阅读理解考分辨和提纲挈领的能力.doc

—考分辨和提纲挈领的能力
一 题型特点：Ø这种题型要求考生能够把握文章的全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，也包括分析归纳文章的段落大意、重要情节、人物特征、环境特点的能力。这种试题要求能把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心；要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法解题，难度较大，属于高层次题。
二 题干表现形式
1常见的标题型题干：
1) The best title/ headline for this passage might be_____________.
2) The text (passage) could be entitled ______________.
3) What is the best title for the passage?
4) Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage?
2常见的主题型题干：
5) This passage chiefly deals with____________.6) What’s the topic of the article?
7) What is the subject discussed in the text?
8) With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned?
3 目的类主旨大意题
The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is______.
The passage is meant to _____ The purpose of this article is _______
三 应试技巧
一）主题句的特点
·主题句所表达的意思具有概括性
·句子结构简单明了，作者一般会采用长句或结构复杂的句子作为文章的主题句
·文章或段落的其大句子都是对主题句的进一步解释，说明，论证或扩展。
二）如何寻找主题句
1）文首　开门见山, 提出主题, 随之用细节来解释, 支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想. 最常见的演绎法写作方式.
Passage 1
The panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops.
Passage 2
Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.
Man has made great progress in environment protection. Governments of many countries have established laws to protect the forests and sea resources and waste water and poisonous gases have been also dealt with.
Still more measures should be taken to solve the problems. People should be further educated to realize the importance of the problem, to use modern methods of birth control and learn to recycle our natural resources. We are sure that we shall have a better and cleaned planet in the future.
2). 首尾呼应
为突出主题, 作者先提出主题, 结尾时再次点出主题, 这种首尾呼应的写作方式较为多见. 但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复, 后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。
Passage 3（首段）Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes, “ It was seeing people with snakes bites that led me to the career. “ she said…
Ø（尾段）“ The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes. Shu said.
3). 文尾
在表述细节后, 归纳要点, 印象, 结论建议或结果, 以概括主题. 这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式
passage4
A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate, compared with that of a wild animal, but it is actually surprisingly strong. In deed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with his limbs. Man’s games show how he can control his own body. No other land creature can swim as skillfully as man; more has such varied grace; very few lives as long as he; none is so strong in its natural resistance to disease. Therefore man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him.
4). 文中
通常前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.
Passage5
Nothing is as useful as a flashlight in a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand a camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.
5). 无主题句
即主题句隐含在全文中, 没有明确的主题句. 必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。
Passage6
Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.
Q: What is the main idea of the passage?　＿＿＿＿
A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer. B. Bingham is a diligent student.　
C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education. D. A good lawyer needs good education.
【解题思路】 此文没有主题句。全篇共四句，只陈述了四个细节(detail)性的事实。因此就答案本身看，个个都对。读者只能将所有的details综合起来，进行逻辑推理，才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想(unstated main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情况，即作者想告诉我们的是：Joshua Bingham接受过良好的教育，所以答案是 Ｃ
6）注意标志词
文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。如：on the whole, as a result, in short, therefore, thus…..
I agree with the opinion that….;Given all these points above, I would support the idea that….; For all the reasons mentioned above, I would prefer….
四 选项的特点
正确选项的特点：
n ·那些概括全文, 内容全面, 含义深刻, 说明道理的选项一般是答案项。
n ·四个选项中, 内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个是正确选项。
l错误选项的特点
·以偏概全. 只是局部信息, 或是一句没有展开论述的评论.
n·过于笼统. 即归纳的主题太泛, 与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论述.
n·把自己的观点强加于作者. 读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解.
n·无关联的信息, 既在文章中没有提到或找不到语言依据的信息
1【全国I A】
Pet owners are being encouraged to take their animals to work , a move scientists say can be good for productivity , workplace morale (士气), and the well-being of animals .
