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情态动词专讲.doc

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情态动词和虚拟语气讲练 u 情态动词在高考中的考查重点: 1.考查情态动词的基本用法shall/must/would 2.表示经过努力而成功的某一次动作,只能用was/were able to,而不能用could;could还可以表示过去的某种能力 3.考查情态动词用作答语的情况 4.考查情态动词表推测的用法 5.考查情态动词+动词不定式完成式的其他用法 ◆ 情态动词的基本用法 1. can (could) 1)表示能力,could主要指过去时间。 Two eyes can see more than one. 两只眼比一只眼看得清。 Could the girl read before she went to school? 这女孩上学前能识字吗? 2)表示可能(理论上或是逻辑判断上)。 The temperature can fall to –60℃, that is 60℃ below freezing. 气温可降至—60℃,也就是零下60℃。 He can´t (couldn´t) have enough money for a new car. 他不可能有足够的钱买新车。 3)表示允许。 Can I have a look at your new pen? 我可以看一看你的新钢笔吗? He asked whether he could take the book out of the reading—room.  他问他可不可以把书带出阅览室。 4)表惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。 He can´t (couldn´t) be over sixty. 他不可能超过六十岁。 How can you be so careless? 你怎么这么粗心? 5)比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。 I´m afraid we couldn´t give you an answer today. 恐怕我们今天不能给你答复。 注意: can 和be able to  1)情态动词can只有两种时态形式,现在式can和过去式could,而be able to有多种时态形式。  Mary can play the piano. She has been able to play it since she was 5.  玛丽会弹钢琴。她五岁起就会弹了。 2)用在过去时中,could经常表示能够做某事,事实上不一定去做,而was∕were able to则表示“过去做成了某事”。在否定句中两者可通用。  He could swim across the English Channel. But he didn´t feel like it that day.  他能游过英吉利海峡,但那天他不想游。  Yesterday I was able to get home before the heavy rain. 昨天我在下大雨前赶到了家里。 can not/never…too…无论怎样都不过分 We can not thank you too much for what you’ve done for us. 2. may (might)  1)表允许,might可以指过去时间,也可指现在时间,语气更委婉。 You may take whatever you like. 你喜欢什么就拿什么。 He told me that I might smoke in the room. 他告诉我可以在房间里抽烟。 May (Might) I ask for a photo of your baby? 我可以要一张你宝宝的照片吗?  在回答以may引起的问句时,多避免用这个词,而用其它方式,如Yes, please. / Certainly.  / Please don´t ./ You´d better not. / No, you mustn´t.等,以免显得太严峻或不客气。  2)表可能(事实上)。可以指过去时间,也可以指现在时间,但语气更加不肯定。  He may be at home. 他可能在家。  She may not know about it. 她可能不知道这件事。  They might be having a meeting, but I´m not sure. 他们有可能在开会,不过我不肯定。 3)may/might as well与may/might well的区分 3. must 1)表示义务。意为“必须”(主观意志)。 We must do everything step by step. 我们一切都必须循序渐进地做。 You mustn´t talk to her like that. 你不可能那样对她说话。  --Must we hand in our exercise—books now? 我们现在就要交练习本吗?  --No, you needn´t. / No, you don´t have to. 不必。(这种情况下,一般不用mustn´t)  2)表示揣测。意为“想必、准是、一定”等,只用于肯定句。 He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他准是病了。他的脸色苍白。  It must have rained last night. 3)must(表示固执、不满等)意思为“偏偏,偏要, 硬要” If you must know, I’m going to help him look for an apartment. 如果你偏要知道,那我告诉你,我要去帮助他找一套公寓。 注意:must和 have to 的区别 must表示主观意志,而have to表示由于客观因素不得不做某事。must没有过去式。I told her that she must give up smoking. 我叫她必须戒烟。  We had to get everything ready that night. 我们那晚得把一切准备就绪。 4. shall  1)表征询意见,用于第一、第三人称疑问句。  Shall I get you some tea? 我给你点茶好吗? Shall the boy wait outside? 让那男孩在外面等吗?  What shall we do this evening? 我们今晚做什么? 2)表说话人的意愿,有“命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思,用于第二、第三人称陈述句。  You shall do as I say. 按我说的做。(命令)  You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答复。(允诺)  Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan. 什么也不能阻止我们执行这项计划。(决心) 3) (用于法律、规则等条文中)应….,须…..,得…. The fine shall be given in cash.罚款应以现金缴纳。  5. should  1)表义务。意为“应该”(某件事宜于做),用于各种人称。 You should be polite to your teachers. 你对老师应该有礼貌。  You shouldn´t waste any time. 你不应该浪费时间。  2)表推测,意为“想必一定、照说应该、估计”等。  The film should be very good as it is starring first—class actors.  这部新电影是一流演员主演的,估计拍得很好。  They should be home by now. 照说他们现在应当已经到家了。 3)should have done sth./shouldn’t have done sth.的用法  6. ought to 1)表义务,意为“应该”(因责任、义务等该做),口气比should稍重。  You are his father. You ought to take care of him. 你是他父亲,应当管他。  You oughtn´t to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。 2)表推测,暗含很大的可能,语气较弱。  Han Mei ought to know his telephone number. 韩梅该知道他的电话号码。  There´s a fine sunset; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow. 今天有晚霞,明天应该是个好天。 3)ought to have done sth./oughtn’t have done sth. 7. will  1)表意愿,用于各种人称陈述句。  