超级全的科技英语翻译a市公开课获奖课件省名师优质课赛课一等奖课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Company Logo,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,LOGO,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,科技英语翻译,1/61,Company Logo,Contents,科技英语特点,1,科技英语翻译普通知识,2,科技英语翻译普通技巧,3,科技文件写作惯用句例,4,2/61,Company Logo,一、科技英语特点,1.,以客观陈说为主，较多使用被动句。,科技人员在研究和处理科技问题时重视事物本身客观规,律、主观事实和方法、性能和特征，在讨论科技问题是力争客,观而准确陈说，所以，在科技文件中通常以非人称语气作,客观叙述，从而较多使用被动句。,比如：,The length of the polymer chain is specified by,the number of repeat units in the chain.This is called,the degree of polymerization.,Unlike many products whose structure and reactions,were well known before their industrial application,some polymers were produced on an industrial scale,long before their chemistry or physics was studied.,.,3/61,Company Logo,2.,大量使用科技词语。,科技文件中除了使用各学科专用科技词语外，还广泛使,用各学科通用半科技词语和书面非科技词语。,专用科技词语仅用于某个学科或专业词汇或术语。,半科技词语指那些日惯用于英语，但又是科技英语中惯用,那些词汇。例：,reaction.,书面非科技词语指主要用于科技英语但却严格地属于非科,技性质词语。,例：,apply,to yield,generation,available,at the rate of,按,比率，以,速度,in terms of,用、借助于,in the order of,大约,4/61,Company Logo,3.,表示方式程式化。,文章结构程式化：标题、摘要，正文（引言、叙述、结,论）。,介绍某个过程或功效及到达某种目标时，普通利用动词,不定式短语组成目标状语，放在句子开头。,例：,To increase the rate of reaction,a catalyst,is used.,简述试验结果时，往往在句首使用引导词,it,作形式主,语，组成被动句，,It was found the rate of follow was improved,by increasing the pressure.,5/61,Company Logo,4.,大量使用非谓语动词、名词及介词短语。,非谓语动词作定语，可明确所描述对象。,利用非谓语动词组成各种短语代替句子中从,句或分句，可使句子简练。,例：,Polypropylene(,聚丙烯）,is the second resin,in the family of polyolefins composed of,long chain saturated hydrocarbons.,6/61,Company Logo,5.,条件句较多。,科技英语中常须提出假设和推理，因而条件句,使用得较多。,普通条件句由两个句子组成：表示假设条件,“,if”,从句在前，后面主句说明该条件得到满足时,推论或后续步骤。,If a polymer,（聚合物）,is cooled rapidly to a,temperature just below 0C,its volume,continues to decrease for many hours.,7/61,Company Logo,6,、,复杂长句较多,。,Configurational isomerism is then due to the presence in the molecule of one or more dissymmetric centers,in the simplest case asymmetric carbon atoms,each of which can have(R)and(S)absolute configuration;and,or,to the presence of double blonds which can the presence of double blonds which can give cis-and trans-geometrical isomers.,8/61,Company Logo,7,、句子结构严谨合理。,科技英语要求客观性、准确性和严密性，既满足语法修,辞要求，又符合逻辑和客观实际。详细依据句子中表示,详细概念分别采取主从结构和平行结构。,主从结构：两个以上不一样概念，而不一样等主要成份，,主要成份成主句。,如：,（,1,）,The crude petroleum oil obtained from,well consists of a mixture of hydro-carbons each of,which is a chemical compound of carbon and,hydrogen.,（,2,）,The crude petroleum oil obtained from well,consists of hydro-carbons and each of these is a,chemical compound of carbon and hydrogen.,9/61,Company Logo,8.,省略句较多,(1),并列复合句中省略。,在并列复合句中，各句里相同成份,主、谓、或宾,可给予省略。,例：,Low density polyethylene has a crystallinity,range of 65 percent,and high density polyethylene,(has a crystallinity range)of 85 percent.,(2),定语从句中省略。,由关联词,which,或,that,引出定语从句，通常可将关,联词和从句谓语中助动词（当从句被动语态时）省略，只,留下作定语用分词短语，如：,Vinyl resins cover a broad group of materials,(that are)derived from the“vinyl”radical.,10/61,Company Logo,(3),其它省略句。,在特定句型中，常可省略一些句子成份。