名词性从句专讲.doc

名词性从句专讲
★概念：起名词作用的从句叫名词从句。它和名词一样，在句中可充当主语，表语，宾语和同位语。名词从句包括主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句。
★知识要点：
1、熟悉并掌握各个连接词、连接代词和连接副词的用法。
2、熟悉并掌握复合句即名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句），定语从句和状语从句。
什么叫复合句：
由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。在复合句中主句是全句的主体，从句是全句的一个成分，不能独立。
★高考重点要求：
1、 掌握主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、表语从句的基本句型结构
2、 弄清名词性从句的连词的用法和意义
3、 根据句子语义确定使用何种从属连词
一.引导名词性从句的连词：
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为两类：
1. 名词性that从句，即以that为连接词的名词性从句。that只能起连接主句和从句的作用，不充当从句的任何成分，无词义。
2. 名词性wh-从句，即以wh-词连接的名词性从句。Wh-词包括：
连接代词：who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
连接副词：when, where, how, why
连接词whether, if不充当句子的任何成分。
二、基本用法：
1．主语从句：在从句中作主语，主语从句可以位于句首，但常见的主语从句多放在句末，句首则用形式主语it。
1).以it作形式主语，把主语从句后置的常用的句型有：
a. It is +名词＋从句 It is a pity that we can’t go.
b. It is ＋形容词＋从句 It is clear that Tom has returned.
c. It is ＋过去分词＋从句 It is said / reported / believed / known …
d. It seem, happen等不及物动词 + that从句
例如: That the earth is round is true. = It is true that the earth is round.
Whether he will come hasn’t been decided.
= It hasn’t been decided whether he will come.
2). 注意：连词that, whether在从句中不担任句子成分，只起连接作用，不能省略。并且whether引导主语从句时不能用if代替。
Eg. Who let out the news remained unknown. = It remained unknown who let out the news.
How this happened is still a question.
It is not clear when we will start.
Why he didn’t come here is not clear to anyone.
= It is not clear to anyone why he didn’t come here.
Which is right isn’t known to us.
3). who, which, how, when, where, why在所引导的主语从句中可担任主语，宾语，状语，不能省略。可以用形式主语it引导。
eg. What he said at the meeting is important.
Whoever leaves the office should tell me.
Whenever the Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet.
4). who, whom, which, what等可以和ever构成合成词，引导主语从句和宾语从句。此类主语从句不能用it引导，引导词在句中担任句子成分，不能省略。
eg. Whoever leaves the classroom last must turn off the lights.
2. 表语从句:在复合句中用作表语的从句是表语从句。放在be动词和系动词之后。
eg.That’s what we should do. That’s why I want to see you.
This is where our problem lies.
1). be, seem, look等动词后均可跟表语从句：
My suggestion is that we should go shopping.
It seems that it is going to rain.
2). as if, because 也可引导表语从句。
It looks as if it’s going to rain. It was because I got up late.
3).在表语从句中，当reason作主语时，引导词只能用that，不能用because。
如：他迟到的原因是因为他没有赶上早班车。
The reason why he was late was that he didn’t catch the early bus.
3. 宾语从句：在复合句中用作宾语的从句是宾语从句。一般放在动词、介词或形容词后。
1).作动词宾语
eg. I don’t know what I was thinking of.
I wonder if I might give you a necklace.
I expect（that）I shall be back on Sunday.
注意:⑴. 在口语中，that引导宾语从句时常常省略。但两个that从句并列时后边的that一般不省略。
⑵. 若有补语，则宾语从句要放到补语之后，在宾补前用形式宾语it.
eg. He doesn’t want it to be known that he is going away.
I consider it necessary that he should do it again.
⑶. 在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词之后，宾语从句中谓语的否定常转移到主句的谓语上。如：
Eg. I don’t think he will see you. I don’t believe he will go.
We don’t expect he is coming.
注意：此种用法主句的主语必须是第一人称I或we. 而且它的反意疑问句的助动词由从句的助动词来定。
eg. I don’t think he can do it, can he? I don’t think you are right, are you?
⑷.在suggest, insist, demand, order, require 等表示建议，命令，要求的动词后，从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。 如：I insisted that he （should）do it at once.
She suggested that the work（should）be finished at once.
⑸. whether 和if 的区别：
*Whether可以用于所有的名词从句中，if只用于宾语从句中，两者都不能省略。
*在引导宾语从句（动词宾语从句）时，whether和if可以互换，但如果出现or not则只能用whether.
eg. I don’t know whether / if I can come. = I don’t know whether I can come or not.
*介词的宾语从句只能用whether引导。
Everything depends on whether we have enough money.
*引导主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句时都用whether.
The question is whether you can do it yourself.
Whether they will win is all the same to me.
The question whether he should come himself or send another one hasn’t been decided.
*和动词不定式连接时，只能用whether.
I haven’t decided whether to go there or not.
2.)作介词宾语 The teacher is satisfied with what I said.
3.) 作afraid, glad, certain, sure等形容词的宾语。
I’m afraid that I will be late. I’m glad that you passed the exam.
