高中英语教学论文-高考英语专题讲座-阅读理解.doc

专题讲座 阅读理解不少同学反映:“老师，做阅读理解题时，我对文章的语句完全能看懂，可是选答案时却总出错，您讲一讲阅读技巧吧!”有些老师在读过一篇文章后发现自己的判断与答案有出入时，也深感技巧方面出了故障，经过归纳，大体有如下说法：要学会抓主旨大意；能够略去不必要的信息；会掠读、跳读、不必回读；能够根据题干及作者的意图在文章中快速搜寻有关信息上述表述，应当说没有错误，但学生们实践后往往收效甚微。为什么?因为这些方法没有抓住中学生英语学习的现实和实质。目前中学生的词汇学习量不足2000词（初中1200、高中750），学生真正掌握并能运用的词汇量则更少。教学大纲规定阅读量至多20万词，然而目前高考英语试卷的词汇要求为30003500词左右（含派生、转化及合成）。以不足2000词的词汇量去读3500词为底线的文章，肯定读不深吃不透，在此基础上用什么技巧和思路也只能是一个字-“猜”。自然无准确性可言了。作为一名英语学习者，要想突破阅读关，在高考中拿高分，要解决“三量”，即词汇量-3500词；阅读量-35万词，也即1000篇300余词的短文；阅读质量-能本着信达雅的原则用中文说出文意。1词汇量词汇量的3500词包括常见词及词组和日常会话中的单词、词组，最常见的涉及文化、科普、政治、经济，甚至军事的词。同时还要会认、会用派生，包括前缀和后缀。比如近年高考中就出现过的inexpensive， unthinkable， computerize。要真正做到会认、会用，就必须多读文章，细读文章，在大量认读中逐步加深前后缀的印象，逐步积累生词。平日学习新词时，要善于运用不同方法加强记忆，扩大词汇量。比如可以采用摘葡萄法、归纳法、联想法等。摘葡萄法就是把相互联系的词串到一起，比如当我们学习shoulder时，应联想到arm， elbow， wrist， fist， hand， palm， finger， thumb， index，finger，middle，finger， ring，finger， little，finger，甚至foe。归纳法则可把那些形相近意相远的词联系到一起，如medal， model， metal， mental； violet紫罗兰， violent， violate凶暴。联想法是指在学习过程中发现一个词联想到与它相关的词，比如当我们见到physical labor时，可联想到“脑力劳动”，从而查找到mental labor。具体可参见以前发过的词汇扩展2阅读量阅读量是指300余词的短文，至少要读1000篇。考虑到高三现状，读小说有一定困难，读短文是个好办法。一方面可选取阅读理解书目上的文章，另一方面可读21世纪报及21世纪报中学生版上的文章。因为这些文章篇幅不长，紧密联系生活实际，涵盖社会现实和天下大事，可读性很强。到高三的第二学期才动手，也不算晚，那必须把阅读量加大到每天五篇，这样才能见成效。3阅读质量阅读质量含五步。第一步读文章做理解题。第二步是出声朗读其中的一段，而且必须注意语音、语调、重读、弱读、连读、失去爆破和清辅音浊化。目前中学生上高中后发声朗读训练的机会越来越少，从上边七项要求自己的机会则几乎没有，高考中的听力自然得分不高。因为听力中的对话与朗读是依照前边提到的七大要点录制的。第三步是用笔划一划你认为应当记住的词、词组、短语，较好的句子。认真划，划得越多则说明读者的心越细，随着时间的推移，若划的越来越少了，说明水平也提高了。第四步是注意一下边边角角的知识，因为它有助于你对文章的理解，有助于短文写作中的应用。比如2001年高考E篇文章的第七段中有Even when a man is said to be a best friend， the two share little about their innermost feelings Where as a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage根据句意我们知道，where as=however，或but，这种关联词在文章中常常起到承上启下的作用。高中毕业生在高考的短文写作中常出现这样一种情况，单看每个句子不存在问题，但就是上下连贯不到一起。这其中的重要毛病是不会使用像where as这样的词及相关短语。而这些技能的养成不是靠教师课堂上讲的，也不是靠日常口头说才会的，主要依靠平日阅读中细心理解，出声朗读，写作中使用。第五步在前面已谈到，读过一篇文章后若能用中文讲明白，说明你懂了，若讲不明白，则说明质量没过关。以2000年E篇的第一段为例， Excused from recycling （回收利用） because you live in a high rise with a rubbish chute（垃圾道）? You wont be for long!两句中注出两处中文，有一处课本中学过。由于考生不知句意，结果在这两句基础上的第68题的正答率出奇得低，高分段同学的错误率比低分段的同学还高。这说明了认识的词并不意味着懂句意，更说明了“掠读”、“跳读”、“猜”的偏颇。如能按第三步的方式划一划，查一查，平日有积累，还愁不能正确理解该句：“难道因为你住高层建筑，又有垃圾道就可以不进行分拣和回收了吗?不用多久就应这样做”。再比如高三课本（上）的第128页中有这样一段: On hearing this，Marlin got angry and shouted，“You want me to take the place of a monkey? Take its place yourself ! You look more like a monkey than I do”原意是：“马林刚一听到这里，就气愤地吼道，你想让我扮猴子吗?你去扮好了，你长得才像猴呢!”然而不少学生，甚至一部分教师都错解为“你长得比我更像猴!”这样一来就闹出定位错误的笑话了。从这个例子中我们也能看出这样一个现实，读懂了句子，未必理解准确到位，换言之，表层意思与深层含义是不一样的。要想达到翻译上的信达雅，不加大量阅读，不按照上述五步的方法加强训练，解阅读理解题的水平很难提高。综上所述，提高解阅读理解题的水平决非一蹴而就，而应经过长时间的大量阅读。由于不少英语单词和词组是一词多意，因此要在阅读中逐步加深印象，拓宽词汇量，这样才能突破阅读关。同学们可能会问读什么样的文章好，应该是两类文章并进。一种是21世纪报和21世纪报中学生版，同学们可依上述五步每周阅读一份报纸，一定能开阔视野，扩大词汇量，增加知识；另一种是有阅读理解题的文章，他们能检测你理解的程度，提高你高考时做阅读理解题的分值。简而言之，要疯狂，要持久。疯狂阅读指量，持久阅读指质。那么突破阅读关的时间离你就越来越近了。第一章主旨概括第一课一、试卷分析与展望 阅读理解中非常重要的一个技巧就是在阅读中迅速地抓住文章或段落的主旨大意，也就是中心思想。文章或段落的中心思想犹如一支蜡烛的芯。这根芯看似无关紧要，但是如果没有它，那么这支蜡烛就不能再称为蜡烛，而是一堆蜡。所以，一篇文章通常是围绕一个中心思想展开的。要领悟文章的主旨大意，这就需要考生具备归纳和概括等方面的能力。而这种归纳和概括能力又常常是考试中被考查的重点。 下面，我们一起来回顾一下1996-2002年十年的全真试题，就可知道此项技能的重要性了。