现在完成时用法讲解.doc

现在完成时一、基本构成1肯定句： 主语（第一、二人称，第三人称复数）+have +过去分词+其他 主语（第三人称单数）+has+过去分词+其他2否定句：主语+ have/has +not +过去分词+其他3一般疑问句： Have/Has +主语+过去分词+其他？4特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+have/has +主语+过去分词+其他？5.规则动词的过去分词和过去式构成相同，都是在词尾加-ed。6.不规则的，大致分为以下几种类型：1) 原形中的元音字母有变化: get-got-got, sit sat-sat win-won-won spit- spat- spat shine shone- shone find- found- found hold-held-held meet- met-met stand- stood-stood understand-understood-understood feed- fed-fed hang-hung-hung 2) 原形中的辅音字母有变化: make-made-made spill-spilt-spilt have/ has-had-had build-built-built send-sent-sent lend- lent- lent spend-spent-spent 3) 在原形后加t或d: spoil-spoilt-spoilt learn-learnt-learnt mean-meant-meant hear-heard-heard pay-paid-paid say-said-said lose-lost-lost lay-laid-laid 4) 原形中的元音字母和辅音字母都有变化: feel-felt-felt smell-smelt-smelt spell-spelt spelt keep-kept-kept sleep-slept-slept sweep-swept-swept leave-left-left sell-sold-sold tell-told-told catch-caught-caught teach-taught-taught buy-bought-bought bring-brought-brought think-thought-thought wear-wore-worn 5) 与原形相同: hit-hit-hit hurt-hurt-hurt let-let-let put-put-put read-read-read set-set-set shut-shut shut cost-cost-cost cut-cut-cut 还有些不规则动词的过去分词与过去式不相同,为便于记忆,也分类如下: 1)原形中的元音字母有变化: ring-rang-rung sing-sang-sung drink-drank-drunk swim-swam-swum begin-began-begun sink-sank-sunk 2) 在原形上加en: eat-ate-eaten fall-fell-fallen ride-rode-ridden write-wrote- written be-was/were-been rise-rose-risen forget-forgot-forgotten 3)在原形上加n: see-saw-seen give-gave-given drive-drove-driven take-took-taken mistake-mistook-mistaken draw-drew-drawn blow-blew-blown grow-grew-grown know-knew-known show-showed-shown throw-threw-thrown 4)在过去式上加n: steal-stole-stolen break-brokenbroken choose-chose-chosen speak-spoke-spoken wake-woke-woken 6) 与原形相同:come-came-come run-ran-run become-became-become 7) 原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同的: do-did-done go-went-gone fly-flew-flown lie-lay-lain 个别动词有两个过去式和过去分词,一个为规则变化,另一个为不规则变化: learn-learned-learned shined-shined smell smelled-smelled learnt-learnt shine shone-shone smelt-smelt wake -waked-waked spelled-spelled woke-woken spell -spelt spelt二、现在完成时的用法 用法：现在完成时既涉及过去，又联系现在。1表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与just（刚刚），already（已经），never（从来没有），ever（曾经），before（以前），yet（仍然），once（一次），twice（两次），many times（很多次），how many times（多少次），so far（迄今为止），during the past（last）three years（最近三年来）等连用。 副词的位置：just常用于肯定句中，放在have / has后，He has just come . never表示否定, 放在have / has后, He has never visited the Great Wall. ever用于疑问句中,句型为: Have / Has主语ever 过去分词？“曾经过吗？”用于询问某人过去的经历。Have you ever been to the farm？ before用于句末，The woman has never heard of that before. yet 用于句末或not 之后.Has the train arrived yet? No, not yet. already用于肯定句, have / has 之后或句末.We have already finished it. so far(迄今为止)用于句首或句末. So far, we have visited the moon. 2表示过去已经开始，持续到现在还可能继续下去的动作或状态，可以和表示过去的某一时刻延续到现在（包括“现在”在内）的一段时间的状语连用。如：these days, by the end of ,（到。为止）since (自从。以来) ， for+一段时间， so far (到目前为止)（1） Shes been there for over two years 她在那两年多了。（2） Theyve lived here since 1989.n 辨析：since 和for1) since的四种用法since +过去一个时间点 (如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)I have been here since 1989. since +一段时间+ ago I have been here since five months ago. since +从句 Great changes have taken place since you left. It is +一段时间+ since从句 It is two years since I became a teacher.当since和for与完成时态连用时，两个词容易混淆。for表示事情延续的时间。since表示事情是什么时候开始的。如：She has been in the U.S.A. for six years. 她在美国已有6年了。（强调时间的过程）She has been in the U.S.A. since six years ago. 从6年前到现在她一直住在美国。（强调时间的点）三、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 1.过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作； 现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2. 过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语: yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语共同的时间状语: this morning, tonight, this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately现在完成时的时间状语for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,不确定的时间状语3. 现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.过 去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。现在完成时与中考题( )1I_ a letter from him since he left（天津市） Adidnt receive Bhavent got Cdidnt have Dhavent heard ( )2We have lived here _ five years ago（河南省） Awhen Bsince Cbefore Dafter ( )3I have watched the game When you _ it？（长沙市） Ahave；watched Bdo；watch Cdid；watch Dwill；watch ( )4How do you like Beijing，Mr Black？ Oh，I _ such a beautiful city（江西省） Adont visit Bdidnt visit Chavent visited Dhadnt visited ( )5The old people _ lonely at all since we began to visit them once a week（广州市） Adont feel Bhasnt felt Chavent felt Ddidnt feel ( )6My grandfather_ in the small town all his lifeHe always says he likes the town（四川省） Alived Bhave lived Chas lived Dis living ( )7His brother has been to Stone Forest twice _ he came to Yunnan（昆明市） Aafter Bbefore Csince Dfor ( )8His grandpa _ for two years（广西） Awas died Bhas been dead Cwas dead Dhas died 不规则的，大致分为以下几种类型：1）AAA型（即动词过去式、过去分词与动词原形相同）。如：原形 过去式 过去分词cost cost costcut cut cut2）ABB型（即动词过去式与过去分词相同）。如：bring brought broughtbuy bought boughtsmell smelt smelt smelled smelled3）ABA型（即过去分词与原形相同）。如：become became becomecome came comerun ran run4）AAAen型。如：beat beat beaten5）ABAn /en型。如：fall fell fallenshow showed shownthrow threw thrown6）ABBn /en型。如：speak spoke spoken7）ABC型（即动词原形、过去式和过去分词各不相同）。如：按动词所含字母排列规则：*i auring rang rungsing sang sung