4. 同位语从句: 如果担任同位语的是个句子，则这个句子是同位语从句。同位语从句表示先行名词的具体内容，能跟同位语从句的名词常见的有news, idea, belief, doubt, fact, rumour, question, order, hope, thought, reply, problem, reason等。
1).引导同位语从句常用连词that，它在句中不担任句子成分，没有词意。除that外，还有whether, when, where, who, what, which, why, how等。可以引导同位语从句。
eg. The rumour that there will be an earthquake soon spread all over the area.
They have no hope that he will recover. I have no idea where they have gone.
2).同位语从句与先行名词有时也可以分开。
Suddenly the thought came to me that he could go blind.
3).同位语从句与定语从句的区别：
（1）同位语从句的先行名词极为有限，而定语从句的先行词则不计其数。
（2）引导同位语从句的连词that在句中不担任句子成分，而引导定语从句的that则在从句中作主语，宾语等。
（3）同位语从句与先行名词是等同关系，两者常可以转述为主表关系，而定语从句与先行词是修饰与被修饰关系。比较：
The news that our team won the game is true. （________）
The news is that our team won the game. （_______）
The news that you have heard isn’t true. （_______）
三、名词性从句的考点：
1．考查连词：
1）.连接词what与that的用法区别。
引导主、宾、表语从句时，what要充当主语、宾语或表语等句子成分，that不作任何成分，只在语法上起连接的作用。引导宾语从句时，that通常可以省略，但引导主语、表语和同位语从句时，that不能省。
例如：China’s success in manned-spacecraft travel shows ____ our country has become one of the greatest powers in space research.
A. what B. which C. 不填 D. it that
例如: ____ we can’t get seems better than ____ we have.
A. What; what B. what; that C. That; that D. That; what
____ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.
A. What B. That C. How D. Where
2).连接词whether和if的用法区别。
通常，引导主语从句、表语从句和引导同位语从句时，要用连词whether，不用if；习惯上也只能说whether or not，而不说if …or not。
例如：____ the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet.
A. Whenever B. If C. Whether D. That
3). who / whoever, what / whatever等的用法区别。
一般说来，what/who等含特指意义，而whatever/whoever等含泛指意义，意为“无论什么/无论谁”。
例如：It is generally considered unwise to give a child ____ he or she wants.
A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever
____ has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.
A. Who B. The one C. Anyone D. Whoever
4).Where, when, why等连接副词引导的名词性从句。
Where, when, why等连接副词也可以引导名词性从句，使用的关键是：这个词必须符合句子的逻辑意义要求。
例如：
— I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
— Is that ____ you had a few days off?
A. why B. when C. that D. where
（MET94）；—Do you remember ____ he came? —Yes, I do, he came by car.
A. How B. when C. that D. if
5).“介词+who(m)引导的宾语从句”与“介词+ whom”引导的定语从句的区别。
介词后面的引导词用主格还是宾格，决定于它在宾语从句中作主语还是宾语。
例如：It was a matter of ____ would take the position.
A. who B. whoever C. whom D. whomever
比较下例：
Our country has thousands of excellent scientists, most of whom have received higher education at home.
这是一个“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句；引导定语从句的是“most of+关系代词”而不只是这个关系代词，同时这个引导词又作介词of的宾语，所以要用宾格whom。（注意与介词后面的宾语从句的引导词的用法进行比较和区别。）
6).同位语从句引导词where, when的用法特点。
说明先行词内容的同位语从句的引导词where, when与被说明的名词在概念上不一致。但引导定语从句的引导词却必须保持一致。是比较：
Then arose the question ____ we were to get so much money.
This the house ____ the great man Mao Zedong was born 110 years ago.
A. where B. that C. about which D. in which
2.名词性从句的语序。
与别的从句一样，名词性从句必须用陈述语序。
例如: No one can be sure ____ in a million years.
A. what man will look like B. what will man look like
C. man will look like what D. what look will man like
You can’t imagine ____ when they received these nice Christmas presents.
A. how they were excited B. how excited they were
C. how excited were they D. they were how excited
3.形式主语、形式宾语。
当主语从句较长，而谓语较短时，常常将从句后置，而用it作为形式主语，置于句首。
动词后接复合宾语，也可用it作形式宾语。
例如: ____ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
A. There B. This C. That D. It
think, find, consider, believe, feel等动词后常带复合宾语。
例如：Many people think it possible that a trade war between EU and the States will happen.
4.名词性从句的时态和语气。（虚拟语气）
1)主语从句

2）宾语从句

3）表语从句

四：实战演练：
判断下列各句哪句含有名词性从句，并指出是什么从句：
1. China is no longer what it used to be.
2. The truth that the earth turn around the sun is known to all.
3. It was snowing when he arrived at the station.
4. How he persuaded the manager to change the plan is interesting to us all.
5. The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.
6. The news that you told me yesterday was really disappointing.
7. That is where Lu Xun used to live.
8. He spoke as if he understood what he was talking about.
9. Do you remember the teacher who taught us English at middle school?
10. I wonder why she refused my invitation.
用适当的连词填空：
1. I can’t decide ____________ dictionary I should buy.
2. That’s ____________ he refused my invitation.
3. I am very interested in ____________ he has improved his pronunciation in such a short time.
4. ____________ we need is more time.
