Lecture-30(课堂PPT).ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,A NEW ENGLISH GRAMMAR COURSEBOOK,新编英语语法教程,章振邦 编,周庆锦 讲,1,Lecture 30,Coordination,A coordinate construction is a sequence of semantically-related grammatical units that are similar in form,equal in rank of structure,identical in function and are connected by coordinators.,两个互或两个以上,意义相关,，,层次相同，句法功能相同,，,并用并列连词或其他并列手段连接,起来的语法结构序列叫做“并列结构”。,2,并列结构分为不同层次：,1.,词和词：,buy,or,sell,good,but,expensive,(,两个相同名词放在一个平行结构里，名词一般用单数，并且不用,冠词：,face to face,side by side,hand in hand,arm in arm,toe to toe,from shop to shop,I think we see eye to eye on that subject.,对那件事用一致看法,),2.,词组和词组：,walking down the street,or,running through the alley,with strength,but,without confidence,3,3.,分句和分句：,1)You can fool all of the people some of the,time and some of the people all of the time,but,you,cant fool all of the people all of the time.,-,Abraham Lincoln,2)Mary is a nurse,her brother is a teacher,and,her,parents are both famous writers.,由两个或两个以上并列分句构成的句子叫并列句（,compound,sentence),4,标点符号,由两个以上项目构成的并列结构,1.,通常只在最后一个项目之前用并列连词，其他项目之间仅用逗号,连接：,I have nothing to offer but,blood,toil,tears,and,sweat.,_ Winston S.Churchill,2.,全用连词，在修辞上给人以悠闲缓慢，延续持久的感觉或表示不,厌其详尽数列举：,1)Lawsuit consumes time,and,money,and,rest,and,friends.,打官司既费时又费钱，既得不到休息又得罪朋友。,2)Raising vegetables presents endless opportunities,for weeding,and,thinning,and,hoeing,and,watering.,5,标点符号,3)The wind roared,and,the lightning flashed,and,the,sky was suddenly as dark as night.,(,强调一连串戏剧性事件的发生）,有时是为了排除歧义：,4)Only my cousin,the housekeeper,and,Mrs.Baldwin,were in the house at the time of burglary.,1.,在家被盗窃时，只有,在家。,2.,只有我那位当女管家的表妹和鲍德温太太 在家。,改成下句就不会有歧义,：,5)Only my cousin,and,the housekeeper,and,Mrs.,Baldwin were in the house at the time of burglary.,6,3.,全用逗号，在修辞色彩上给人以紧张，急促，明快，利落的感,觉：,Individuals are less troubled by feelings of guilt when they share,responsibility for killings with a group-,a street gang,lynch,mob,(,对黑人施私刑的暴民,）,terrorist organization.,4.,有时在一个句子中两个并列结构，一全用逗号，另一全用连词，,以达到上述两种修辞效果：,In the country there are,no honking horns,no diesel trucks,no pollution,-,just the sounds of wind rustling the tree,leaves,and,red squirrels chattering in the distant oaks,and,cool creek water rushing down its endless course.,7,标点符号,5.,用分号连接，表示对比：,1)Some have died,although they are still alive,;,some live forever,though they have passed away.,有的人活着，但却已经死了；,2)Reading makes a full man,;,conference a ready man,;,and writing,an exact man.,-F.Bacon,读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。,3)Smile is sunshine,which warms people;friendship is spring,breeze,accompanied by comfort;love is flame,which forges,eternity.,微笑是阳光,它给人以温暖,;,友谊是春风,它伴随着怃慰；爱情是,火焰，它煅造永恒,4),Happiness does not drop from the skies;it is to be created by our,hands.,5)Kind hearts are the gardens;Kind thoughts are the roots;Kind,words are the flowers;Kind deeds are the fruits.,8,6)Mastery of work comes from diligent application,but it can be,retarded by frivolities;a deed is accomplished through thought,but it can be ruined by carelessness.,业精于勤，荒于嬉；成于思，毁于随。