初中英语语法之十二非谓语动词.doc

非谓语动词

一.定义：非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，即动词的非谓语形式。
二.分类：动词不定式、v-ing形式和过去分词。
（一） 动词不定式
1)构成：(not) to do / (not) do
2)句法功能：（1）作主语：
　　To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 　To lose your heart means failure. 灰心意味着失败。
动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，
例如上面两句可用如下形式：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. It means failure to lose your heart. 灰心意味着失败。
常用句式： It+be+形容词+to do sth. It takes sb.+some time+to do sth. It+be+形容词+of /forsb +to do sth.
常用careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, silly, stupid, wise,等表示赞扬或批评的
形容词，不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。
区别：当使用for时，句中形容词修饰的是不定式；
It’s necessary for you to study hard .（necessary 修饰 to study hard，表示学习努力是有必要的）
而用of时，句中形容词修饰逻辑主语。 It’s foolish of him to do it .（foolish 修饰逻辑主语him）
（2）作表语：
　　Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打扫大厅。
seem作连系动词，其后的to be 不定式可省。
She seems to be ill today.= She seems ill.= It seems that she is ill.
（3）作宾语：
　　常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage,
help, agree, promise, prefer, I hope to get good grades. I want to help you.
注意：
① 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面。 I found it difficult to learn math well.
②动词不定式也可充当介词宾语。 I have no choice but to stay here. 我只能留在这里，别无选择。
　　He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 他上周日除了修他的自行车什么也没干。
③动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用。
　　He gave us some advice on how to learn English. 他给了我们一些学英语的建议。
（4）作宾语补足语：
　　在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：
want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
　　有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，
不定式要加to, 　I saw him cross the road. He was seen to cross the road.
（5）作定语： 动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。
He found a good house to live in.
（6）作状语：
　　①表目的： He worked day and night to get the money. 他夜以继日地工作来赚钱。
　　She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 她卖掉了自己的头发来买那条表链。
　　②表结果(往往是与预期愿望相反的结果 意料之外)，常位于句尾。
　　He arrived late only to find the train had gone. 他来晚了，只见火车已经走了。
　　I visited him only to find him out. 我去拜访他，只见他出去了。
　　③表原因：hey were very sad to hear the news. 他们听到这条新闻非常伤心。
　　④表程度： It's too dark for us to see anything. 太暗了，我们什么也看不见。
　 ⑤表条件：不定式表条件常位于句首。
To be heated，liquid will change into gas.如果受热，液体就会变成气体。
⑥表方式:不定式可接在as if / as though之后
He moved his mouth as if to say something. 他嘴唇动了动，好像要说什么事。　
（7）不定式做独立成分 To tell you the truth, I don’t like it. 告诉你实话，我不喜欢它。
（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。
　If you don't want to do it, you don't need to. 如果你不想做这件事，你就不必做。
（9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。
　 He wished to study medicine and become a doctor. 他希望学医并成为医生。
（二）.v-ing形式
1）分类：v-ing形式包括现在分词和动名词，
2）句法功能：
（1）作主语： 　Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。
（2）作表语： 　In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。
（3）作宾语： They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：
　　enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse, delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider,
admit（承认）， deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）,
appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help（情不自禁地）,
think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…（from）,
protect…from, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, pay attention to, insist on,
（4）作定语： Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗？
（三）.过去分词
1）构成：-ed
2）句法功能：
（1）做定语Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
（2）做宾语补足语I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
（3）做表语 They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意：1.有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别
　1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做） forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）
2）stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事
3）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做） remember doing记得做过某事(已做)
4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾 regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔
5）try to do尽全力，努力做某事 try doing尝试做某事
6) mean to do打算，有意要… mean doing意味着
7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情） go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情）
8）propose to do 打算（要做某事） proposing doing建议（做某事）
9) learn to do … 学着去做某事 learn doing … 学会做某事
10) can’t help to do…不能帮助做某事 can’t help doing … 情不自禁做某事
11) used to do … 过去做某事 be used to doing … 习惯做某事
12）e /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为；+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念
　　（注)如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。
　 　I should like to see him tomorrow．
13）need, want, deserve +动名词表被动意义；The room needs cleaning.
