从2003年高考题谈倒装结构的标志词及其常见考法.doc

从2003年高考题谈倒装结构的标志词及其常见考法
湖南 孙天桥

首先请看2003年全国试题中第34题：
34. The old couple have been married for 40 years and never once _____ with each other.
A. they had quarreled B. they have quarreled C. have they quarreled D. had they quarreled
这是一道考查倒装用法的题目，其中标志词是never ，never置于句首时，句子必须使用部分倒装。故答案为C。
无独有偶，在2003年上海高考试题中，第38题也是一道考查倒装结构的题：
38. Only when your identity has been checked, ____.
A. you are allowed in B. you will be allowed in
C. will you allow in D. will you be allowed in
此题答案为D，其标志词是only，only 位于句首时，句子同样必须使用倒装结构，首先排除A和B，其次排除C，因为该句应使用被动态。
而且2003年高考上海春季招生第39题，同样是考的一道倒装题：
39. Only in this way ____ to make improvement in the operating system.
A. you can hope B. you did hope
C. can you hope D. did you hope
本题答案是Ｃ。其标志词同样为only。
在英语中，主语和谓语的语序通常是主语在前，谓语在后。但有时谓语的全部或一部分可以提到主语的前面，这种现象在英语语法中被称为"倒装"。以往的高考中，倒装结构是一个热点，许多年都考到了这个语法点。任何倒装句型都有其标志词，这个标志词是构成倒装句型的条件。下面我们结合历年高考题来谈谈倒装结构的一些常见标志词。
标志一： out ，in ，down ，up ，away 或 now，then，here ，there等副词位于句首时，句子通常使用完全倒装结构。如：
①In came the headmaster.
②Away went the beggar.
③There goes the bell
④Here is your new pen.
⑤Now comes your turn.
注意：但当主语是人称代词时，此时主谓不倒装。如：
①Here you are.
②Here he comes.
高考考例：
1. Out ＿＿ , with a stick in his hand. （MET1992）
A. did he rush B. rushed he C. he rushed D. he did rush
2. "Where is Kate？" "Look，_____. She is at the school gate. "（NMET1995）
A. there is she B. here is she C. there she is D. here she was
答案：1、C 2、C
标志二：in front of , in the distance , to the east of , at the back of , in the distance等表示地点状语的介词短语位于句首时，也引起全部倒装。如：
①In the distance are a group of children.
②South of the river lies a small factory.
高考考例：
On the wall ____ two large portraits. (MET85)
A. hangs B. hang C. hanged D. hanging
答案：B。
标志三：always , usually , often , now and then , sometimes , once , many a time, every day, every other day , every few weeks等表示时间频率的状语位于句首时，如表示强调，用倒装语序；若不表示强调，可用自然语序。如：
①Always does he read till late into night.
②Now and then did we go to the cinema last year.
③Many a time has he been to Beijing.
标志四：never，little，no ，hardly，seldom，not，not only，by no means，in no case（决不），in no time（立刻、马上），not until，not a bit，no longer，no sooner．．．than，hardly／scarcely．．．when等含有否定或半否定意义的副词或连词置于句首时，用部分倒装。如：
①Never have I been to Shanghai.
②Seldom did he come to see me.
③Not until he came did we leave the village.
④By no means am I pleased with what he did.
⑤No sooner had I left my house than it began to rain.
⑥Hardly had he turned his back when everybody burst out laughing.
高考考例：
1. Not only ______ polluted but ______ crowded. （上海1991）
A.was the city; were the streets B. the city was; were the streets
C. was the city; the streets were D. the city was; the streets were
2. Not until all the fish died in the river ______ how serious the pollution was. （ NMET1995）
A. did the villagers realize B. the villagers realized
C. the villagers did realize D. didn't the villagers realize
3. I finally got the job I dreamed about. Never in all my life ____ so happy. (2000 上海春招)
A. did I feel B. I felt C. I had felt D. had I felt
4. Not only ＿＿ interested in football but ＿＿beginning to show an interest in it. （2002年上海春招）
A. the teacher himself is ; all his students are
B. the teacher himself is ; are all his students
C. is the teacher himself ; are all his students
D. is the teacher himself ; all his students are
答案：1、C 2、A 3、D 4、D
注意：
①"not only… but also … "连接两个并列主语时，主谓不倒装。
如：Not only you but also he is good at English.
②在并列句not only ... but also并列两个句子时，原则是“前倒后不倒”，即前一个分句倒装，而后一个不用倒装，如高考考例中的1、4
标志五：only置于句首，修饰作状语的副词、介词短语或状语从句时，要用部分倒装结构。如：
①Only then did she see her mother.
②Only in this way can you improve your English.
③Only when the war was over was he able to get back to work.
高考考例：
1. ______ can you expect to get a pay rise. （2001京皖蒙春）
A. With hard work B. Although work hard