,韩愈,在某些连接状语（,conjunct),如,accordingly,furthermore,hence,however,nevertheless,therefore,等之前通常要用分号，因为,这些词项是副词，而不是连词：,7)He had worked in the foreign service for two years without leave,;,hence,he was tired almost beyond endurance.,9,标点符号,6.,用冒号连接两个并列分句，通常表示下文是对上文的,解释和发挥：,A house with an aging furnace costs,more than the asking price suggests,:,ten dollars more a month in fuel means,about eighty dollars more a year.,一栋房子如果取暖炉超龄，其实际花费便高于要价，因为每月多,花十元钱燃料，就意味着一年多花,80,元。,10,并列结构可在最后一个项目之前插入一个词语，从而使这个项目处于更加突出的地位：,The conference on nuclear energy was attended by,students from Stanford,and,predictably,teachers,from Berkeley.,如果一个并列结构由四个或四个以上的项目构成，常用成对组合,的办法使整个结构更加紧凑：,Only a few cities are known as“good baseball towns”-,Cincinnati,Detroit,Chicago,Boston,Los Angels,and New York.,Cincinnati,and,Detroit,Chicago,and,Boston,Los,Angels,and,New York.,11,Correct errors in the following sentences:,(P.514),1.My summers work proved,not only,interesting,but also,I,learned much from it.,（,instructive),2.A college education was,both,necessary,and,I could afford it.,(,inexpensive,),3.,Both,Mary will do it,and,her husband will do it too.,4.You can,either,write a thesis,or,a short essay on the subject.,5.Her lectures are witty,interesting,and,she outlines them,carefully.,6.Macy is a middle-aged woman,short,stocky,blue-eyes,and,partly with gray-hairs.,7.She told us to read the text carefully,and,that we should write a,short review of it.,8.,Either,he is a absolute piker,(,胆小鬼,）,or,a fool.,12,Correct errors in the following sentences,9.He,not only,likes the girl,but,the family too.,10.He can,neither,sing,nor,he can compose.,11.The students are,not only,organizing social activities,but also,are interested in political questions.,12.,Both,Pauline,and,her husband,did not,want to attend the,meeting.,13.Donna was satisfied,not with,her own achievement,or with,the,teams performance.,14.The boy,does not,smoke,not,drink alcohol,and not,idle away,his time.,15.Gas is a substance,without,a definite volume,nor with,a,definite shape.,13,Correct errors in the following sentences,16.We were told,to,write in ink,that,we should use but one side of,the paper,and,we should endorse our papers in the proper,manner.,17.Give him an inch,or,hell take a mile.,18.You should have tried,or,finished the paper by Saturday.,19.Mr.Jones is principal of the school,moreover,he is an expert,in translation.,20.As soon as he arrived in town,he,went seeing,the doctor,immediately.,21.Just take a look at that fellow,so,youll get sick.,14,并列结构中常见的错误：,1.Comma Faults:,Comma faults,result from using only a comma to connect two main clauses.