定语从句细谈.doc

定语从句

（一）什么是定语从句：定语从句是指修饰，限制，描绘或说明前面的名词或代词的从句。受定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。它们不仅引导定语从句，同时还在从句中充当一定的句子成分。
关系代词：that, which, who(宾格whom, 所有格whose) , as.
关系副词：where, when, why， that
限制性定语从句: 简单的说就是和主句的关系十分密切的句子，写时不可用逗号分开，如：
She has found her bike(that) she lost two weeks ago.
非限制性定语从句：简单的说就是和主句的关系不十分密切的句子，写时往往用逗号隔开，如：
Lily, who is very beautiful, is my tablemate.
关系代词的选择：关系代词有如上所给，他们的具体用法如下：

主语
宾语
定语
指人
Who/that
Who(m)/that
whose
指物
Which/that
Which/that
whose
、
关系代词做宾语可以省略，做主语时不能省略。如：
the man who/that was standing there just now is my teacher(刚才站在哪儿的人是我们的老师)
注意：who/that 指代the man, 在定语从句中做主语，不能省略。
相反，关系代词在定语从句中做宾语可以省略，如：
Have you seen any film which/that is acted by Liu Dehua?(你看过刘德华演的电影)
当先行词指人时只用who而不用that引导定语从句的现象有：
1） 先行词为one, ones, anyone, those时
Those who have any difficulty with pronunciation should practice more.
2） 先行词为人称代词时
He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
当先行词指人时只用that而不用who引导定语从句的现象有：
1) 当主句已经有who时
Who is the girl that is standing there?
2) 关系代词在定语从句中做表语时
Mary is no longer the girl that she used to be.
当先行词指物时，只能用that而不能用which引导定语从句的现象有：
1) 先行词有形容词最高级修饰时，如：
This is the best book that I have read。
2）先行词有序数词修饰时候，如：
This is the first birthday party that I have in the school(这是我在学校的第一个生日聚会)
This is the second national day that I stayed at home
3）先行词是much, little, none, all, few, everything, something, anything, nothing等不定代词修饰时，
如:We will do all (that) we can to help you.
I can do everything that you ask me to do, but I can not stop loving you.
4) 先行词被the very(正是)，the only, just, all, any, every, no 修饰时，如：
This is the very book (that) I am looking for.
5)先行词指人又指物时，如：
We talked about the people and the things that we could remember.
先行此指物时只能由which而不能用that引导定语从句的现象有：
1) 定语从句中的介词前置的时候
This is the room in which I talked with him yesterday.
2) 引导非限制性定语从句的时候
He saw a film yesterday, which was about Long March.
关系代词as引导的定语从句
as作为关系代词，较多指物，通常用在下列非限制性定语从句当中。一般翻译为正如。。。，而which也可以引导非限制性定语从句，但它没有这个意思。
As is well know/as we know, china is a country with long history(众所周知，中国是一个拥有很长历史的国家)
或as插在主句中间，as指代整个主语，如：
Our team, as we had wished, won the football match.(如我们所愿望的，我们队赢得了足球比赛)
或as用在such…..as 和 the same…as中，如：
I have never heard such a story as she tells.（我从来未听过她讲的这类故事）
He bought the same clothes as I had bought（他买了和我的衣服差不多的衣服，买的同种种类，不一定是同一件）
He bought the same clothes that I had bought （他买的那件衣服和我买的是一样的，暗指他们买的是同一件衣服）
1.He is not such a man as only think of himself.
2.I should like to use the same pen as I used yesterday.
3.Such problems as are often mentioned should be solved.
4.I will read as many books as are required.
5. Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.

（二）介词与关系代词搭配使用的问题
由“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句，能够有这种用法的关系代词主要有which和whom，他们既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。如：
1） whom, which 在定语从句中做介词宾语时，介词一般放在关系代词之前，形成紧密的介词短语。
The person to whom you should write is Mr. Ball.（你应该写信的哪个人是Mr. Ball）
注意：介词的选用主要取决于，定语从句中动词的固定搭配，或者是定语从句中的具体情况。
2） 有的介词的短语动词由于关系密切，一般不能拆开，介词仍放在动词之后。如：
This is the car which we are looking for(这正是我们寻找的那辆车)
The baby whom the doctor is looking after is very healthy（这个医生照看的小孩非常健康）
（三）关系副词在定语从句中的用法
1) 由when引导的定语从句,when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语。
I will never forget the day when I went to the college
When还可以根据不同的先行词分别由介词短语at/on/during….which 取代，如：
I do not remember the day when/on which he left
2) 由where 引导的定语从句，where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语。
I live in a town where there is no college.(我生活在一个没有大学的镇上)
Our school is on a street where there are many shops.（我们学校在一条有很多商店的街上）
Where也可以根据不同的先行词分别由介词短语at/in/from which等取代，如：
That is the place where/at which he was born
3) 由why引导的定语从句，why指原因，相当于for which，在定语从句中做原因状语。
I do not know the reason why /for which you did not finish you homework（我不知道你为什么不完成作业）
That is the reason why he spoke（这就是她为什么发言的原因）
补充：一个句子里有两个或两个以上的定语，要学会识别其中的定语从句，如：
There is a writer living in America whose name is Peter Smith
在美国有一个名叫peter smith的作家
the pictures have been found which are 2000 years old.发现了有2000年历史的画
the day must come when the young leave their parents年轻人离开他们的父母的那一天一定会到来的。
4.that（表方式）
The way that/ in which /不填 he speaks to his mother is rude.

2006年各地高考对定语从句的考查：
1.I saw a woman running towards me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was，she had run back in the direction _____   she had come. (重庆)
　A. of which  B. by which C. in which  D. from which
2.Look out! Don’t get too close to the house ______ roof is under repair. (福建)
A. whose B. which C. of which D. what
3.The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employ more people to keep it running, ______ meant spending tens of thousands of pounds. (江苏)
A. who B. that C. as D. which
4.I was told that there were about 50 foreign students Chinese in the school, most — were from Germany. (辽宁)
A. study; of whom B. study; of them
C. studying; of them D. studying; of whom
5. I was given three books on cooking, the first________ I really enjoyed. (浙江)
A. of that B. of which C. that D. which
6.We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came to us,_____ we gave some bells and glasses.(湖南)
A. to which B. to whom C. with whom D. with which
7.------Do you have anything to say for ourselves?
------There is one point ____ we should insist on.(江西)
A. where B. why C. How D. /
8.We are trying to reach a point______ two sides will sit down together and talk.(山东)
Ａwhere　　 B.　when 　　 C.　that 　　　D.　which
9.She was educated at Beijing,_______ she went on to have her advanced study abroad.(陕西)
A. after which B. from which C. from that D. after that
10.The Beatles, ______ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.(天津)
A. what B. that C. how D. as
11. Women ______ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _____ don’t.（北京）
A. who; / B. / ;who C. who ; who D ./; /

Key: CADDB BDAADC