门窗发展史(中英文).doc

门窗发展历程
Evolution of Win-Door
门窗，古时亦称为牅，在中国建筑文化中显得相当活跃，是一种独具文化意蕴于审美魅力的重要建筑构件。
Win-door, considered as Yong in ancient times, seem to play an active role in architectural culture of China and they have been serving as an important components for architect, which boast uniquely cultural implication and art charm.
我国传统窗饰艺术的起源
Origin of traditional window decorations in China
“袋形竖穴” （ 图1） Pocket-shaped vertical cave (Fig 1)
为出入和通风采光的方便，在顶盖一侧留一缺口，兼有门和窗的双重功能。
For the purpose of access, ventilation and lighting, one opening is made at one side of the top cover which provides double functions working as win-door.
“囱”（图2） Chimney (Fig 2)
固定在屋顶上的洞口，用来通风排烟和采光;难以解决雨、雪的侵袭。
An opening is constructed on the top of the room to enable air, smoke and light to pass. It is not able to protect from rain&snow.
“牖” (图3/4）窗的雏形 Yong – Rudiment of window (Fig 3&4)
在很大程度上解决了房屋的防水问题,双坡屋架的形式便使得排烟、采光的洞口有条件置于房山尖上.
The issue of waterproof of the room is solved to a great extent in this way. The double pitch of the roof makes it possible to place the opening used to discharge smoke and obtain light on the ridge of the roof.
我国最早的窗饰实物形态，在西周初见端倪（图5）。汉唐时期是窗饰艺术的发展期，出现了横披窗及直棂窗等新式类型，网纹、琐纹及球纹等窗棂纹样的窗饰；宋、辽、金时期是窗饰艺术发展的成熟期，出现了栏槛钩窗、落地长罩及隔扇窗等多种类型；明清时期是我国传统窗饰艺术发展期，出现支摘窗、码三箭漏明窗等多种造型丰富的窗饰类型，此后随着我国古代工艺技术的发展，窗饰的内容与形式也不断增添着新的内容。
The earliest window decoration in China came into physical formation in the Western Zhou Dynasty (Fig 5). It was developing during the Han&Tang Dynasty in which the horizontal hanging scroll： 横披 &mullion windows and checkered, overlapped texture as well as ball texture in pattern of window decoration appeared. Song, Liao, Jin Dynasty is the mature period for the traditional window decoration when various patterns of windows such as removable window, stone-made latticed window came into presence. From that time on, the window decorations have developed greatly in a variety of patterns and structures.

Fig 1: Cave shelter in Laoyang, Henan.
Fig 2: Banpo Relics
Fig 3: Ruins at Dahe village in Zhenzhou
Fig 4: China clay room in Guangzhou

Fig 5: Cabinet used to keep slave to receive the punishment of cutting feet
Fig 6: Horizontal hanging scroll window in the Han & Ming Dynasty
Fig 7: Window sash patterns in the Han & Ming Dynasty
Fig 8: Front facet of the hall in Nanchan temple of Shanxi in the Tang Dynasty.

Fig 9: Ball decoration in Mituo hall of Suofu temple in Shanxi
Fig 10: French window displayed in the drawing of the Song Dynasty.
Fig 11: Partition door & hang grid window shown in the drawing of the Song Dynasty
Fig 12: Horizontal hanging scroll window at Guanyin hall of Kaiyuan temple in Yi county of Hebei.

Fig 13: Grid win-door for ancient rooms in Beijing in Ming & Qing dynasty.
Fig 14: Removable window for houses in Shanxi.
Fig 15: Window decoration at Yihe Palace in Beijing.
Fig 16: Window decoration at Liuyuan in Suzhou of Jiangsu.
近代门窗的发展
Win-door development in modern times
1.早期的木窗阶段
Wood window at early stage
（1）木窗前期 木框与纸的结合 Earlier stage wood frame combined with paper
（2） 木窗后期 木框与玻璃的结合 Later stage
wood frame combined with glass
2. 以钢窗为代表的时代
Steel window dominate
1911年钢门窗传入中国，钢门窗性能虽好，但国内优质冷轧薄板生产厂家很少，造成彩色钢板价格上扬，使成窗价格居高不下，失去与铝合金门窗竞争的实力。
Steel window first came into existence in China in 1911. Although its performance is better, the price for colour steel plate is rising due to non-sufficient manufacturer of cold-rolled steel sheet, which put the price for the finished window on the high level and thus lose the competition strength against aluminum win-door.
3. 以铝合金为主的时代
Aluminum win-door prevailing
铝合金门窗七十年代传入我国，很快就风行起来。
Aluminum win-door prevailed in China soon after theycame to China in 1970s.
铝合金门窗阻燃性好，外观豪华但整体性较差，易变形、易腐蚀，且保温性差、隔热差、隔音效果不强。
Though aluminum win-door has good fire resistance and is luxury in appearance. It is weak in integrity, easy deformation, easily erosive and further. It has weak heat &sound insulation.
4. 以普通塑钢门窗为代表的时代：
GRP windows popular
上世纪80年代，塑料门窗进入中国， 90年代出现了塑料门窗应用的高峰，且一直持续到现在。普通塑钢门窗比铝合金窗节能，隔音、保温、耐腐蚀性好。
GRP win-door entered into presence in China in 1980s. It was extensively applied in 1990s and is still popular until today. The common GRP win-door, compared with aluminum win-dooris better in sound insulation, heat insulation and erosion-resistance.
目前存在的突出问题是窗型的式样少且单一，五金件水平不高，品种不全，废料回收技术还没有很好解决。
The major issue at present is the scarce of the pattern of the window. Its hardware fittings are not good in quality and not diverse in types. Besides, the recycle technology of waste materials is not good enough.
5. 以断桥铝门窗、纯木、铝包木为主，各特色门窗并行的个性时代
Off-bridge aluminum win-door, pure wood, wood coated with aluminum win-door as the distinctive win-door
注重节能，比普通门窗热量散失减少一半，但盲目选用型材和规格，不按要求进行安装，密封性能差，开关不自如，不仅漏风漏雨和出现玻璃炸裂现象，而且遇到强风和外力，容易将推拉部分或玻璃刮落或碰落，毁物伤人。
This kind of win-door is energy saving, which is able to reduce the heat loss to the half of that of common win-door. If the type and specification is chosen at random and the installation is conducted without following the requirement, this could lead to bad sealing performance, difficult operation of opening & closing. Furthermore, It also brings about wind rain leakage and glass crack. If there is strong wind and external force, either the section of push-and-pull or glass would come off which may damage the goods and hurt people.
6. 美盾门窗 Meidun win-door
节能达到国家最高10级标准、隔声达到国家最高6级标准、实现自然通风并零粉尘的超级门窗。采用德国知名多腔PVC型材，配以温屏节能玻璃、加强热镀锌钢、三元乙丙密封条、德国诺托五金件等制作而成，并被国家建筑工程质量监督检验中心收藏为节能样板窗。
The energy conservation of Meidun win-door has achieved the grade 10, the highest of the state. Sound insulation has reached the grade 6, the top one of the state. It is the super win-door that allows the natural ventilation and zero dust. It is produced from Germany-famous multi-cavity PVC section, temperature screen glass, enhanced hot galvanizing steel, EPDM sealing strips and Roto hardware produced in Germany, which is accepted by the state architectural engineering quality supervision and inspection center as the energy-saving win-door sample.
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