社区矫正适用范围及条件之分析中英文翻译.doc

社区矫正适用范围及条件之分析中英文翻译
Community correction English translation of the scope and conditions of

论文摘要 社区矫正作为一项刑种或者刑法执行的具体措施，其内容与模式在还是受到了刑法基本属性和刑法的适用的目的等因素的限制。目前我国关于社区矫正对象及适用的条件存在的一定的漏洞与缺陷。我国现行规定的几类人员中：被取保候审人、监视居住的未决犯、刑满释放人员、被剥夺政治权利的社区服刑人员和暂与监外执行人员并不宜开展社区矫正。主观恶性、暴力犯罪、累犯等因素不应该成为排除社区矫正适用的充分条件。
Abstract the community correction as a kind of punishment or criminal law enforcement measures, the contents and pattern is the basic attributes of the criminal law and the application of the objective constraints in or. At present, China's community correction on the defects of some objects and application conditions. Several kinds of personnel regulations in China: being released on bail, pending make residential surveillance, the ex-convict, deprived of political rights of inmates in the community and the temporary execution outside prison staff and not with the development of community correction. Subjective vicious, violent crime, and other factors should not be excluded. Sufficient conditions for the community correction.
　　论文关键词 社区矫正 适用范围 适用条件
Keywords community correction conditions applicable scope
　　针对目前社区矫正制度在我国的研究现状，笔者通过对现行的关于社区矫正适用的五类对象以及适用条件的合理性提出了质疑，主要探讨与社区矫正有关的一些理论和实践上的争议。希望能通过笔者的努力，能够引起相关部门的关注，促使社区矫正的制度能够更加的完善。
At present, the community correction system of the status quo in China, the author of the present community correction on the five types of objects and suitable conditions for the rationality of proposed the question, mainly discusses some theory and practice relating to the dispute and community correction. Hope that through my efforts, can cause the attention of the relevant departments, the community correction system can be more perfect.
　　一、社区矫正适用的对象范围
One, the scope of community correction
　　（一）社区矫正适用对象的理论和实践争议
( a ) the application objects of the community correction of the theory and practice of dispute
　　社区矫正在各个国家所经历的发展历程不同，自然其所涵盖的类型以及对象在各个国家也存在差异的。例如，美国的社区矫正制度就涵盖了假释、缓刑、电子控制、家中监禁、中途训练所、日报告中心、社区服务以及赔偿等等。而根据最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部、司法部联合发布的《关于开展社区矫正试点工作的通知》（以下简称两院两部《通知》）的规定以及司法行政机关所施行的《社区矫正工作暂行办法》的规定，我国社区矫正试点中的对象主要包括五类罪犯：判处管制刑的罪犯、被宣告缓刑的罪犯、被裁定假释的罪犯、被决定暂予监外执行的罪犯、被剥夺政治权利并在社会上服刑的罪犯。以上规定已经对社区矫正适用的对象作出了明晰的界定。在实践之中，各地区都是据此对社区矫正的对象开展矫正工作。在实践中，社区矫正所涵盖的对象并无争议。但是，针对《通知》以及《社区矫正工作暂行办法》之中，对社区矫正制度适用对象之规定合理与否，在理论上存有很大争议。主要集中于两个方面：第一，现行规定合理与否？第二，社区矫正制度在我国有无扩大之必要及如何扩大？
Community correction development experience in different countries have different nature, the types and objects in each country is different. For example, the United States of America 's system of community corrections parole, probation, it covers the electronic control, home confinement, halfway houses, report center, community service and compensation etc.. According to the Supreme People's court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate, the Ministry of public security, the Ministry of Justice jointly issued the " on the development of community correction work notice " ( hereinafter referred to as the houses of two " notice " ) provisions and judicial administrative organs to implement the work of community correction " Interim measures ", China's community correction pilot mainly includes five types: criminals sentenced to control the criminal punishment, probation, parole criminals convicted criminals, determined by the temporary execution outside Prison Criminals, deprived of political rights and serving in the community. The above regulations have on the application of community correction object made a clear definition. In practice, the region is based on the object of the community correction to carry out rectification work. In practice, the community correction is covered by the object is not controversial. However, according to the " notice " and the " Interim Measures " in the work of community correction, community correction system suitable for the specified object is reasonable or not, there are a lot of controversy in theory. Mainly in two aspects: first, the existing provisions is reasonable or not? Second, the community correction system in China is no expansion necessary and how to expand?