(in place of a period,a semicolon,a colon,or a dash.)To avoid comma faults,you can either insert a proper punctuation(a semicolon,a colon)or join the sentences with a conjunction.,Faulty:,You dont speak fluently,you should practice more.,Revised:1,.;.,2,.,.,.,3,.so.,15,并列结构中常见的错误：,2.,Run-on Sentences,（连写句）,:,Run-on sentences are sentences which run together with neither proper punctuation nor proper conjunction.,E.g.,Run-on,:,She put on her bathing cap then she plunged into the water.,Revised,:1,.Then.,2,then,16,并列结构中常见的错误,:,3.Excessive coordination,:,Avoid,excessive coordination,which results from,the overuse of,and.,Avoid,and,when it merely makes,a sentence ramble on,without preparing the reader,for what is coming.,Excessive coordination,:,I spent my spring holidays in the suburbs,and,met a friend of mine who came to Beijing with a tourist group,and I returned to school just last night.,Better:,where I,17,Exercises:,Determine appropriate punctuation to be used in the places marked by brackets,.(P.510),1.Her hair was white and stood up wildly on his head(),nevertheless I was struck by a singular neatness in,his appearance.,2.Like all distinguished men in political life()he spoke,with assurance,even with arrogance()yet I could,not help sensing a touch of anxiety in his behavior.,3.I walked up to him then()and stretched out my hand,()but he evidently failed to recognize me.,18,Exercises:,4.Once I had arrived at the entrance()however(),there was no turning back.,5.When I go to a place like that()I go gladly(),when I return()I come home even more gladly.,6.John demands the most from himself()Peter from,others.,7.The country wants the new expressway()the city,wants to renew its streets.,8.Sports at any age are beneficial()they keep your,pulses hopping.,19,并列连词（,coordinator,）的意义和用法,英语有：,1),三个主要的并列连词，即,and,or,but.,2),三个词项,nor,so,yet.,它们既可作并列连词，也可作,连接副词。,3),几对关联并列连词,(correlative coordinator):both,and,either or,but,not,nor,neither nor,not,onlybut also.,4),几个近似并列连词（,quasi-coordinator):as well as,as much as,rather than,more than.,它们是介乎并列,连词与从属连词或复杂介词之间的语法结构。,5,）还有,for,也是介乎并列连词与从属连词之间。,20,按词汇意义划分,并列连词可分为三类：,1.,以,and,为代表的表示语义补充和引申的并列连词，包,括,and,bothand,not onlybut(also),notnor,neithernor,等；,2.,以,or,为代表的表示选择的并列连词，包括,or,eitheror,等；,3.,以,but,为代表的表示语义转折和对比的并列连词，包,括,but,not but,while,whereas,only,yet,等。,21,一，,and,and,连接的并列成分表示,:,1.,语义增补,They were too tired to walk on,and,night coming on,too.,而且天也晚了,2.,转折：,He is Jack of all trade,and,master of none.,He promised to come,and,didnt.,3.,让步,：,1)I tried hard,and,I failed.,(=Although I),2)She has wronged me,and,(=and yet),I wish to do,her justice.,3)I cannot keep those plants alive,and,(=though),I,have watered them well.,22,and,4.,顺序,：,He opened the door,and,went in.,5.,结果,：,He heard a cry for help,and,(therefore),he rushed out of the house.,6.,对比,：,Mary likes music,and,Jim is fond of sports.,Robert is secretive,(,守口如瓶）,and,David is,candid.,（爽快坦率）,23,and,7.,同位关系：,1)Read the fifth,and last,paragraph of the,text.,读课文的第五即最后一段。,2)the fourth,and the last,session,第四届也是最后一届会议,3)We have come to the last,and most,important,step of experiment.,我们的实验现在已经到了最后也是最重要的一个阶段。,4)The third,and last,problem is how to,control the rocket.,24,and,8.,评注：第二句是对第一分句的追加评论或解释：,1)He has a somewhat swelled head,(,骄傲大），,and,I dont like this.,2)She is a superb administrator,and,(=,which),everybody knows that.,3)The doctor told me to take exercise,and,I,accepted that advice.,(=which advice I,accepted),25,and,9.,还可放在句首：,1),And,he told her what had happened.,(,于是）,2),And,(=If)you please,Ill marry to you,.,and,有,20,多种用法。