暑期辅导第一讲.doc

英语入门
教师寄语：A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半。
I. 句子的分类（按结构）
1. 简单句：由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子。
例句：1. She goes to work every day.2. Tom and I found her there.
3. We all breathe, eat and work.
2. 并列句：由并列连词（如：and, so, but, or等）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。
例句：1. I often help her and she helps me, too.
2. Harry likes eggs, but he doesn’t like chicken.
3. 复合句：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子,从句是主句的一个成分。
例句：1. I believe you are right.
2. If he studies harder, he will pass the exam.
II. 句子成分详解
1. 主语 ( Subject )
表示句子说的是“什么人” 或 “什么事”。通常由名词、代词、主语从句或动名词短语等充当。例如：
1. My teacher hates telling lies. （指老师这个人）
2. Great changes have taken place in China in the past thirty years.（所发生的事情— 变化）
2. 谓语 ( Predicate )
说明主语“做什么” “是什么” 或 “怎么样”。通常由动词或动词短语结合时态、语态、语气等充当。 要弄清两个概念：
及物动词：后面直接接宾语的动词；
不及物动词：后面不能直接接宾语的动词。
例如： 1. Children like playing games.2. They were talking about a new film.
3. 宾语 ( Object )
常指及物动词或介词后面使之意思完整的词或短语。
常由名词、代词、动词不定式或动名词短语等充当。
例如：1. She has finished doing the experiment. 2. We like English and are good at it.
4. 表语 ( Predicative )
与系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质特征等。常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、短语或从句等充当。
英语中常见的联系动词有: look; sound; feel; seem等。
例如：1. Her grandfather is an engineer. 2. The two countries were at war then.
3. The fact seems that he didn’t’t notice the car.
5. 定语 ( Attributive )
常指修饰名词的词或短语。常由形容词、形容词性物主代词、名词、数词、副词、
介词短语、动词不定式或分词短语等充当。
例如：1. The black sweater is mine. 2. We have eight classes every day.
3. The coffee cup on the table is mine.
6. 状语 ( Adverbial )
常指修饰动词、形容词或副词的成分，修饰动词时表示动作发生的时间、地点、目的或方式等；修饰形容词或副词时表示它们的程度等。状语常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词短语等充当。
例如：1. The miners work very hard. 2. She often helps Mike at school.
3. Hearing the news, he couldn’t help jumping.
7. 宾语补足语 ( Object Complement )
常指补充说明宾语的成分，逻辑上与宾语是“主谓”关系。常由形容词、名词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词短语等充当。
例如：1. She keeps the house clean every day. 2. Nobody calls me a liar.
3. We last saw him playing on the playground
III. 简单句的五种基本句型
1）主 + 谓 例如： I work.　我工作。
2）主 +系 + 表 例如： John is busy.　约翰忙。
3）主 + 谓 + 宾 例如： She studies English.　她学英语。
4）主 + 谓 + 宾 + 补 例如：Time would prove me right. 时间会证明我是对的。
5）主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾 例如：My mother made me a new dress.　我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。
IV. 并列句的常用连词
1. 我们常用并列连词and, not only…but also…等，连接联合并列句,用not only…but also… 时， 前面一句要用部分倒装 。例如:
1）Use your head, and you’ll find a way.
2）Not only does he want to come, but the students also need him.
2. 我们常用并列连词but, while, yet等连接转折并列句。
例如:（09北京）21. John plays basketball well, ___ his favorite sport is badminton.
A. so B. or C. yet D. for
3. 我们常用并列连词or, either…or…, otherwise 等连接选择并列句。
如: Either you leave this house or I’ll call the police.
4. 并列连词so, for等连接因果并列句。如: It was late, so we went home.
注意：1.在“祈使句 + and/or + 陈述句”结构中,当前后 两部分为承接关系时,用and;前后意思为相反关系时,用or。如果将前面的祈使句转换成由if引导的条件状语从句, 要将and 或or 去掉。 例如: Hurry up, and we’ll be there in time.
= If we hurry up, we’ll be there in time.
2. 并列连词so 不能与because连用; 并列连词 but不能和although或 though连用。
V. 句子的分类（按用途）
1. 陈述句 （Declarative Sentences）用来说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如：
  1) Light travels faster than sound.　光比声传播速度快。（说明事实）
2) The film is rather boring.　这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）
要特别注意陈述句的否定结构
首先，否定转移:主句谓语动词是think, expect, believe, suppose, guess 等表“认为” 的动词时,宾语从句的否定习惯上前移到主句谓语上.
例如：1) I don’t think I know you. 2) She doesn’t believe you are wrong.
