近10年完形.doc

2011
Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But ­­­_____some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical filness Laughter does _____short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ____ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to ____, a good laugh is unlikely to have _____ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.
____, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the ____, studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter. muscles,
Such bodily reaction might conceivably help____the effects of psychological stress.Anyway,the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ______feedback,that improve an individual’s emotional state. ______one classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted _______ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ______they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to flow.
Although sadness also _______ tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow _____ muscular responses.In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz.

1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like
2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce
3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining
4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe
5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable
6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief
7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected
8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes
9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance
10．[A]physical [B]mentl [C]subconscious [D]internal
11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for
12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at
13．[A]unless [B]until C]if [D]because
14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses
15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond
16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold
17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent
18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted
19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing
20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]Conversely

2012
The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices became an important issue recently. The
court cannot__1___ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law___2___ justices behave like
politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that__3___ the court’s reputation for
being independent and impartial.
Justices Antonin Scalia and Samuel Alito Jr., for example, appeared at political events. That
kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be__4__ as impartial judgments.
Part of the problem is that the justices are not ___5__ by an ethics code. At the very least, the
court should make itself____6___ to the code of conduct that __7____to the rest of the federal
judiciary.
This and other cases ___8___the question of whether there is still a ___9__ between the court
and politics.
The framers of the Constitution envisioned law__10__ having authority apart from politics.
They gave justices permanent positions __11__ they would be free to __12__those in power and
have no need to__13___ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from
politics precisely because they are so closely __14___.
Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social
___15___like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it
__16___is inescapably political — which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so
easily ___17__ as unjust.
The justices must __18___doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves
__19___to the code of conduct. That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate
from politics and, __20___, convincing as law.

1. [A] emphasize [B] maintain [C] modify [D] recognize
2. [A] when [B] best [C] before [D] unless
3. [A] restored [B] weakened [C] established [D] eliminated
4. [A] challenged [B] compromised [C] suspected [D] accepted
5. [A] advanced [B] caught [C] bound [D] founded
6. [A] resistant [B] subject [C] immune [D] prone
7. [A] resorts [B] sticks [C] leads [D] applies
8. [A] evade [B] raise [C] deny [D] settle
9. [A] line [B] barrier [C] similarity [D] conflict
10. [A] by [B] as [C] through [D] towards
11. [A] so [B] since [C] provided [D] though
12. [A] serve [B] satisfy [C] upset [D] replace
13. [A] confirm [B] express [C] cultivate [D] offer
14. [A] guarded [B] followed [C] studied [D] tied
15. [A] concepts [B] theories [C] divisions [D] convenience
16. [A] excludes [B] questions [C] shapes [D] controls
17. [A] dismissed [B] released [C] ranked [D] distorted
18. [A] suppress [B] exploit [C] address [D] ignore
19. [A] accessible [B] amiable [C] agreeable [D] accountable
20. [A] by all means [B] at all costs [C] in a word [D] as a result
2010
In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended giving their name to the "Hawthorne effect", the extremely influential idea that the very to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.
The idea arose because of the behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not what was done in the experiment; something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) that they were being experimented upon seemed to be to alter workers' behavior itself.
After several decades, the same data were to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store the descriptions on record, no systematic was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.
It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to interpretation of what happed. , lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output rose compared with the previous Saturday and to rise for the next couple of days. , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.
1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored
2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off
3. [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof
4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous
5. [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments
6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work
7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as
8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion
9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant
10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by
11. [A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed
12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] peculiar to
13. [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source
14. [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading
15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual
16. [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly
17. [A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued
20. [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hitting
2009
Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer's piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly to live shorter lives. This suggests that bulbs burn longer, that there is an in not being too terrifically bright.
Intelligence, it out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned is when to .
Is there an adaptive value to intelligence? That's the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance at all the species we've left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real of our own intelligence might be. This is the mind of every animal I've ever met.
Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that animals ran the labs, they would test us to the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really , not merely how much of it there is. , they would hope to study a question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? the results are inconclusive.
1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine
2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened
3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer
4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority
5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward
6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along
7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C] inevitable [D] gradual
8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think
9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different
10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward
11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs
12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across
13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply
14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance
15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest
16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach
17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with
18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise
19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile
20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better still

2008
The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is to say it anyway. He is that bird, a scientist who works independently any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.
he, however, might tremble at the of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.
This group generally do well in IQ test, 12-15 points above the value of 100, and have contributed to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, , have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been to social effects, such as a strong tradition of education. The latter was seen as a (an) of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this state of affairs.
1. [A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased
2. [A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare
3. [A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against
4. [A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately
5. [A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence
6. [A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk
7. [A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects
8. [A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question
9. [A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating
10. [A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total
11. [A] unconsciously [B] disproportionately
[C] indefinitely [D] unaccountably
12. [A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers
13. [A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve
14. [A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile
15. [A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down
16. [A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing
17. [A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument
18. [A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] combined
19. [A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed
20. [A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuous

2007
By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million of these nations looked to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence the ideals of representative government, careers to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a set of laws.
On the issue of of religion and the position of the church, , there was less agreement the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one by the Spanish crown. most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying for the conservative forces.
The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies . Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was self-rule and democracy.

1. [A] natives[B] inhabitants[C] people（B）[D] individuals