　　1.社区矫正适用的对象现行规定合理性问题
1 community correction applicable provisions of rationality problem
　　当前，在我国社区矫正的理论界中，对于《通知》以及《社区矫正工作暂行办法》中规定对被判处管制刑的罪犯、被宣告缓刑的罪犯、被裁定假释的罪犯适用社区矫正并无争议。但是，对于暂予监外执行以及刑满释放后被剥夺政治权利的罪犯成为社区矫正适用对象，存有争议。
At present, in the theory of community correction in China, the " notice " and " community correction " in the provisions of the interim measures was sentenced to public surveillance, criminal whose sentence is suspended, the criminal was convicted of a criminal community correction is not controversial. However, for the temporary execution outside prison and criminals released from prison after being deprived of political rights as the application objects of the community correction, controversial.
　　首先，关于刑满释放继续被剥夺政治权利的罪犯。有学者认为，被剥夺政治权利的罪犯应当列为社区矫正的适用对象，理由主要是：第一，被剥夺政治权利的罪犯，其监禁刑罚改造完毕，被剥夺政治权利的执行地在社会之中。第二，被剥夺政治权利的罪犯已经经过监禁刑的长期改造社会危险性降低，符合社区矫正之要求。但同时，有学者提出反对的声音：第一，从剥夺政治权利的制度来看，刑法并没有对剥夺政治权利的监外执行人员进行其他方面的限制，这使得社区矫正在实践中难以开展。第二，剥夺政治权利的行使不需要社会力量的参与，这与社区矫正的本质不同。
First of all, on the release to be deprived of political rights. Some scholars think, deprived of political rights of criminals shall be listed as the object of the community correction, the main reason is: the first, deprived of political rights of criminals, the sentence transformation completed, deprived of political rights for execution in the society. Second, deprived of political rights of criminals has been a long-term transformation of social risk imprisonment penalty reduced, to meet the requirements of community correction. But at the same time, some scholars put forward objections: first, from the point of view of deprivation of political rights system, criminal law and not deprived of political rights for the execution of the sentence outside prison staff to other constraints, making it difficult to carry out in the practice of community correction. Second, the exercise of deprivation of political rights do not need the participation of social forces, which is different from the nature of community correction.
　　笔者认为对于被剥夺政治权利的社区服刑人员不应纳入社区矫正的对象范围。第一，对于被剥夺政治权利的社区服刑人员进行社区矫正，存在一定程度的法律冲突。根据《刑法》第54规定，剥夺政治权利刑是指剥夺犯罪人的以下四项权利：选举权和被选举权；言论、出版、集会、结社、游行、示威自由的权利；担任国家机关职务的权利；担任国有公司、企业、事业单位和人民团体领导职务的权利。除上述四种权利外，被剥夺政治权利的社区服刑人员与其他普通公民所享有的权利与自由是一致的。而社区矫正制度具有一定的强制性，需要对被矫正的对象进行一定的自由限制，使其在规定的模式内进行活动，但这明显超出了剥夺政治权利的法定内涵。第二，被剥夺政治权利作为一种资格刑，其适用的目的是为了防卫社会。而社区矫正作为一种社会化行刑措施，它的思想基础是用矫正达到复归社会。此二者在思想基础上并不相同。
The author thinks to be deprived of political rights of inmates in the community should not be included in the scope of community correction. First, to be deprived of political rights of inmates in the community of community correction, there is a certain degree of conflict of laws. According to the " criminal law " the fifty-fourth regulation, the deprivation of political rights refers to the following four rights deprives the crime : the right to vote and to be elected; speech, publication, assembly, association, parade, demonstration of the right to freedom; the right to hold a position in state organs; in a State-Owned Company, enterprise, institution or people's organization leadership positions right. In addition to the above four kinds of rights, the rights and freedoms have been deprived of political rights of inmates in the community and other ordinary citizens are consistent. Community correction system has a mandatory, the need for freedom of certain restrictions on the object to be corrected, so that its activities in the mode, but this is obviously beyond the legal connotation of deprivation of political rights. Second, deprived of political rights as a kind of qualification penalty, its application is for the purpose of defending the society. Community correction as a kind of socialized execution measures, its ideological foundation is corrected to return to society. The two are not the same in the ideological basis.