5. The fact ____________ she had not said anything at the meeting surprised everybody.
6. ____________ and ____________ they will meet has not been decided yet.
7. Please tell me ____________ you are waiting for.
8. Is that ____________ you are looking for?
9. Would you please tell me ____________ the nearest post office is?
10. I don’t know ____________ he will agree to the plan or not.
高考题练习
1.(06全国Ⅰ)See the flags on top of the building? That was _____ we did this morning.
A. when B. which C. where D. what
2.（06全国Ⅱ）—What did your parents think about your decision?
—They always let me do _______I think I should.
A. when B. that C. how D. what
3. (06北京)—Could you do me a favor ? —It depends on _______it is.
A. which B. whichever C. what D. whatever
4.(06山东)Engines are to machines ________hearts are to animals.
A. as B that C. what D. which
5.(06天津) There is much chance_____ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.
A. that B. which C. until D. if
6.(06重庆)Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class _____ he had to meet his uncle at the airport.
A. why B. that C. where D. because
7.(06江西) In peace, too, the Red Cross is expected to send help _____ there is human suffering.
A. whoever B. however C. whatever D. wherever
8.(06浙江)____is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous economy.
A. As B. That C. This D. It
9.(06江苏) We haven’t settled the question of ____ it is necessary for him to study abroad.
A .if B. where C. whether D. that
10.(06全国Ⅰ) Please remind me ____ he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off.
A. where B. when C. how D. what
11.(06上海) One advantage of playing the guitar is ____ it can give you a great deal of pleasure.
A. how B. why C. that D. when
12.(06上海) He spoke proudly of his part in the game, without mentioning_____ his teammates had done.
A. what B. which C. why D. while
13.(06山东)I just wonder ____ that makes him so excited.
A. why it does B. what he does C. how it is D. what it is
14.(06山东) _____team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships.
A. No matter what B. No matter which C. Whatever D. Whichever
15.(06湖南) With his work completed, the businessman stepped back to his seat, feeling pleased ____ he was a man of action.
A. which B. that C. what D. whether
16.(07全国Ⅱ) _____matters most in learning English is enough practice.
A. What B. Why C. Where D. Which
17. (07浙江) Why not try your luck downtown, Bob? That’s ____ the best jobs are.
A. where B. what C. when D. why
18.(07福建) It is none of your business ____ other people think about you. Believe yourself.
A. how B. what C. which D. when
19.(07湖南) Having checked the doors were closed, and ____ all the lights were off, the boy opened the door to his bedroom.
A. why B. that C. when D. where
20.(07天津) The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer. Warm sunshine and soft sands make ____ it is.
A. what B. which C. how D. where
21.(07陕西)____ parents say and do has a life-long effect on their children.
A. That B. Which C. What D. As
22.(07安徽)You can only be sure of ____ you have at present; you can not be sure of something ____ you might get in the future.
A. that; what B. what; \ C. which; that D. \; that
23.（07江苏） Choosing the right dictionary depends on _____ you want to use it for.
A. what B. why C. how D. whether
24.(07山东) Could I speak to _____ is in charge of International Sales, please?
A. anyone B. someone C. whoever D. no matter who
25. (07山东) _____ worries me the way he keeps changing his mind.
A. This B. That C. What D. It
26.(07上海) _____ he referred to in his article was unknown to the general reader.
A. That B. What C. Whether D. Where
27.(08北京) The companies are working together to create ____ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century.
A. which B. that C. what D. who
28.(08天津) The last time we had great fun was ____ we were visiting the Water Park.
A. where B. how C. when D. why
29.(08安徽) Students are always interested in finding out ____ they can go with a new teacher.
A. how far B. how soon C. how often D. how long
30.(08湖南) When asked ____ they needed most, the kids said they wanted to feel important and loved.
A. what B. why C. whom D. which
31.(08陕西)Tomorrow is Tom’s birthday. Have you got any idea ____ the party is to be held?
A. what B. which C. that D. where
32.(08重庆) People in Chongqing are proud of ____ they have achieved in the past ten years.
A. that B. which C. what D. how
33.(08浙江) Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from ____ their parents speak at home.
A. what B. that C. which D. one
34.(08福建)____ is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing.
A. It B. What C. As D. Which
35.(08山东)____ was most important to her, she told me, was her family.
A. It B. This C. What D. As
36.（08四川灾区）I’ve heard a whisper ____ David and Heather are heading for marriage.
A. what B. which C. who D. that
37.（08上海）As his best friend, I can make accurate guesses about ___ he will do or drink.
A. what B. which C. whom D. that
38.(09四川) News came from the school office ____ Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University.
A. which B. what C. that D. where
39.(09湖南) She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do _____ it takes to save her life.
A. whichever B. however C. whatever D. whoever
40.(09天津) It is obvious to the students ____ they should get well prepared fro their future.