C. Only with hard work D. Now that he works hard
2. Only when the war was over _____ to his hometown. （上海2001春季）
A. did the young soldier return B. the young soldier returned
C. returned the young soldier D. the young soldier did return
3. Only in this way _____ progress in your English. (MET 84)
A. you make B. can you make C. you be able to make D. will you able to make
答案：1、C 2、A 3、B
注意：
①在主从复合句中，原则是"主倒从不倒"，即倒装的是主句，而不是从句，如高考考例2。
②如果句首的only强调的不是状语，而是主语或其他成分，则仍用陈述语序。
如：Only Li Ming knows this.
标志六：so／neither／nor开头的句子或从句中，表示某人、某事或某种情况与前面提到的相同，此时主谓应倒装，句型是so／neither／nor ＋be（have／助动词／情态动词）＋主语；而当问答两句指同一人时，则主谓不倒装，简略附和语应采用"so＋主语＋be（have／助动词／情态动词）"形式，以表示赞同。如：
①She is a teacher. So is her sister.
②She won't go. Neither/Nor will I.
③Xiao Li said that the would go skating on Sunday, so he did.
高考考例：
1. -David has made great progress recently.
-_____, and ______. （97上海）
A. So he has; so you have B. So he has; so have you
C. So has he; so have you D. So has he; so you have
2. -Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother？
-I don't know, _____. （MET91）
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care
C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
答案：1、B 2、B
标志七：在"so+形容词…that分句"结构中，如将"so+形容词"置于句首以示强调时，其后的系动词be则要移到主语前面，形成主谓倒装。如:
①So moved was she that she could not say a word.
在"so+副词…that分句"结构中，如将"so+副词"置于句首以示强调时，其后的主谓作部分倒装。如:
②So loudly did he speak that even the people in the next room could hear him.
③So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.
高考考例：
1. So ____ that no fish can live in it. （92上海）
A. the lake is shallow B. shallow the lake is
C. shallow is the lake D. is the lake shallow
2. So difficult _____it to live in an English-speaking country that I determined to learn English well. （2001上海）
A. I have felt B. have I felt C. I did feel D. did I feel
答案：1、C 2、Ｄ
标志八：as、though表示"虽然、尽管"，引导让步状语从句时，通常把从句中的状语、表语部分提到主语之前；如果作表语的是名词，当其置于as、though之前时要省去冠词，但although引导的让步状语从句不能倒装。
①Much as (though) I like it (＝Although I like it very much), I will not buy it.
②Child as (though) he is (＝Although he is a child), he can tell right from wrong.
高考考例：
1. _______，I have never seen anyone who's as capable as John. （2001上海）
A. As long as I have traveled B. Now that I have traveled so much
C. Much as I have traveled D. As I have traveled so much
2. Clever as he is，he doesn't study well. （MET85）
标志九：在虚拟语气中，如果if条件从句有系动词were或助动词should、had，可以把其置于句首，同时省去if。 如：
①Were I (If I were ) there, I would tell him the truth.
②Had they (If they had ) known, they would have accepted that.
高考考例：
1. Had I known her name，___________ .(1992上海)
A.or does she know mine B.and where does she live
C.she would come here D.I would have invited her
2. Should it rain tomorrow，we should have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.（上海94）
3. Had it not been for the free tickets，I would not have gone to the films so often. （NMET95）
答案：1、D
试做下面练习：
1. Not until I began to work ____ how much time I had wasted.
A．didn't I realize B．did I realize C．I didn't realize D ．I realized
2. Only by practising a few hours every day ____ be able to master the language．
A．you can B．can you C．you will D．will you
3. Little ____ about his own safety，though he was in great danger himself.
A．does he care B．did he care C．he cares D．he cared
4. ---It was careless of you to have left your clothes outside all night.
--- My God! _____.
A. So did I B. So I did C. So were you D. So did you
5. ______ got into the room ______ the telephone rang.
A．He hardly had；then B．Hardly had he；when
C．He hadn't；than D．Not had he；when
6. Not a single song ____ at yesterday's party.
A．she sang B．sang she C．did she sing D．she did sing
答案： 1、B 2、D 3、B 4、 B 5、 B 6、C

作者姓名：孙天桥
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