结构型阅读.doc

结构型命题在高考阅读理解中的表现
老河口市一中 昝改清

课堂阅读活动，至少要实现三个方面的目标：一是充分获得语言信息，这是最主要的目标；二是理解文章的篇章结构；三是理解课文中的词汇和句子结构。高考试题主要侧重语言信息的考查。但是最近两年，对语篇结构的考查试题也频繁出现在各地高考英语阅读理解题中，而且已经成为了一种独立的命题形式----结构题。结构题型首先源于TOEFL阅读。从结构上讲，它是一种形式，是结构构成的形式基本单位；同时它又是文章中相对独立的一部分内容，是文章内容构成的基本单位。就其考查内容而言，可分为三种：考查考生对整个文章结构的组织能力；考查考生对后文内容的预测能力；考查考生对文章写作手法、修辞手段的赏析能力。下面结合近几年高考试题，谈谈这一题型在高考中的表现。

结构型命题表现之一 文章的篇章结构
文章的结构,是文章段落与段落、段落与整体之间的内在联系和外部形式的统一。文章的
结构是文章的“骨架”，是谋篇布局的手段，是运用材料反映中心思想的方法。这种考查方式主要体现在议论文和说明文文体上。从段落组织方式上讲，常见的文章结构有三种：总分式结构（总→分；总→分→总；分→总）、并列式结构（段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立）、对照式结构（结构形式上是一正一反）；从论证方法上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类： Put forward a question →Analyze the question → Solve the question 即“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程；Argument/idea → Evidence → conclusion/ restating the idea 即“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。从命题角度来讲，常见的提问方式有：
How is the passage organized?；
Which of the following best shows the structure/organization of the passage?
The author develops the passage mainly by _________.
What will the author most probably talk about next?
In the next part, the author would most probably discuss with you ________.

A 考查段落的组织方式
例（1）2008（北京）------总→分→总
The Diet Zone: A Dangerous Place
Diet Coke, diet Pepsi, diet pills, no-fat diet, vegetable diet. We are surrounded by the word “diet” everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet products that we have stopped thinking about what diet products are doing to us. We are paying for products that harm us psychologically and physically（身体上）.
Diet products significantly weaken us psychologically. On one level, we are not allowing our brain to admit that our weight problems lie not in actually losing the weight, but in controlling the consumption of fatty, high-calorie, unhealthy foods. Diet products allow us to jump over the thinking stage and go straight for the scale（秤）instead. All we have to do is to swallow or recognize the word “diet” in food labels.
On another level, diet products have greater psychological effects. Every time we have a zero-calorie drink, we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we don’t have to work to get results. Diet products make people believe that gain comes without pain, and that life can be without resistance and struggle.
The danger of diet products lies not only in the psychological effects they have on us, but also in the physical harm that they cause. Diet foods can indirectly harm our bodies because consuming them instead of healthy foods means we are preventing our bodies from having basic nutrients(营养成分). Diet foods and diet pills contain zero calorie only because the diet industry has created chemicals to produce these wonder products. Diet products may not be nutritional, and the chemical that go into diet products are potentially dangerous.
Now that we are aware of the effects that diet products have on us, it is time to seriously think about buying them. Losing weight lies in the power of minds, not in the power of chemicals. Once we realize this, we will be much better able to resist diet products, and therefore prevent the psychological harm that comes from using them.
75. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?

【解析】选B。 考查学生分析文章篇章结构的能力。文章从两个要点来说明中心观点，这两要点是1）节食产品对人们心理的伤害。2）节食产品对人们身体的伤害。为了说明第一个要点，文章中用了两个自然段，即第二自然段和第三自然段（分析理解这里是正确回答此题的关键）。所以选 B。

例（2）2005（江苏）------总→分→总
The twentieth century saw greater changes than any century before: changes for the better, changes for the worse; changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger. Many things caused the changes, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science.
Scientific research in physics and biology has vastly broadened our views. It has given us a deeper knowledge of the structure of matter and of the universe; it has brought us a better understandings of the nature of life and of its continuous development. Technology — the application of science — has made big advances that have benefited us in nearly every part of life.
The continuation of such activities in the twenty-first century will result in even greater advantages to human beings: in pure science — a wider and deeper knowledge in all fields of earning; in applied science — a more reasonable sharing of material benefits, and better protection of the environment.
Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and production of weapons of mass destruction has created a real danger to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons, Although their actual use has so far occurred only in the Second World War, the umber of nuclear weapons that were produced and made ready for use was so large that if the weapons had actually been used, the result could have been the ruin of the human race, as well as f many kinds of animals.
William Shakespeare said, "The web of our life is of a mingled yarn (纱线), good and ill together.'’ The above brief review of the application of only one part of human activities — science seems to prove what Shakespeare said. But does it have to be so? Must the ill always go together with the good? Are we biologically programmed for war?
72. Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?
A. B. C. D.