A study found that 25% of Australian women would like to keep an office pet . Sue Chaseling of Petcare Information Service said the practice of keeping office pets was good both for the people and the pets . “On the pets’ side , they are not left on their own and won’t feel lonely and unhappy,” she said . A study of major US companies showed that 73% found office pets beneficial (有益的) , while 27% experienced a drop in absenteeism (缺勤).
Xarni Riggs has two cats walking around her Global Hair Salon in Paddington . “My customers love them. They are their favorites ,” she said . “They are not troublesome . They know when to go and have a sleep in the sun .”
Little black BJ has spent nearly all his two years “working” at Punch Gallery in Balmain . Owner Iain Powell said he had had cats at the gallery for 15 years . “BJ often lies in the shop window and people walking past tap on the glass ,” he said .
Ms Chaseling said cats were popular in service industries because they enabled a point of conversation . But she said owners had to make sure both their co-workers and the cats were comfortable .
56．The percentage of American companies that are in favor of keeping office pets is A．73% B．27% C．25% D．15%
57．We know from the text that “BJ”
A．works in the Global Hair Salon B．often greets the passers-by
C．likes to sleep in the sun D．is a two-year-old cat
58．The best title for this text would be .
A．Pets Help Attract Customers B．Your Favorite Office Pets
C．Pets Join the Workforce D．Busy Life for Pets
2【北京B】
Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well-designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（别扭的）hand positions. They will allow the worker to keep the elbows（肘）next to the body to prevent damage to the shoulder and arm.
Overuse injuries can therefore be prevented or reduced if the employer provides, and workers use:
●power tools rather than having to use muscle（肌肉）power
●tools with specially designed handles that allow the wrist（手腕）to keep straight （See figure 1）. This means that hands and wrists are kept in the same position as they would be if they were hanging relaxed at a person’s side

Figure1. Bend the tool, not the wrist
●tools with handles that can be held comfortably by the whole hand. This means having a selection of sizes—remember that tools that provide a comfortable firm Hold for a person with a very large hand may be awkward for someone with a very small hand. This is a particularly important consideration for women who may use tools originally designed for men.
●tools that do not press fingers (or flesh) between the handles, and whose handles do not have sharp edges or a small surface area.
60. What is the best title for the passage?
A. Good tool Design for Women B. Importance of Good Tool Design
C. Tool Design and Prevention of Injuries D. Overuse of Tools and Worker Protection
61. Which of the following describes a well-designed tool?
A. It’s kept close to the body. B. It fully uses muscle power.
C. It makes users feel relaxed. D. It’s operated with less force.
62. What is Figure 1 used to show?
A. The effective use of the tool. B. The way of operating the tool.
C. The proper design of the handle. D. The purpose of bending the wrist.
63. In choosing tools for women, _____of the handle is the most important.
A. the size B. the edge C. the shape D. the position
3【安徽C】
Handshaking, though a European practice is often seen in big cities of China. Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe. It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met, they showed their unarmed (无武器的) hands to each other as a sign of goodwill. As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly, people in cities began to clap each other’s hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement. This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other. “Let’s shake (hands) on it” sometimes means agreement reached.
Do the Europeans shake hands wherever they go and with whomever they meet? No. Sometimes the Chinese abroad reach out their hands too often to be polite. It is really very impolite to give your hand when the other party, especially when it is a woman, shows little interest in shaking hands with you and when the meeting does not mean anything to him or-her. Even if, for politeness, he holds out his unwilling hand in answer to your uninvited hand, just touch it slightly- There is generally a misunderstanding (误解) among the Chinese that westerners are usually open and straightforward, while the Chinese are rather reserved (保守的) in manner. But in fact some people in western countries more reserved than some Chinese today. So it is a good idea to shake hands with a westerner only when he shows interest in further relations with you.