+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。
2.常考句式：
1）see/watch/notice/hear/find sb. doing sth. 强调动作正在进行
see/watch/notice/hear/find sb. to do sth. 强调动作发生的事实
2) keep sb. doing sth. 让某人做某事 3）finish doing sth. 做完某事
4）spend time/money (in) doing sth. 花费时间/金钱做某事
5）have difficulty/trouble doing sth. 做某事有困难
6）how/what about doing sth? 做某事怎么样？（提建议）
非谓语动词——巩固练习
Ⅰ. 填空
(A) 用括号中的动词适当形式填空
1.We are so glad ________ (hear) the news.
2.I saw him ________ (cross) the road safely and ________ (run) away.
3.You can’t make him ________ (do) what you want.
4.I don’t know where ________ (meet) him.
5.What makes you ________ (think) I’m a farmer?
6.Did you see him ________ (go) upstairs?
7.It is better ________ (put) your money in a bank.
8.It is difficult for the boy ________ (swim) across the river.
9.I let him ________ (go) early as he wanted ________ (meet) his uncle at the station.
10.Will you help me ________ (move) the bed?
11.If he doesn’t know, how ________ (use) the recorder, you’d better ________ (show) him.
12.He is the last one ________ (leave) the office every day.
13.It’s bad manners ________ (shout) in public.
14.The boy is old enough ________ (dress) himself.
15.She is too ill ________ (go) to school.
(B) 填入动名词的适当形式.
1.Can you imagine yourself ______　in a lonely island? (stay)
2.I can't understand your ______　at that poor child.(laugh)
3.She didn't mind _______　overtime.(work)
4.To make a living, he tried _______, ________,and various other things,
but he had failed in all .(write; paint)
5.We are looking forward to Mary's________　. (come) .
6.She was praised for _______ the life of the child.(save)
7.She ought to be praised instead of ______ (criticize).
8.Is there any possibility of our ______　the championship?(win)
9.He came to the party without _______(invite)　
10. Don’t keep me __________(wait) for a long time.
11. Knives are used for ______________(cut) things.
12. Can you finish ___________(read) the book in three days?
13. The doctor was busy ____________(operate) on the boy at that time.
14. Stop ___________(talk) and listen to me carefully.
15. Thank you very much for ____________(help) us.
16. Granny is very ill and she doesn’t feel like ___________(eat) anything.
17. The girl enjoys ___________(listen) to light music.
18. Do you remember ___________(buy) me a beautiful skirt on my 13th birthday?
19. We couldn’t help _________(laugh) after we heard the funny story.
20. What about ___________(go) out for a walk?
Ⅱ. 用不定式完成下列句子
1.Have you decided ________（怎样度假）.
2.It is dangerous ________（玩火）.
3.She was the first woman ________（环球飞行的）.
4.The boy was made ________（重复他自己的故事）.
5.The old lady looked at the children ________（穿过马路）.
6.It took me much time ________（算出这些难题）yesterday.
7.The boss made the workers ________（一天工作十小时）.
8.I don’t know ________（在会上说什么）.
9.Can you tell me ________（在哪里能买到这本书）?
10.________（在何时何地召开这会议）hasn’t been decided yet.
Ⅲ．根据句意改写句子
1．The old man is so old that he can’t work.
The old man is too old .
2. I don’t know how I can get to the TV factory.
I don’t know to the TV factory.
3. Mr. Green went back to England for a holiday.
Mr. Green went back to England a holiday.
4. Mike hopes he can visit the Great Wall on day.
Mike hopes the Great Wall one day.
5. Does he say anything for himself at the meeting?
Does he have anything for himself at the meeting?
6. He is so strong that he can carry the heavy box.
He is strong the heavy box.
7. He spent two hours doing the work.
It him two hours the work.
8. It’s time for school.
It’s time school.
9. It seems that she is an English teacher.
She an English teacher.
10. His father said to him, “listen to the teacher carefully.”
His father told him the teacher carefully.
实战演练
1. I’m thirsty. Will you get me something ____ A. drink B. to drink C. eat D. eating
2. It was great fun _____ a picnic on the hill. A. to have B. of having C. have D. had
3. It’s bad for your eyes ____ computer games for a long time.A. plays B. to play C. play D. played
4. ----Do you often hear John ____ in his room?