,如：,The smaller the particles(are),the more freely do they move.,(4),一些固定省略句型：,As described above,如前所述,If possible,如可能（话）,As indicated in Fig.I,如图,I,所表示,If required,需要时，假如需要（话）,As noted later,如后所述，从下文能够看出,When in use,在使用时、当工作时,As previously mentioned,前已提及,When necessary,当必要时、如有必要,When needed,假如需要（话）,As shown in table X,如表,X,所表示,If necessary,如有必要,11/61,Company Logo,二、科技英语翻译普通知识,1,、翻译任务：重视逻辑思维，考究语言上规 范，表示上妥达和译文流畅。,2,、翻译标准：确切性是翻译总标准。,信：忠实原文。,达：通顺，译文通俗易懂。,雅：修辞。辞藻优美，语言精练。,还须做到：明确：技术内容上忠实于原文，表示清楚不,可模棱两可。,通顺：合乎汉字语法要求，顺口。,简练：尽可能简短、精练，不重复罗嗦。,12/61,Company Logo,3,、翻译过程：了解、表示、校核三个阶段。,1),深刻了解原文，精通专业知识。,例：,yield,普通“产量”，林业中译作“收获量”，造纸,业“得率”，塑料工业中译作“屈服”或挤出量。,2),确切表示译文：不折不扣，恰如其分，明确通,顺。,3),校核阶段：对内容深入核实，对语言进行推敲，,进行必要润色加工，尽可能删去那些无须要字。,13/61,Company Logo,三、科技英语翻译普通技巧,1,词语次序,词语次序包含词序、语序和句序，其中以词序为基础。在英语中，各个词语在句子中语法功效主要由该词在句子中位置,即词序来决定。,词语次序可用来表明句子类型及要求词语之间关系。,例：,(1),、,Only she did the experiment yesterday.,(2),、,She only did the experiment yesterday.,(3),、,She did only the experiment yesterday.,(4),、,She did the experiment only yesterday.,14/61,Company Logo,照译法,照译相当于直译或顺译。,两个标准：基本上保留原文语法结构形式，在语序或句序上未作大变动。保留原文词语字面意义，未加引申和转换。,凡是原文结构靠近汉语，照译时结合汉语语法修辞习惯都能够而且应该照译。,例：,All amorphous polymers at sufficiently low temperatures the characteristics of glasses,including hardness,stiffness,and brittleness.,15/61,Company Logo,大部分翻译时对语序稍作变动。,（,1,）、,The only force between molecules,（分子）,is the forced of attraction(,引力）,.,分子间唯一力是次价键引力。,（,2,）、,One property associated with the glassy is a low number of expansion.,玻璃特征之一是膨胀系数较低。,16/61,Company Logo,、转换法。,转换相当于意译，但比通常所说意译范围小一些。在难于照译或为了使译文明确、简练场所，便可考虑在不背离原意条件下，按上下文表示作适当转换。,转换法主要包含：词性转换、句子成份转换、句子结构转换和表示方式转换。,（,1,）、词性转换。,动词转换,Coating thickness range from one tenth mm to 2 mm.,涂层厚度范围为,.,到,mm.,Since the 1930s many important plastics of the industry have been commercialized.,自从年代以来，工业上许多主要塑料品种都已实现商业化生产。,17/61,Company Logo,名词转换。,The set up and operation of the extruder should be followed carefully for safe production.,装配和操作挤出机都必须严格恪守安全生产标准。,（,n.,v.,）,This experiment is an absolute necessity in determining the best processing route.,对确定最正确工艺流程而言，这次试验是绝对必要。,（,n.,adj.,）,18/61,Company Logo,形容词转换。,In fission processes the fission fragments are very,radioactive,.,（形,名）,在裂变过程中，裂变碎片放射性很强。,They are very familiar with the properties of this type of thermoplastics.,他们十分熟悉这类热塑性塑料性能。（,n.,v.,）,19/61,Company Logo,介词转换。,有些含有动词意味介词：,for,、,by,、,in,、,past,、,with,、,over,、,into,、,around,、,across,、,toward,、,through,、,throughout.,Dies may also be machined,for,particular shapes.,生产特殊形状制品模具也被制造。,Resin coloring is done either by adding dry powder colour during the compounding process or by the use of color concentrates at the time of molding.,树脂着色既可,利用,在共混过程中加入干粉状颜料来实现，亦可经过成型时加入色母料来实现。,20/61,Company Logo,副词转换。,Chlorine is very active chemically.,氯化学性能很活泼。（,adv.,n.,）,The injection mold must be,dimensionally correct.,注塑模具尺寸必须准确。（,adv.,n.,）,21/61,Company Logo,（,2,）、句子成份转换。,原文句子某一个语法成份（主、谓、宾、表、定、状）改译成另外一个语法成份。,、主语转换。