64. In the old days in Europe, people put out their unarmed hands to each other ______.
A. to make a deal B. to greet each other C. to show friendliness D, to reach an agreement
65. The first paragraph mainly tells us ______.
A. where handshaking was first practiced B. how handshaking came about
C. about the relationship between handshaking and trade
D. about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China
66. According to the text. which of the following statements is true?
A. Westerners are more reserved than the Chinese. B. Westerners are unwilling to shake hands.
C. We should make a judgment before shaking hands.
D. We shouldn’t shake hands with European women.
67. The main purpose of the text is ______.
A. to tell us some differences between the East and the West
B. to offer us some important facts about handshaking
C. to introduce us to some different customs in the West
D. to give us some advice before we travel abroad
4【福建D】
Elght Days from just ￡299
Departs May—October 2005
Includes:
●Return flights from 8 UK airports to Naples
●Return airport to hotel transport
●Seven nights’ accommodation at the 3☆ Hotel Nice
●The services of guides
●Government taxes
Join us for a wonderful holiday in one of Europe’s most wonderful corners .Long a favourite with holidaymakers—indeed the ancient Romans called the area “happy land” –this simply attractive coastline of colorful towns, splendid views and the warm Mediterranean Sea is a perfect choice for a truly memorable holiday!
Choose between the peaceful traditional village of Sant’ Agata ,set on a hillside six miles from Sorrento ,or the more lively and well –known international resort （旅游胜地）town of Sorrento ,with wonderful views over the Bay of Naples.
Breathtaking scenery and famous sights everywhere .From the legendary Isle of Capri to the haunting ruins of Pompeii ,and from the unforgettable “Amalfi Drive” to the delightful resorts of Positano ,Sorrento and Ravello ,the area is a feast for the eyes! Should you choose to join us ,we know that you will not be disappointed!
With a choice of hotels ,and optional excursions （可选择的旅游线路）including Capri ,Pompeii and the “Amalfi Drive” ,this is a truly unmissable holiday.
•Price based on two tourists sharing a twin / double room at the Hotel Nice.
Like to know more? Then telephone Newmarket Air Holidays Ltd on: 0845-226-7766 (All calls charged at local rates).
68．All the following are included in the price of ￡ 299 EXCEPT __________.
A．transport between the airport and the hotel B．telephone calls made by tourists
C．the services of guides to tourists D．double rooms for every two tourists
69．What is the purpose of the passage?
A．To invite people to take a breath in the Bay of Naples.
B．To advise people to telephone Newmarket Air Holidays Ltd.
C．To persuade people to tour in the area of the Mediterranean Sea.
D．To attract people to go to Sant’ Agata or Sorrento for sightseeing.
70．The underlined part “the area is a feast for the eyes” in the passage means __________.
A．the area is pleasing to the eye B．the area is really unforgettable
C．the area catches the tourists’ eye D．the area is crowded with tourists
71．After reading the ad, one will probably join in the tour because _________.
A．the sights are attractive and the tour starts in May or October
B．the price is low for those intending to stay at the 3☆ Hotel Nice
C．the price offered is reasonable and the sights are beautiful
D．good services are offered to those intending to stay in double rooms
5【辽宁E】
There are two kinds of physical activity which require special training. The first demands exact careful movements of the muscles（肌肉）. This kind of activity must be strictly controlled because even a slight movement in the wrong direction will lead a mistake. To type quickly, for example, a person needs training; the slightest movement of a finger in the wrong direction may cause a spelling mistake. A dancer who has to dance on the point of her shoes or turn around on one foot must be trained for a long period of time before she can sense her own center and balance herself. You may have seen a girl walking on a rope across an empty space, which, too, requires a lot of practice.
The second kind of physical activity needs greater strength or extra effort. Most of us get tired if we try to run half a mile without stopping, but a specially-trained person can do this without much effort. Three years ago, some scientists carried out experiments, which produced meaningful and unexpected results. They wanted to find out whether a certain amount of physical exercise would injure those suffering from heart problems. They selected some male patients and trained them in continuous bicycle riding. They were surprised to find that the harmful effect of