【解析】选A。考查学生分析文章篇章结构的能力。在文章首段的最后一句话，通过转折词but找到主题，第2段、第3段的主题句都出现了段尾，都讲了科技带来的benefit，从正面印证了主题。而第4段首句的sadly和however，表明文章转入另外一个方面的论证，而且是反面的的论证。接下来的全文尾段用Shakespeare的话再次总结主题。根据这个分析，可以很容易地看出这篇文章的整体结构是“总－分－总”式，在“分”的部分有分为正、反两方面，所以选A。
例（3）2009（北京）------总→分→总
How Room Designs Affect Our Work and Feelings
Architects have long had the feeling that the places we live in can affect our thoughts, feelings
and behaviors. But now scientists are giving this feeling an empirical(经验的，实证的) basis.
They are discovering how to design spaces that promote creativity, keep people focused and lead
to relaxation.
Researches show that aspects of the physical environment can influence creativity. In 2007,
Joan Meyers-Levy at the University of Minnesota, reported that the height of a room's ceiling
affects how people think. Her research indicates that higher ceilings encourage people to think
more freely, which may lead them to make more abstract connections. Low ceilings, on the other
hand, may inspire a more detailed outlook.
In additions to ceiling height, the view afforded by a building may influence an occupant's
ability to concentrate. Nancy Wells and her colleagues at Cornell University found in their study
that kids who experienced the greatest increase in greenness as a result of a family move made the
most gains on a standard test of attention.
Using nature to improve focus of attention ought to pay off  academically, and it seems to,
according to a study led by C. Kenneth Tanner, head of the School Design & Planning Laboratory
at the University of Georgia. Tanner and his team found that students in classrooms with
unblocked views of at least 50 feet outside the window had higher scores on tests of vocabulary,
language arts and maths than did students whose classrooms primarily overlooked roads and
parking lots.
Recent study on room lighting design suggests than dim(暗淡的) light helps people to loosen
up. If that is true generally, keeping the light low during dinner or at parties could increase
relaxation. Researchers of Harvard Medical School also discovered that furniture with rounded
edges could help visitors relax.
So far scientists have focused mainly on public buildings. "We have a very limited number of
studies, so we're almost looking at the problem through a straw(吸管)," architect David Allison
says. "How do you take answers to very specific questions and make broad, generalized use of
them? That's what we're all struggling with." 
67. Which of the following shows the organization of the passage?

 CP: Central Point   P: point  Sp: Sub—point（次要点）C: Conclusion

【解析】选C。考查学生分析文章篇章结构的能力。第一段为总要点，最后一段为结论，要点1、2、3共同服务于结论，重要的是要点二又包含了两个次要点。综上分析可知答案为C。

B 考查段落的论证方法
例（4）2005（浙江）---- Argument/idea → Evidence → conclusion/ restating the idea
In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget. But none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible.
    First of all, the job made huge demands on my strength. For ten hours a night, I took boxes that rolled down a metal track and piled them onto a truck. Each box contained twelve heavy bottles of apple juice. I once figured out that I was lifting an average of twelve tons of apple juice every night.
    I would not have minded the difficulty of the work so much if the pay had not been so poor. I was paid the lowest wage of that time—two dollars an hour. Because of the low pay, I felt eager to get as much as possible. I usually worked twelve hours a night but did not take home much more than $ 100 a week.
    But even more than the low pay, what made me unhappy was the working conditions. During work I was limited to two ten-minute breaks and an unpaid half hour for lunch. Most of my time was spent outside loading trucks with those heavy boxes in near-zero-degree temperatures. The steel floors of the trucks were like ice, which made my feet feel like stone. And after the production line shut down at night and most people left, I had to spend two hours alone cleaning the floor.
    I stayed on the job for five months, all the while hating the difficulty of the work, the poor money, and the conditions under which I worked. By the time I left, I was determined never to go back there again.
52．How is the text organized?
 A．Topic—Argument—Explanation 
 B．Opinion—Discussion—Description
 C．Main idea—Comparison—Supporting examples 
 D．Introduction—Supporting examples—Conclusion
【解析】选D。考查学生对文章论证方法的理解。通读全文不难发现本文采取的论证方法是：Argument/idea → Evidence → conclusion/ restating the idea。因此选D。

