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形容词和副词比较级、最高级的用法
1.原级的构成和用法
l)构成:形容词,副词的原级形式是形容词,副词的原形.
2)用法:表示双方在程度,性质,特征等某方面相等时,用“ as 十原级形容词或副词十 as”的结构;表示双方不相等时,用“
not so (as)十原级形容词或副词十 as”的结构;表示一方是另一方的若干倍时,用“倍数十 as十原级形容词或副词十 as”的结构.
例如:
This building looks not so (as) high as that one. Ms.Sun speaks English as fluently as you. This room is three times as large as that one. 2.比较级和最高级的构成和用法 1)比较级和最高级的构成:
①单音节形容词以及少数以- er,- ow结尾的形容词和副词加“ er”,“ est”.例如:
great greater greatest narrow narrower narrowest fast faster fastest clever cleverer cleverest
②以 e结尾的单音节形容词和副词后以及少数以- ble,- ple结尾的双音节形容词和副词后,加“ r”,“ st”.例如:
large larger largest able abler ablest simple simpler simplest
③以一个辅音结尾的单音节形容词,其前的元音字母发短元音时,该辅音字母要双写,然后加“ er”,“ est”.例如:
hot hotter hottest ④以辅音加 y结尾的形容词和少数不是形容词加 ly构成的副词要将 y改为 i,再加“ er”,“est”,例如:
easy easier easiest early earlier earliest happy happier happiest
⑤一般双音节词、多音节形容词和副词在原级前加 more或most.例如: beautiful more beautiful most beautiful carefully more carefully most carefully
⑥少数单音节形容词也加 more和 most构成比较级和最高级。例如: tired more tired most tired pleased more pleased most pleased ⑦下列形容词、副词的比较级和最高级可有两种构成方法. cruel crueler cruelest more cruel most cruel often oftener oftenest more often most often strict stricter strictest more strict most strict friendly friendlier friendliest more friendly most friendly
⑧下列形容词,副词的比较级和最高级的构成不规则
good,well better best bad, ill worse worst mant,much more most little less least far farther farthest further furthest
old elder/older eldest/ oldest 2)比较级的用法
①双方比较,表示一方超过另一方时,用“比较级十 than”的结构表示.例如: This pen is better than that one.
②表示一方不及另一方时,用“ less十原级十 than”的结构表示.例如: This room is less beautiful than that one.
③表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时,可在比较前加表示程度的状语,如:even,a lot,a bit,a little,still,much,far,yet,by far等修饰.例如: He works even harder than before. 注意:英语的比较级前如无 even,still,或 yet等时,译成汉语时可用“较”或“„„一些”或不译出,一般不可用“更”,如:
She is better than she was yesterday.她比昨天好些了.
Please come earlier tomorrow. 请明天早点来.注意:by far通常用于强调最高级.用于比较级时,一般放在比较级的后面,如在前面,应在二者中间加“ the”.如 He is taller by far than his brother.
He is by far the taller of the two brothers.
④表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时,用“ the 十比较级(主语十谓语),the 十比 较级(主
语十谓语)”的结构.例如:
The harder he works,the happier he feels.
⑤不与其它事物相比,表示本身程度的改变时,用“比较级十 and十比较级”的结构.例如: The weather is getting colder and colder. The girl becomes more and more beautiful.
⑥某些以一 or结尾的形容词进行比较时,用 to代替
than.(这些词有inferior,superior,junior,senior,prior等.例如: He is superior to Mr Wang in mathematics.
⑦在比较从句中为了避免重复,我们通常用 that(those),one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。
that指物,one既可指人,也可指物.that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词,而one只能代替可数名词.例如:
The book on the table is more interesting than that on the desk. A box made of iron is stronger than one made of wood. ⑧表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:
A) A is three(four,ete) times the size(height,length,width,ete) of B.例如; The new building is four times the size( the height) of the old one.
这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大(四倍高)。(这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍[高三倍]). B) A is three(four,etc) times as big(high,long,wide,etc.) as B.例如:
Asia is four times as lareg as Europe,亚洲是欧洲的四倍大.(亚洲比欧洲大
三倍.)
C) A is three(four,etc.) times bigger ( higher,longer,wider,etc.) than B.
例如:Your school is three times bigger than ours,
你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍.(你们的学校是我们学校的四倍大.)
用 times表示倍数,一般只限于表示包括基数在内三倍或三倍以上的数.表示两倍可以用 twice或 double 3)最高级的用法
①三者或三者以上相比,表示最高程度时,用“ the十最高级”的结构表示.这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语.例如: Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three. He works (the) hardest in his class.
②最高级可被序数词以及 much,by far,nearly,almost,by no means,not quite,not
really,nothing like等词语所修饰. 例如:
This hat is by far/much/nearly/almost/not nearly/by no means/not quite/
nothing like the biggest.
How much did the second most expensive hat coat?
③表示“最高程度”的形容词,如 excellent,extreme,perfect等,没有最高级,也不能用比较级.
④形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时,被修饰的词往往省略.
He is the tallest(boy) in his class.
⑤作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词.例如 0f all the boys he came(the) earliest
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