----Yes. Listen! Now we can hear him ____ in his room.
A. sing; to sing B. singing; singing C. sing; singing D. to sing; singing
5. Why not ____?
A. let him to go home B. to let him go homeC. let him go home D. to let him to go home
6. They were made ____ fourteen hours a day. A. work B. working C. worked D. to work
7. Is it always easier ____ friends than to keep them?A. making B. make C. to make D. made
8. It ____ Jack twenty minutes ____ the math problem yesterday.
A. took; to work out B. takes; worked out C. has taken; work out D. is taking; working out
9. When you leave, don’t forget ____ off the light. A. to turn B. turning C. turn D. turned
10. Who do you think you’d like ____?
A. to make friends B. make friends C. to make friends with D. make friends with
11. Although Jeff loves KFC, he tries ____ it too often.
A. to eat B. not eat C. to not eat D. not to eat
12. ----Hi, Betty. Shall we go swimming this Sunday?
----This Sunday? I am sorry, I have a lot of homework ____ this Sunday.
A. to do B. done C. do D. to be done
13. Sally had no pen ____ yesterday morning.
A. to write B. to write with C. writing D. writing with
14. John asked David how ____ Christmas.
A. celebrating B. to celebrate C. to be celebrated D. celebrate
15. We all considered Mr Zhao ____ teacher.
A. be the best B. to be the best C. being best D. being the best
16. It’s very kind ____ you to ____ me ____ the heavy bag.
A. for; tell; to take B. of; thank; for C. to; speak; to have D. of; help; carry
17. Have you decided ____?
A. to go with whom B. whom to go with C. whom go with D. with whom to go
18. Her hope ____ a gold medal in the 2008 Olympic Games.
A. to win B. is to win C. winning D. will win
19. The meeting room is big enough ____ one hundred people.
A. holding B. hold C. to hold D. holds
20. Would you please pass me the knife ____?
A. to cut the watermelon with B. to cut the watermelon
C. cutting the watermelon D. cutting the watermelon with
21. It is better to teach a man to fish than ____ him fish. A. giving B. to give C. gives D. gave
22. The policeman warned the young man____ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive
23. What do you think is the best way ____the wild animals?
A. protecting B. to protect C. protected D. protect
24. I’d rather ____ on the land ____ in a factory.
A. work; than work B. work; work C. to work; than to work D. to work; to work
25. My grandfather is used ____ a hat in winter.
A. to wear B. for wearing C. wearing D. to wearing
26. I’m sorry ____ you enough help.
A. have given B. of not giving C. not to have given D. to have given
27. Some students from Grade 9 ____ do some ____ for the old.
A. volunteered to; clean B. volunteered; cleaning C. volunteered to; cleaning D. volunteered; clean
28. The young man was often seen ____ by the lake. A. to draw B. to drawing C. draw D. drew
29. Tom is ____ to make a living by himself.A. very old B. too young C. too big D. too strong
30. I find ____ him all about it.
A. necessary to tell B. that necessary to C. necessary it to tell D. it necessary to tell
参考答案
I、(A)1.to hear 2.cross, run 3.do 4.to meet 5.think 6.go 7.to put 8.to swim 9.go, to meet
10.(to) meet 11.to use, show 12.to leave 13.to shout 14.to dress 15.to go
(B) 1.staying　2.laughing　 3.working 4.writing; painting　ing 6.having saved 7.being criticized　　
8.winning 9.being invited 10. waiting 11. cutting 12. Reading 13. operating 14.talking 15. helping
16.eating 17. listening 18.buying 19.laughing 20. going
II、
1. how to spend your holiday 2 to play with fire 3to fly around the earth 4 to report his own story
5 to cross the road 6 to work out these difficult problems 7 work ten hours every day
8 what to say at the meeting 9 where to buy this book 10 When and where to hold the meeting
Ⅲ.1. to work 2. how to get 3. to have 4. to visit 5. to say 6. enough to carry
7. took, to do 8. to go to 9. seems to be 10. to listen to
实战演练
1—5 BABCC 6---10 DCAAC 11---15 DABBB 16---20 DBBCA
21—25 BABAD 26---30 CCABD 31—35 BBAAC 36—40 DBAAD