,Polycarbonate has an advantage in that if can,compete with metals like copper,zinc in,engineering properties.,聚碳酸酯优点是在工程性能方面可与铜、锌等金属相媲,美。（主,定）（宾,主）,22/61,Company Logo,当英语主语为动作性名词时，如：,care,、,need,、,attention,、,inspection,、,thought,、,attempt,、,improvement,等，而谓语动词是系动词或,被动语态形式，翻译时，常可转译为汉语谓语。汉语句子,有时成为无主句。,Attention is necessary to prevent the,instrument from damaging.,必须注意以防仪器损坏。,Attempts were made to develop a new,technique for polymerization.,曾试图研究出一个新聚合技术。,23/61,Company Logo,、宾语转换。,Care should be taken to keep the scrap and,reground material clean.,（宾,主）,注意，边角料和回收料要保持清洁。,当,have,、,make,、,take,、,provide,等动词宾语为动,作性名词时（,make use of,take notice of,等）宾语,可译为谓语。,The descriptive abstract,provides an indication,of,the information contained in the original,communication beyond that provided by the,title of the article.,指示性文摘,指示,原文包含但从其题中看不出来内容。,24/61,Company Logo,、谓语转换。,The pressure was measured to be 8 MPa.,所测得压力为,8 Mpa,。（谓,定）,英语中一些并不表示动作词，如：,eat,、,result,、,differ,、,feature,、,shape,、,softer.,翻译时谊转换成,主语。,Thermosetting materials differ from,thermoplastic in that one they have become,set or molded into a give shape they cant be,heated and be shaped.,热固性与热塑性塑料区分在于一旦固化成型为一预定形,状，它们将不能再加热或再成型。,25/61,Company Logo,（,3,）、句子结构转换。,包含：简单句译为复合句或复合句译为简单句。一个从,句译为另一个从句，以及句序颠倒。,Higher temperatures are associated with,greater melting rates.,温度升高，熔化速度就加紧。,It is important to become familiar with the,outstanding physical and chemical properties,of plastics so you can make wise selection for,their use.,要想对塑料使用做出合理选择，熟悉各种塑料主要,物理和化学性能是非常主要。（句序）,26/61,Company Logo,（,4,）、表示方式转换。,语态转换。,This can be used to advantage in certain,applications by proper design.,经过适当设计，这一性能可能在一些用途上很有用处。,（被,主）,Other factors to be considered are the molding,temperature,moisture absorption of the resin.,树脂成型温度及吸湿性是被考虑另外一些原因。（主,被）,Solvent is slowly imbibed into the polymer to,produce a swollen gel.,溶剂分子慢慢渗透到聚合物里面，形成溶胀凝胶。（被,主）,27/61,Company Logo,必定句是否定句转换。,This problem is above me.,（肯,否）,There is no rule that has no exception.,任何规则都有例外。,28/61,Company Logo,、省略法。,一些词在英语句子中重复出现。如介词和冠词，在译成,汉语时，常将原文中一些词语略去不译。,A,省略冠词。,The atom is the smallest particle of an element.,原子是元素最小粒子。,B,省略代词。,英语中代词使用较多，而汉语中却较少使用代词。,If you know the frequency,you can find the,wave length.,假如知道频率，就能求出波长。,A gas distributes itself uniformly throughout a,container.,气体均匀分布在整个容器中。（反身代词）,29/61,Company Logo,C,省略动词。,英语里联络动词以及一些抽象行为动词（,have,、,make,、,take,）翻译时能够省略。,When the crystallinity gets high,the melt,point becomes high.,结晶度高，熔点就高。,TFE,（,Tetrafluoroethylene,）,has a low coefficient of friction.,聚氯乙烯摩擦因数很低。,.,30/61,Company Logo,D,省略介词。,介词,for,、,in,、,by,、,of,、,with etc.,在一定情况下,能够省略。,The molecular structure is different for,various kinds of polymers.,各种聚合物分子结构不一样。（省略,for,、,of,）,E,省略连词。,A glass becomes hotter if it is compressed,31/61,Company Logo,F,其它词语省略。,Insulators in reality conduct electricity,but,nevertheless,their resistance is,very high.,绝缘体实际上也导电，但其电阻很高。,The flow,sheet,（片、板、张、表、图表）,shown in Figis intended to illustrate,the one-step process.,图是说明一步法流程图。,32/61,Company Logo,5,、增补法。,A,增补法表示复数概念词。