注意: hope 不在此列.误: I don’t hope it will rain.
正: I hope it won’t rain.
第二， 句中含有never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely, nothing, nobody, nowhere等词时, 应视为否定句。例如：1) I could hardly hear anything.
2) He rarely comes to see me. 3) None of us has been to Beijing. 4) I saw nothing in the darkness.5) We could find her nowhere.
2. 疑问句 （Interrogative Sentences）
a. 一般疑问句（General Questions）：常指用yes或no回答的句子，常把助动词be、have、do或情态动词等提到主语之前，例如： Can you finish the work in time?
b. 特殊疑问句 （Special Questions）：指用疑问词开头的疑问句，不能用yes或no回答，例如：Where do you live?　你住哪儿？
c. 选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）：
这种疑问句通常提出两种或两种以上的情况，要求对方选择，供选择的部分常用or 连接。例如： 1. Would you like some tea or coffee?
2. Which jacket did he buy, the green one or the red one?
d. 反意疑问句（Tag Questions）：在陈述句后附上一个简短问句，表示说话者对所叙述的事实虽有一定见解，但没有把握，提出疑问，希望得到对方的证实。常见句型结构是：前肯定后否定；前否定后肯定两种。要注意陈述句中的否定有多种形式，除了用not之外，还可以用hardly, few, little, never, seldom, nobody, nothing, nowhere等词表示否定，但否定的前缀和后缀不算否定。
例如：1) Work is a big part of your life, isn’t it?
2) They all had a good time, didn’t they?
3) She dislikes pets, doesn’t she? 4) He doesn’t know her, does he?
5) Nobody came here just now, did they? 6) Tom can hardly cook, can he?
注意：
1. 陈述部分为含有宾语从句的主从复合句时，通常要对主句主语进行反问；但如果陈述部分是“I (don’t ) think / suppose / believe 等+ 宾语从句” 时，则要对宾语从句的主语进行反问。
2. 陈述部分为祈使句时，不论祈使句是肯定形式还是否定形式，反意疑问句部分通常用will you; 但let’s 引起的祈使句的反意疑问句部分通常用shall we。
例如：
1) Come here this evening, will you? 2) Don’t make a noise, will you?
3) Let’s go out for a walk, shall we? 4) Let me do it again, will you?
3. 祈使句 （Imperative Sentences）
用来提出请求，建议或发出命令，肯定的祈使句 用动词原形开头，否定的祈使句用Don’t 或 Never +动词原形开头。例如：
　 1. Sit down, please! 2. Don’t be nervous!　
有时为了加强语气还可以在动词前面用上助动词do。 例如：Do come earlier, please!
4. 感叹句 （Exclamatory Sentences）
表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪，常用what 或how来引导。常见的句型结构是：
What + 名词 +主语+谓语！
How +形容词或副词 +主语+谓语！
例如： 1) What good news it is!　 2) What a silly question he asked!
3) How cool it is today 4) How hard the students are working!
巩固练习题
1.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分
⑴We are going to call on him tonight
⑵In new China the old are living a happy life.
⑶She didn’t know what to do next.
⑷Nobody noticed him enter the room.
⑸Who is the girl in red?
⑹GuiLin is a beautiful city
⑺I will go there if it doesn’t rain
⑻I went there to see a friend of mine
2. 汉译英(标出句型)
⑴天气很冷！（ ）
⑵婴儿正在隔壁房间里哭（ ）
⑶我喜欢流行音乐。（ ）
⑷请告诉我你得电话号码（ ）
⑸我们必须保持房间干净。（ ）
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3. 用适当的并列连词填空
⑴ Hurry up. ______ we’ll be late for school.
⑵ Practice more, _______you’ll be able to speak English better.
⑶ He didn’t come to school yesterday, ________he was ill
⑷ He is sixty, ________he has made up his mind to learn a second foreign language
⑸ It was very cold yesterday__________ we stayed at home
⑹ You must have a good rest,_________ your health will break down.
⑺___________________（他不但学习好），but also he works well.
4.完成反意疑问句
⑴ There was no water in the glass,_______________________
⑵ She seldom goes out on weekends______________________
⑶I don’t believe that he has failed the English exam_________________________
⑷ Let’s go out,______________________
⑸ Nether if them knew the way,_______________________
⑹ She dislikes maths,__________________
⑺他是一个多么聪明的男孩子呀（what）
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⑻这是一个多么难得问题呀（how）
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⑼将下面的句子变成一般疑问句和否定句
She found the work very easy.
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⑽就划线部分提问
He was talking to his father when I saw him
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