翻译时必须首先弄清其含义，然后才找出恰当的译法。英语是形合结构，汉语是意合结构。它们之间的一个很重要的差别，便是汉语句子里的连词用得很少。如不注意这一差别，把英语中的连接词（如,and),一个不漏地译成汉语，便会出现超额翻译（,over translating),的毛病。,26,nice and,good and,Grammatical constructions like“,nice and,good and,fine and,”seem to be,but actually are not,coordinate constructions.,连接两个形容词或副词,形似并列，实际并非并列结构。,and,前的修饰后面的，表示程度,限于少数表性质和程度的形容词和副词。最典型的是,nice and good.,还有,：,fine,rare,sweet,bright,big,clear,lovely,pure,well,等：,27,例如：,1.,He is,good and,hungry,.,(very,extremely.),2.,Youre all,nice and,hardworking,.,3.Its,rare and,hot inside.,4.She is,big and,busy.,5.I shall go into business,bright and,early in,the morning.,6.I didnt like the speech,but at least it was,nice and,short.,7.Keep it,sweet and,short.,开门见山,28,nice and,这种结构第二个形容词在名词前作定语时,and,往往可以省略,:,1.I prefer,good,（）,black,coffee,.,浓浓的咖啡。,2.You scold me so much in the,nice,（）,long,letter.,长长的信。,29,形似并列，实际并非并列结构的还有：,1.Can you touch pitch,and not be defiled,?,(=without being defiled),站在河边不湿鞋,/,拒腐蚀，永不沾,2.Come and check,the accounts.,3.Stay and have,dinner.,4.We ought to,stop and think,.,5.Ill,go and bring,back your boots.,(=go in order to),6.You must,try and come,to the party.,(=try to come to),30,注：,try and,与,go and,用法相似，但又有区别。,1.go and,用于一切时式,，如：,He,went and,bought another one.,2.,而,try and,却不能用于过去时：,*,He tried and stopped me.,应改为：,He,tried to,stop me.,3.,以,tries,tried,trying,等,非原形,出现时，其后,只能接,to-,不定式：,He,tries to,see me.,He,has tried to,do better.,He,is trying to,do better.,31,and,把两个成分连接起来而构成一个整体时，指一件完整的或成套的东西：,Humor,-Customer,:Can you give me,a room and a bath,?,-Hotel clerk,:I can give you a room,but you have,to take your own bath,sir.,a watch and chain,带链的表,a cup and saucer,一套茶碟茶杯,a knife and fork,一副刀叉,32,另例：,ham and eggs,火腿蛋,（有时也可能指两件不同的东西，视上下文而定。下同。）,milk and water,掺水的牛奶,meat and potatoes,肉炒土豆,1.He looked,with eyes and envy.,以羡慕的眼光看着,2.He wrote,verses and nonsense,.,他写的诗毫无意义。,3.It is,beyond my,power and description,.,这已超出我的描述能力。,33,口语中，,and,和,be,go,的完成体搭配，,表示说话人对另一人所做的某种蠢事感到恼怒或埋怨的情绪：,1.Antonio,has gone and locked,our door.,这个笨蛋，竟把我们的门锁了,。,2.You,ve gone and waked,him.He is so tired.,你怎么把他弄醒了,!,3.You,ve,been and bought,such a pair of,shoes.,你怎么买了这么一双鞋？,4.Who,s,been and taken,my dictionary?,真讨厌，谁拿了我的字典？,34,at once and,意为“既,又,”,常与,both and,equally and,alike and,换用,，（*但,不可,说：,bothas well as),1.He was,at once,detested,and,despised.,既被人憎恨，又被人鄙视。,2.He is,at once,(both,alike,equally),a,poet,and,a statesman.,既是,又是,35,and that,(,而且）,表示强调。用来补充说明前面的内容，以加强语气。其中,that,代替上文中某个词，短语或句子，以避免重复。有时只用,and:,1.Return to your work,and that,at once.,回去干活，马上去！,2.He makes mistakes,and that,very,often.,而且十分频繁,3.He will come,and that,soon.,36,and,连接两个相同名词,表“不同类型”的概念，且常有“有好的，也有坏的”,的含义：,1.There are,teachers and teachers,.,2.You can find,doctors and doctors,.,3.There are,translations and translations,.,4.There are,women and women,.,女人和女人不一样。