1What does the second paragraph mainly discuss? NMET96 （61） 9 The main purpose of announcing the above events is to give information about_NMET96 （66） 10This news story is mainly about _ NMET97 （51） 11The text is mainly about _ NMET97 （55） 12 The text is mainly about _NMET98 （51） 13 What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph? NMET98 （54） 14 The text is mainly about _NMET98 （57） 15 What would be the best title for the text? NMET98 （70） 16 This article mainly tells about the story of _ NMET99 （51） 17 The writers purpose in writing this story is _ NMET2000（54）18 According to the writer of the text , imagining the future will _NMET2000（66）19 The purpose in writing this text is _NMET2000（67）从上述全真试题中，我们可以总结出，对于文章或段落的主旨大意设问的形式一般是： 1 The main idea of the passage （text） is _ 2 The text （passage） is mainly about _ 3 What does the passage mainly discuss （deal with）? 4 Which of the following sentences best expresses the main idea?5 The main point of the passage is _6 The best headline for this newspaper article would be _ 7 Which of the following is the best title to be given to the article?8 What is the topic of the text? 9 The main purpose of the story is to tell us _ 10 The conclusion we can get from the story is _ 大家只要记住，看到问题中使用mainly, main，title，headline，topic，conclusion等词时，就得仔细领会文章的主旨大意了。当然，除了上述通用的句型，还可用其它的形式设问，这就要求我们认真理会题干的意思了。例如92年的75题“The writer tells this story to _”以及93年的66题“The writer wrote the story in order to _ ”也是考查考生对主旨大意的理解 二、基本训练Mike is a freshman（新生） in college He is also trying to earn the money he needs to live on As a result, he works forty hours a week at a gasoline station But this work must be done at night because Mike is a full-time college student Mike also tries to make time for things he enjoys doing that are not related to college and work He likes to ski in winter and play in summer However, he is finding less and less time for these pleasures Question: Which sentence best expresses the main idea? A Mike is very busy B A freshman has to work many hours all week C Mike has pleasures in his spare time D Mike has a lot of homework Telephone, television, radio, and the telegraph all help people communicate with each other Because of these devices, ideas and news of events spread quickly all over the world For example, within seconds, people can know the results of an election in Japan or Argentina（阿根廷） An international soccer match comes into the home of everyone with a television set News of disaster such as an earthquake or a flood can bring help from distant countries Within hours, help is on the way Because of modern technology like the four thousand satellites that travel around the world, information travels fast Question: The main idea of the passage is that _ A News of a disaster travels quickly and help can come quickly from distant countries B Election results can be known almost immediately C Communication is good D Information travels very fast because of technology 三、高考实战（90年高考阅读题）A well-known old man was being interviewed （采访） and was asked if it was correct that he had just celebrated his ninety-ninth birthday Thats right, said the old man Ninety-nine years old, and I havent an enemy in the world Theyre all dead Well, sir, said the interviewer, I hope very much to have the honour of interviewing you on your hundredth birthday The old man looked at the young man closely, and said, I cant see why you shouldnt You look fit and healthy to me! 1 The old man said he had not an enemy in the world, which shows that he was a very _ A friendly manhe never made any enemies B healthy manhe lived longer than all his enemies C lucky manhis enemies had all died D terrible manhe had got rid