　　其次，关于暂予监外执行的罪犯。暂予监外执行的对象主要是患有严重疾病需要保外就医的；怀孕或者正在哺乳期的妇女；被判处有期徒刑、拘役，生活不能自理，适用暂予监外执行不致危害社会的罪犯。有学者认为，暂予监外执行应当列入社区矫正的适用对象，理由主要是：第一，暂予监外执行的罪犯的羁押场所发生了从监狱内到社会外的转变，执行的地点与社区矫正有一定的相似性。第二，监外执行的对象社会危险性较低，不会影响社会的最低安全底线。反对的学者认为暂予监外执行不应纳入社区矫正的对象范围。主要理由是：第一，社区矫正的适用对象必须是人身危险性小的罪犯，而暂予监外执行条件中并无要求罪犯有悔改的表现，暂予监外执行的罪犯的罪行可能较重，悔改表现可能不好。第二，暂予监外执行只是形式上走入社会，实际上他们没有进入社会而成为社区的正式成员。
Secondly, on the temporary execution outside prison. Temporary execution outside prison is the main object of severe illness requiring medical treatment; pregnant or lactating women; sentenced to prison, detention, the life cannot provide for oneself, for the temporary execution outside prison would not endanger the society. Some scholars think, temporary execution outside prison shall be included in the applicable object of the community correction, the main reason is: first, the temporary execution outside prison criminal detention place changed from inside to outside the prison society, location and community enforcement correction has certain similarities. Second, the object of social risk execution outside prison is low, will not affect the minimum security line of society. Against the scholars think that the temporary execution outside prison shall not be included in the scope of community correction. The main reasons are: first, the proper objects of community correction must be personal dangerousness small criminals, and the temporary execution outside prison conditions do not require the expression of repentance, the temporary execution outside prison criminals may be heavier, repentance performance may not be good. Second, the temporary execution outside prison is only the form into the community, in fact they did not enter the society and become full members of the community.
　　笔者认为对于暂予监外执行人员亦不适合成为社区矫正的对象。首先，社区矫正适用的一项最基本的原则---排除重刑犯的适用，即要成为社区矫正的对象的首要基本条件就是罪刑较为轻微的罪犯，除了假释犯之外，重刑犯也不是社区矫正的对象，其没有适用社区矫正的可能。其次，社区矫正的内在要求也决定了对暂予监外执的罪犯不适用社区矫正。社区矫正制度设立的一个目的之一，是为规避监狱矫正的弊端。而所谓的暂予监外执行是指对被判处有期徒刑、拘役的罪犯因出现法定情形不宜在监狱内执行时，暂时将其放在监狱外由公安机关执行的变通方法。这样的变通也决定了其执行场所的临时性，只是出于刑罚的一种人道主义或者是因为监狱没法承担一些特殊罪犯的矫正工作，而不得不临时改变对罪犯矫正的场所，并不是为了规避监狱矫正的弊端。最后，社区矫正制度与暂予监外执制度的性质不同，因此不可能对暂予见外执行者进行社区矫正。暂予监外执行并非真正意义上的开放矫正模式，它的实施与执行并不是为了利用社会资源和社会力量来帮助达到预期的矫正效果。
The author thinks that the temporary execution outside prison officers should not become the object of the community correction. First of all, community correction is one of the most basic principles, applicable exclusions apply felons, namely to become the first basic conditions of the object of the community correction is the relatively minor criminals, in addition to parolee, felons nor the community correction object, the application of community correction may not. Secondly, the inherent requirements of community correction also determines the community correction are not suitable for the permitted to hold criminals. Community correction is one of the purpose of the system is established, in order to avoid the disadvantages of the prison correction. The so-called temporary execution outside prison is a prison, criminal detention due to the legal situation should not be executed in prison, sentenced to temporary workaround, put out by a public security organ outside the prison. Such a temporary accommodation also determines the execution place, just out of a humanitarian penalty or because the prison can not bear some special criminal correction, and had to temporary changes to the criminal correction place, not in order to avoid the disadvantages of the prison correction. Finally, the nature of community correction system and permitted to hold the different systems, it is not possible to temporarily on the implementer of community correction. The temporary execution outside prison is not the true sense of the open correction mode, its implementation is not to use of social resources and social forces to help achieve the desired correction.
