the government.
  否定句：____________________
  疑问句：____________________
6.情态动词：情态动词+be + P.P
  1）This clock can ___________（repair）here.
  2）The trees may ___________（plant）at other times of the year.
  3）The composition must ___________（hand）in after class.
  4）The young trees should ___________（plant）in spring.
 五、含有情态动词的被动语态
    含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。
  We can ___________（repair）this watch in two days.
  → This watch can ___________（repair）in two days.
  You ought to ___________（take）it away.
  → It ought to ___________（take）away.
  They should ___________（do）it at once.
  → It should ___________（do）at once.
六、含双宾语的主动结构变被动结构
    含有双宾语的主动句改为被动句时，应将其中一个宾语改为被动结构的主语，另一个宾语仍保留在原处。一种情况是把间接宾语（指人）变为主语，直接宾语（指物）不变；另一种情况是把直接宾语（指物）变为主语，间接宾语（指人）不变，这时，间接宾语前通常加介词to，有时加for。例如：
1. My father gave me a new book on my birthday.
　→ I was given a new book（by my father）on my birthday.（间接宾语作了主语）
　→ A new book was given to me（by my father）on my birthday.（直接宾语作了主语）
2. Father bought me a new coat.
  → I was bought a new coat . （间接宾语作了主语）
  → A new coat was bought for me. （直接宾语作了主语）

七、补充
    一些宾补动词如make, see, hear等在主动语态中可以接动词原形（实为省略to的动词不定式）作为宾语补足语的动词在变被动语态是一定要注意恢复to。如：
  He made me stand outside. → I was made to stand outside（by him）.
  I saw him play football. → He was seen to play football（by him）.
小小练习
（   ）1. Basketball _____after school twice a week.
         A. is played       B. will be played     C. was played
（   ）2. A lift ______ to go up and down every day.
        A. is used     B. are used     C. be used
（   ）3. Shoes ____ in the shop last year.
        A. was sold      B. is sold      C. were sold
（   ）4. In this game their hands __________.
        A. not be seen   B. be not seen   C. can’t be seen
（   ）5. These mooncakes _______ already by Mary.
    A. will be eaten B. haven’t been eaten C. have been eaten
（   ）6. He ______ to the hospital in a few minutes.
        A. was taken     B. is taken     C. will be taken
（   ）7. My birthday cake _________yet.
        A. is made     B. has been made   C. hasn’t been made
（   ）8. English _______ in this school since 1980.
        A. is taught     B. has been taught   C. was taught
（   ）9. The boy ______by Ling Feng.
        A. are looked after    B. can be looked after 
  C. were looked after
（   ）10. These treasures ______since many years ago.
         A. have been kept   B. were kept     C. are kept
（   ）11. The garden _______ a week ago.
     A. is tidied     B. has been tidied   C. was tidied
（   ）12. He wanted to know if the tickets ______ to him tomorrow.
     A. would be sent   B. will be sent     C. are sent
（   ）13. At the crossing, a policeman _____often _____.A. is...seen     B. was...seen      C.are...seen
（   ）14. Sometimes they _______ play football.
      A. are seen to    B. are seen    C. will be seen to
（   ）15. All the clothes in the shop _______.
 A. is tried on    B. was tried on    C. can be tried on
（   ）16. The worker said that he _______ a ladder at once.
  A. needs  B. needed  C.was needed   D. is needed
（   ）17. A doctor _______for by her last month.
      A. send     B. were sent   C. was sent   D. sent
（   ）18. The doctor ________ Edison’s mother.
         A. was saved   B. has been saved  
C. saved   D. have saved
（   ）19. So much metal ______ into small pieces here every day.、
A. were cut B. are cut  C.is cut     D. cut
（   ）20. --- Where is Jim’s telephone number?
           --- It ______ on the blackboard already.
         A. writes   B. wrote  
C. is written   D. has been written
将下列句子变为被动语态，每空一词。
1. We ate some bananas last night.
Some bananas ______ _______ by us last night.
2. When will you hand in your homework?
When ______ your homework ______ ______ _____ ?
3. You must finish your homework first.
Your homework ______ ______ ________ first.
4. My mother has bought me a toy car.
A toy car _______ _______ _______ _______ me by my mother.
5. He looks after his father very well.
His father _______ _______ _______ very well by him.
6. I saw him cross the road just now.
He ________ ________ ________ ________ the road by me just now.
7. Do they tell you about it?
________ you ________ about it by them?
8. They are reading a novel now.
A novel ________ ________ ________ by them now.
1. English ___________（speak）in Canada.
2. The blouse ___________（make）of silk.
3. English ___________（speak）by many people.
1. Some stamps ___________（steal）last week.
2. The PRC ___________（found）on October 1, 1949.
3. Football ___________（play）in most middle schools.
改写1. People speak English in many countries.
2. The bike is being repaired. (A worker)
3. He taught me Chinese last term.
4. The reading – room must be kept clean.
5. Mum will buy me a T – shirt tomorrow.
6. She was seen reading a book. (I)
7. They let the dog go.
8. The books have been taken from the library. (The little boy)