例（5）---- Topic ----argument----conclusion
I receive a lot of emails every time a column is published in 21st Century. The majority of questions I get are like this: “My English is still very poor, could you please give me some advice?” Since this kind of question is so big and so vague, any answers will be too broad or too general. In fact, asking questions is an art that needs training and practice in itself. And I would like to offer the following tips:
Always contextualize your question. If you really want to ask for advice on something, you need to provide a brief description of how you came up with the question and how you can benefit from asking it. For instance, if you need to improve your English, you need to state the skill area you are in the greatest need of improving, and what difficulties you encounter that cause you so many problems
The second piece of advice is that your question should be focused and specific. By that I mean that you might have a lot of questions, but choose the one that is most important and at the same time the least complicated.
Third, you can practise asking one question in multiple ways. For instance, if you are interested in knowing how you can boost your confidence in speaking, you might consider asking: “I often feel nervous before I ask a question, how can I overcome my anxiety?” “Could you share with me your experience of speaking in front of others?”
Of course, the best way to ask good questions is through the practice of questioning. I highly encourage you to seek opportunities to ask questions. It takes time to be a really good questioner.
How is the text organized?
A．Topic---argument----description
B．Opinion—discussion---explanation
C．Main idea---comparison--- supporting examples
D．Topic ----argument----conclusion
【解析】选D。考查学生对文章论证方法的理解。文章一开始就提出本文要讲的中心, 然后进行论述, 最后得出结论。由此,我们不难得出答案是D。

例（6）2008(重庆)------- presenting a cause and analyzing its effects
Being able to multitask—doing several things at the same time—is considered a welcome skill by most people. But if we consider the situation of the young people aged from eight to eighteen, we should think again.
What we often see nowadays is that young people juggle an ever larger number of electronic devices(电子产品)as they study. While working, they also surf on the Internet, send out emails, answer the telephone and listen to music on their iPods. In a sense, they are spending a significant amount of time in fruitless efforts as they multitask.
Multitasking is even changing the relationship between family members. As young people around them. They can no longer greet family members when they enter the house, nor can they cat at the family table.
Multitasking also affects young people’s performance at university and in the workplace. When asked about their opinion of the effect of modern gadgets(器具)on their performance of tasks, many young people gave a positive response(反应). However, the response from the worlds of education and business was not quite as positive. Educators feel that multitasking by children has a serious effect on later development of study skills. They believe that many college students now need help to improve their study skills. Similarly, employers feel that young people entering the job market need to be taught all over again, as modern gadgets have made it unnecessary for them to learn special skills to do their work.
67. The author develops the passage mainly by _________.
A. providing typical examples
B. following the natural time order
C. comparing opinions from different fields
D. presenting a cause and analyzing its effects
【解析】选D。考查学生对文章论证方法的理解。从文章的第一段可以看出：作者先提出在8岁到18岁之间的年轻人身上的 being able to multitask（一心多用）是不受人欢迎的这么一个观点。接着作者分析了being able to multitask给这些年轻人带来的坏的影响。所以选D。

C 考查段落、篇章的主题和段落发展的预测
说明：关于段落、篇章以及词句的考查从广义上讲也是结构型命题的范畴，由于是众所周之的命题热点，此处不再赘述。
例（7）2006（重庆）----段落发展的预测
The flag, the most common symbol(象征) of a nation in the modern world, is also one of the most ancient. With a clear symbolic meaning, the flag in the traditional form is still used today to mark buildings, ships and other vehicles related to a country.
The national flag as we know it today is in no way a primitive(原始的)artifact. It is ,rather, the product of thousands of years' development. Historians believe that it had two major ancestors, of which the earlier served to show wind direction.
Early human beings used very fragile houses and boats. Often strong winds would tear roofs from houses or cause high waves that endangered travelers. People's food supplies were similarly vulnerable. Even after they had learned how to plant grains, they still needed help from nature to ensure good harvests. Therefore they feared and depended on the power of the wind