,/,有好,但如重复两次，则表“众多”,:,5.We saw,dogs and dogs and dogs,all over the place.,37,两个或两个以上的简单句关系如不很紧密，并列连词可引导单独一个句子：,1.Youre alive!,And,shes dead.,2.Im sorry to trouble you.,But,can you direct me to the,nearest post office?,3.If you think you can,you can.,And,if you think you,cant,youre right.,_ Mary Kay Ash(businesswoman),38,祈使句后接带连词,and,的分句时，,祈使句表示条件，,and,分句表示结果：,1.Go by train,and,youll get there quicker.=If you go,2.Make a move,and,Ill shoot.,动一动，,3.Push the door hard,and,it will open.,4.Go,and,I wont call the police.,走开，否则我叫警察了。,也可用名词短语表示条件：,5.One more effort,and,youll succeed.=If you make,6.One more boot,and,Ill have a pair.,7.One more step,and,Ill shoot.,39,试题,1.Five minutes earlier,_ we could have caught the,last train.,(TEM4),A.and B.but C.or D.so,2.“I didnt pass the monthly exam.”“_ next time,and,you will succeed.”,(TOEFL),A.Work hard B.To work hard,C.Working hard D.Hard-working,3.,blood if you can and many lives will be saved.,A.Giving B.Give C.Given D.To give,（高考）,40,试题,4.Dont be discouraged._ things as they are,and you will enjoy every day of your life.,（高,考）,A.Taking B.To take C.Take D.Taken,5.Talk to anyone in the drug industry,_ youll,soon discover that the science of genetics is,the biggest thing to hit drug research since,penicillin was discovered.,（考研）,A.or B.and C.for D.so,41,如并列分句均为祈使句，,第一句仍可表条件，第二句表结果：,1.Surrender,and,live;resist,and,die.,=If you surrender,youll live;,2.,Dont,drink,and,drive.,=If you dont drink,you can drive.,Or,:,If you drink,you cant drive.,喝了酒就不要开车,/,不许酒后开车,。,C.f.,Dont,drink,or,drive.=Dont drink and dont drive.,42,比较：祈使句,+or,也相当于一个条件句，不过意义是否定的。即祈使句,+or=if not,或,unless:,1.Write it down,or,youll forget it.,2.Dont eat so much,or,youll be sorry.,3.Give it back to me,or,Ill tell your mother.,4.Go,or,Ill call the police.,5.Work hard,or,you wont be able to pass your,examination.,43,not and,表示部分否定,（否定后者）,当句中有两个并列成分时，若只否定第二个成分，否,定词往往要转移到谓语动词上。,1.,并列宾语：,My younger brother does,nt,know English,and,Russian.,懂英语，但不懂俄语,2.,并列补语：,1)The man is,not,rich,and,kind.,富但不仁,/,为富不仁。,2)The film is,not,interesting,and,instructive.,3)He is,not,a teacher,and,a writer.,44,not and,3.,并列定语：,These are,not,cheap,and,wear-resistant shirts.,便宜但不耐穿,4.,并列状语：,You did,not,write distinctly,and,correctly.,写得清楚但不正确,He did,nt,speak clearly,and,correctly.,5.,并列谓语：,Do,nt,drink,and,drive.,You ca,nt,eat your cake,and,have it.,你不能吃了又拥有它,/,二者不可兼得,You ca,nt,sell the cow,and,drink the milk.,卖了就喝不上它的牛奶了,45,notor,表示全部否定,（否定两者）。表示并列成分都,被否定时，只能用,or,而不能用,and,not,往往转移到谓,语上：,1.,并列宾语：,1)My younger brother does,nt,know English,or,Russian.,既不懂英语，也不懂俄语,2),In Roman law,a woman,was known first,as her,fathers daughter and later as her husbands wife;,she had no,name nor identity,of her own.,(TOEFL),46,notor,2.,并列补语：,The man is,not,rich,or,kind.,The film is,not,interesting,or,instructive.,He is,not,a teacher,or,a writer.,3.,并列定语：,These are,not,cheap,or,wear-resistant shirts.,4.,并列状语：,You did,not,write distinctly,or,correctly.,He did,nt,speak clearly,or,correctly.,47,notor,5.,并列谓语：,1)Do,nt,drink,or,driv