　　2.关于社区矫正适用对象范围是否应扩大的问题
2 whether the scope of application should expand the issues of community correction
　　有研究者认为，我国当前社区矫正的适用范围过小，是制约社区矫正制度发展的一个关键问题。根据我国的现实情况，犯罪率在短时间内是不可能有所下降的，因此适当扩宽社区矫正适用对象范围势在必行。在我国各个阶段的试点中，也总结出适当拓宽社区矫正适用对象的范围是可行的也是必要的。但是如何扩大社区矫正适用对象的范围，还是值得深入探究的。
Some researchers think, applicable range correction current community in our country is too small, is a key issue that restricts the development of the community correction system. According to the reality of our country, the crime rate in a short period of time is unlikely to decline, so appropriate to widen the scope of application of community correction be imperative. At every stage of our pilot, also summarizes the widened the application objects of the community correction range is feasible and necessary. But how to expand the scope of application of community corrections object, or worthy of further exploration.
　　第一，关于判处财产刑的问题。笔者认为，对于财产刑是否应该纳入社区矫正适用范围，是要分情况而定的。财产刑分为没收财产以及判处罚金两种。对于没收财产是不可能存在无法行刑的问题的，在我们的法律制度中亦没有规定独立适用没收财产的情形，没收财产刑罚的目的和功能在执行终结时就已经实现。如再对其进行社区矫正，有违罪刑法定原则。而对于被判处罚金刑，不论是单处亦或并处，在实践中都遇有执行难的问题，有相当一部分的罪犯人员无法及时缴纳，对于这些无法及时缴纳罚金的罪犯通过适用社区矫正来抵偿部分或者全部的罚金，不论是对解决罚金执行难或者是罪犯的改造都是有一定积极意义的，因而笔者同意将罚金刑纳入社区矫正适用的范围。
First, about the property punishment of sentenced. The author thinks, the property punishment should be included in the applicable scope of community correction, is it depends. The property punishment into the confiscation of property and sentenced to a fine of two. For the confiscation of property is not possible not the problem, in our legal system also does not provide for independent application of confiscation of property, confiscation of property penalty purpose and function has been achieved in the implementation of the end. If the community correction, contrary to the principle of legality. To be sentenced penalty, whether single or impose, in practice in the case of the implementation of difficult issues, there are quite a few criminals staff can not timely pay, for those unable to pay the fine offenders through the application of community correction to offset some or all of the fine, whether it is to solve the execution of fine penalty difficult or the reform of criminals are meaningful, so I agreed to fines into the scope of application of community correction.
　　第二，关于劳动教养的问题。关于劳动教养人员是否应该纳入社区矫正适用对象的争议还是很大的。有学者认为，在我国所采用的的违法犯罪的二元体系，劳动教养作为一种行政处罚措施，其与刑罚措施在本质上是有区别的。要想将劳动教养纳入社区矫正适用的范围会遇到一系列的制度性障碍。笔者不同意这样的观点。从劳动教养制度的目的出发，劳动教养制度设立的目的是为了预防犯罪和对轻微罪犯的犯罪行为进行矫正，这与社区矫正制度设立的目的和初衷都是一致的，将其纳入社区矫正适用的范围是合适的也是可行的。相信这也是社区矫正制度发展的法向。社区矫正不应当有犯罪领域的死板限制，而应当扩展到包括劳动教养和法律之中规定的非刑罚方式。这样既有利于体现综合治理罪犯以及社区矫正的核心价值又有利于行刑资源的整合，形成和完整矫正的体系。
Second, on the reeducation through labor problems. About the personnel of reeducation through labor should be included in the application objects of the community correction is still a lot of controversy. Some scholars think, two yuan in the system of our country by the illegal crime, reeducation through labor as a kind of administrative punishment measures, with the penalty measures are different in essence. To be incorporated into the scope of application of reeducation through labor will encounter obstacles in a series of