of all his enemies2 When the interviewer said that he hoped very much to have the honour of interviewing the old man again the following year, _ A he was trying to make the old man happy B he wished he himself would live another year C he did not believe the old man would live to be one hundred D he did not believe he would interview the old man again3 When the old man said I cant see why you shouldnt, what he meant was _ A You must try to live another year to interview me again next year B Of course you can see me again since youre so fit and healthy C If I live to a hundred years, you should interview me again D Unless you live another year, you wouldnt be able to interview me again4 What kind of man would you say the old man was? A He was silly B He was unpleasant C He was very proud and sure of his health D He was very impolite to young peopleAnnealing Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly If metal is heated and then cooled very quickly, for example by dipping （浸） it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle（脆）that is, It will break easily Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as is wished, by annealing it The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly, for a certain length of time The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes Annealing can also be used on other materials, such as glass 5 Annealing can make metal _ A hard and tough（韧） B hard but brittle C soft but tough D soft and brittle6 Why do people put hot metal in water? A To make it hard B To make it soft C To make it cool D To make it brittle7 In annealing, the required hardness of a metal depends on _ A the quantity of water used B the temperature of the metal C the softness of the metal D the timing of the operation8 As suggested by the text, how can glass be made less brittle? A It can be heated and then cooled quickly B It can be cooled and then heated slowly C It can be heated and then cooled slowly D It can be cooled and then heated quicklyI would almost rather see you dead, Robert S Cassatt, a leading banker （银行家） of Philadelphia, shouted when his twenty-year-old eldest daughter announced that she wanted to become an artist In the 19th century, playing at drawing or painting on dishes was all right for a young lady, but serious work in art was not And when the young ladys family ranked among （跻身于） the best of Philadelphias social（社交界的）families, such an idea could not even be considered That was how Mary Cassatt, born 1844, began her struggle as an artist She did not tremble before her fathers anger Instead, she opposed （抗拒）him with courage and at last made him change his mind Mary Cassatt gave up her social position（社会地位）and all thought of a husband and a family, which in those times was unthinkable for a young lady In the end, after long years of hard work and perseverance（坚持）, she became Americas most important woman artist and the internationally recognized leading woman painter of the time 9 How did Mr Cassatt react（反应）when his daughter made her announcement? A He feared for her life B He was very angry C He nearly killed her D He warned her10 What in fact was Mr Cassatts main reason in opposing his daughters wish? A Drawing and painting was simply unthinkable among ladies in those days B He did not believe his daughter wanted to work seriously in art C He believed an artists life would be too