,After a series of experiments important,phenomena have been ascertained.,B,对表示动作意义名词进行增补。,activation,distribution,observation,preparation,resolution,33/61,Company Logo,。,C,在英语名词或动名词前后补汉语动词,During trial runs and die testing,there,is often considerable scrap plastic,remaining.,D,补充概括性词。,Thermosetting materials have characteristic,of rigid strong and infusible.,E,增补,This is what we must resolve at first.,34/61,Company Logo,6,、数词译法。,A,汉语译文增加量词。,There are three larger injection machines in,the workshop.,这个车间有三台大型注塑机。,B,复数形式数词译法。,数量复数形式出现时,，表示不确定数目，经常与某,些介词或连词用在一起，成为固定词组。,Machining is not an economical method of,producing a shape,because it has good raw,materials converted into hundreds of thousands,of scrap chips.,机械加工不是一个经济成型方法，因为该种方法使许,多宝贵原料变成无数废屑。,35/61,Company Logo,C,表示量词习惯短语。,Ten to one,forms of energy come from the,Sun directly or indirectly.,十之八九，各种形式能量直接或间接地来自太阳。,Second to one,首屈一指,A thousand(a hundred)and one,许多,First of all,首先,By one hundred percent,百分之百地,Of the order of,约,By halves,不完全地,36/61,Company Logo,D,用文字表示数量。,Six hundred thousand 600 000,Five million,million,million 5*1018,Three quadrillion 3*1015,Four quintillion 4*108,E,数量增加译法。,A,）,、用带有“增大”意思动词（,increase,rise,grow,go up,）和以下包含有数量,n,（表示数字）分数或倍数。,（,a,）,by n+,单位 表示净增量,The production has increased by 36%.,产量已增加了,36%,。,37/61,Company Logo,（,b,）,by n+times,表示净增倍数,The production has increased by two times.,（,c,）,by a factor of n,表示增加到几倍应译成增加了,n-1,倍,The production of TPU has increased by a factor of 5 since,1965.,1965,年以来聚氨酯产量增加了,4,倍。,38/61,Company Logo,B,）、用系动词（或行为动词）和以下包含有数量,n,（用,n,代替一个不确定数）词语搭配。,（,a),by n+,形、副比较级,(more,、,larger longer,、,broader,、,heavier,、,faster etc),表示净增数译。,A is by 10mm longer than B.,A,比,B,长,10mm.,（,b),Times+,比较级,+than,表示增加到,n,倍。可译为“比,大（长，宽,）,n-1,倍”,This capacity is two to three times than,that one.,此容量比另一容量大,1,到,2,倍。,39/61,Company Logo,（,C),n times as +,形、副、原,+as,是,n,倍。,The Sun is 330 000 times as large as the earth.,太阳为地球,33,万倍。,（,d),a n times increase,增加到,n,倍。可译成增加,了,n 1,倍。,The composites showed a two times,increase in modulus of elasticity and a five,times increase in tensile strength over that of,the plain matrix.,这些复合材料弹性模量比单纯基体材料增大了一倍，,而拉伸强度则增大了四倍。,40/61,Company Logo,（,e),double,、,treble,、,quadruple,动词表示增加,到倍数。,The efficiency of the knife coaters has,been more than doubled or trebled.,这些刮刀涂布机效率已增加了一倍或两倍多。,go up half over ,比,增加二分之一,increase by n powers of ten.,增大了,10 n,倍,n times m nm(m,n,倍,),be n%above ,比,（增）高,n%,41/61,Company Logo,F,数量降低译法。,（,a,）、普通数量降低。,decrease by 10,降低了,10,reduce by 20%,降低,20%,fall by 30%,下降了,30%,25%less,少,25%,（,b,）、倍数降低。,英语中，降低多少倍，成多少倍降低，降低了或降低,到百分之几。,decrease 2 times,降低到,shorten 10 times,缩减到,1/10,reduce by a factor of 2/5,降低到,2/5,（降低,3/5,）,42/61,Company Logo,a five fold difference,相差,4,倍,ten times as light as,比,轻十分之九,the operating cost decreased three times,操作费降低了三分之二,（,C,）、降低二分之一,decrease one-half,降低二分之一,reducing by one-half,缩小二分之一,shorten two times,缩短二分之一,This kind of film is twice thinner than ordinary,paper,but its quality is quite good.,这种薄膜厚度只是普通纸二分之一，可是质量相当好。