hard for his daughter D Ladies of good families simply did not become artists in those times11 What made Mary Cassatts struggle to become a recognized artist especially hard? A She was a woman B Her father opposed her C She had no social position D She did not come from an artists family12 What do we know about Mary Cassatts marriage （婚姻）? A Her marriage failed because she never gave a thought to her husband and family B She never married because she did not want to be just a wife and mother C After marriage she decided to give up her husband rather than her career （事业） D She did not marry because for a lady of her social position to marry below her was unthinkable13 What do we know about Robert Cassatts character from the text? A He was a cruel man B He was a stubborn （固执的） man C He knew nothing about art D He knew little about his daughter14 What do we know about Mary Cassatts character? A She was brave in going against old ideas B She got tired of always obeying her father C She hated playing at drawing and painting D She did not mind being poor at all15 As we can learn from the text, which of the following was generally considered the most important in the life of a woman in the US in Mary Cassatts times? A Money B Career C Marriage D Courage Benin Benin is one of the smallest African states It lies in West Africa on the Gulf（海湾）of Guinea, to the south of Burkina Faso and Niger, between Togo on the west and Nigeria on the east Benin used to be called Dahomey and was controlled and ruled by France from 1893 to 1960, when it became independent（独立） In 1963 the army general Soglo overthrew（推翻）the first president Maga Soglo set up an army government and called himself head of state in 1965, but was overthrown and replaced （取代） by a civilian（非军人）government in 1967 In December 1969 Benin had another change of power with the army again taking over（接管） In May 1970, Maga and two other men set up a newgovernment, with each of them acting as president in turn for two years However, half a year after Maga turned over power to the second man Ahomadegbe, the three-man government was overthrown by the army once more and General Kerekou became president In November 1975 Kerekou changed the name of the nation from Dahomey to Benin, Benin being the name of a 17th century kingdom covering the same place Kerekou also announced that Benin would be a Peoples Republic based on Marxism-Leninism 16 Which of the following maps shows rightly the positions of Benin and its neighbouring countries? （Bn = Benin ; Tg = Togo ; Nr = Niger ; BF = Burkina Faso ; Na = Nigeria ; GG = Gulf of Guinea）17 For how long was Benin under France? A For over a century B For roughly a century C For over half a century D Under half a century18 For how long was Benin an independent state before it became a Peoples Republic? A15 years B25 years C20 years D30 years19 Choose the right order in which the following people ruled in Benin （Ah = Ahomadegbe; Ke = Kerekou; Ma = Maga; So = Soglo） A So, Ma, Ah, Ma, Ke B Ma, So, Ma, Ke, Ah C So, Ma, Ke, Ma, Ah D Ma, So, Ma, Ah, Ke20 When and how did Benin get its two namesBenin and Dahomey? A Dahomey was its oldest name, but it has been replaced by Benin B Benin was its oldest name The name Dahomey was used later, but has been replaced by Benin again C Dahomey was its oldest name The name Benin was used later, but has been replaced by Dahomey again D