,43/61,Company Logo,G,否定句译法,（,1,）全部否定,否定词：,not,no,none,never,nobody,nothing,nowhere,neither,nor,None of known solid,materials have coefficient of friction lower,than TFE.,（,2,）部分否定,allnot=some bothnot=one,everynot=some not many=a few,not much=a little not always=sometimes,Every polymer cannot be processed through,as injection molding.,44/61,Company Logo,（,3,）意义上否定,Plastics differ from other materials in that,they provide a combination of properties,rather than extremes of single properties.,（,4,）双重否定,：,not,no,never,without,There is no material but will deform more or,less under the action of force.,45/61,Company Logo,H,强调句译法,（,1,）谓语前加助动词“,do”,。,（,2,）改变词序。,倒装语序：,What function of additives is we must,understand before determining the,formulation.,（,3,）利用“,It is(was)+that(which,who)”,It is due to high melting point and poor flow,ability the TFE is a difficult material to process.,46/61,Company Logo,四、科技文件写作惯用句例,1 Introduction,(1),表示目标。,The purpose of this paper is to examine the,fracture processes on the plane strain deformation of,PC blended with ABS copolymer and discuss the,mechanism of improvement of toughness.,这篇论文目标是测试,PC,和,ABS,共混物在水平,应变变形上断裂过程，并讨论增韧原理。,47/61,Company Logo,(2),表示意义主要,.,The study of the mechanical properties in relation to,phase separation is very important from the,viewpoint of practical application of polymer blends.,从聚合物共混体系实际应用观点看，与相析作用相关,力学性能研究是非常主要。,(3),表示重视点。,It should be stressed that the morphology of,multiphase polymeric systems has a primary,effect on its properties.,需要强调是：多相聚合物体,系结构及形态对它性能将产生极大影响。,48/61,Company Logo,Particular emphasis is placed on superior plasticizer,permanence in one or more specific areas.,尤其强调是一个或各种特定环境中应首先处理增塑剂,稳定问题。,(5),表示分类。,The science of macromolecules is divided into,biological and non-biological materials.,高分子科学分为生物和非生物两类。,(6),表示方法,As a means of overcoming the short-,comings associated with the measurement of,solution viscosity for PVC compounds by,capillary viscometry we has used,为了克服毛细黏度法测,PVC,混合物溶液黏度缺点,49/61,Company Logo,(6),表示成功。,In Japan and Europe the focus of use of,these materials was in the automotive,industry where attempts to replace EPDM,rubber in a variety of interior applications was,quite successful.,对于汽车工业，日本和欧洲主要致力于使用这种材料代替,EPDM,橡胶在车内设备使用，并取得成功。,EPDM,：三元乙丙橡胶。,Ethylene-propylene diene,mischpolymer,50/61,Company Logo,(7),说明某研究有成功，但不完善。,Currently the QUV accelerated weathering,tester,developed by the QUV-panel company,is,being used in conjunction with outdoor testing,of PVC compounds,however,the question still,remains:can the QUV be used in place of,outdoor weathering for purpose of setting up,product specifications and for reliable,discrimination between various PVC compounds.,近年来由,QUV-Panel,企业发展起来,QUV,加速风化实,验作为对,PVC,材料室外相关试验已被应用。然而，此项研,究仍存在以下问题：,QUV,试验能否替换室外风化试验建立对,于各种不一样种类,PVC,材料产品详细说明和可信分辨力法。,51/61,Company Logo,2,用公式表示并注明各种意义时用语。,For endothermic mixing,the heat of mixing,per unit volume is given by:,H=12(1-2)2,Where is volum