I will do anything for you. 我愿为你做任何事。  2)表请求,用于疑问句。  Will you close the window? It´s a bit cold. 请你把窗户关 3)表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。  Fish will die out of water. 鱼离开水就不能活。  The door won´t open. 这门打不开。  The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.  那男孩常常坐在那里好几个钟点,看着车辆行人通过。  8.would  1)表意愿。  They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed. 他们不让他进去因为他衣着破旧。  I said I would do anything for you. 我说过我愿意为你做任何事。  2)表委婉地提出请求、建议或看法。  Would you like another glass of beer? 再来杯啤酒好吗?  Would you mind cleaning the window? 请把窗户擦一下好吗? They wouldn´t have anything against it. 他们不会有什么反对意见。  3)表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。 “(从前)常常;经常” Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help.  她每遇到麻烦都会向她求助。他告诉我盒子打不开了。 区分: would和used to  1)used to表示过去与现在或过去某时与后来的情况有不同,而would只表过去的情况。People used to think that the earth was flat.  过去人们认为地球是平的。(现在人们不这么认为。)  She would go out for a walk in the morning when she was in the country.  在乡下时,她总是在早晨去散会儿步。(可能现在仍有散步的习惯。)  2)used to可表示过去的习惯动作和经常的情况,而would只表示过去的习惯动作。  He used to ∕would smoke while writing. 过去他写东西时常抽烟。  She used to be fat. 她过去很胖  9.need和dare的用法  need和dare既可用作情态动词,也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时,主要用于否定句和疑问句。用作实义动词时,可用于各种句式。  1).用作情态动词  --Need I come?  ---Yes, you must. --我需要来吗?  --需要。  You needn´t telephone him now. 你现在不必打电话给他。  She dare not go out alone at night. 她晚上不敢一个人出去。  How dare you say I´m unfair? 你竟敢说我不公平? 2).用作实义动词  You don´t need to do it yourself. 你不必亲自做这件事。  We need to tell them the news. 我们需要把这消息告诉他们。  The table needs painting (to be painted.). 桌子需要油漆一下。  We should dare to give our own opinion. 我们要敢于提出自己的观点。  He did not dare (to) look up. 他不敢抬头看。  ◆ 情态动词表推测的用法小结 (一)情态动词表推测的三种句式 1.在肯定句中一般用must (一定),may(可能),might / could(也许,或许)。 (1)He must/may/might know the answer to this question? 他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。 (2)It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating. 屋里很冷,他们肯定把暖气关了。 2.否定句中用can’t / couldn’t(不可能), may not/might not(可能不)。 (1)It can’t/couldn’t be the headmaster. He has gone to America. 这不可能是校长,他去美国了。 (2)He may not/might not know the scientist. 他也许不认识那位科学家。 3.疑问句中用can/could (能……?)。 (1)Could he have finished the task? 他可能把任务完成了吗? (2)Can he be at home now? 他现在能在家吗? 注:以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。might, could并非may, can的过去式,而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。 (二)情态动词表推测的三种时态 1.对将来情况的推测,用“情态动词 + 动词原形”。 (1)She must / may / might / could arrive before 5. 5:00前她一定/可能/也许到。 (2)She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone. 她一定/可能/也许会在山里一连走好几英里而遇不到一个人。 2.对现在或一般情况的推测,用“情态动词 + be”,“情态动词 +be doing”或“情态动词 + 动词原形”。 (1)He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now. 他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。 (2)He can’t ( couldn’t ) / may ( might ) not be at home at this time. 这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。 3.对过去情况的推测,用“情态动词 + have +过去分词”。 (1)It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet.   地湿了,昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。 (2)The door was locked. He can ( could ) not / may ( might ) not have been at home .   门锁着,他不可能/可能不在家。 (3)Can / Could he have gotten the book? 难道他找到书了吗? 注:情态动词 should /ought to表推测时,意为“想必会,理应……” (4)It’s seven o’clock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment. 现在七点钟了,杰克理应随时到达。(推测) (5)She should / ought to have attended your birthday party, but she had to look after her mother in hospital. (虚拟) 她本该出席你的生日晚会的,可是她得在医院照顾她妈妈。 ◆ 情态动词表责备的用法 1.should/ought to have done should not/ought not to have done eg. I told Salley how to get there, but perhaps I should have written it out for her. 2. could/might have done eg. –I didn’t go to class last night because my car broke down. --You could have borrowed mine. I wasn’t using it. 3. needn’t have done eg. There was plenty of time. She needn’t have hurried. 虚拟语气考点透析 考点一、虚拟语气的基本用法 1.与现在事实相反的虚拟语气,基本结构为:主语+动词的一般过去时(be动词用were)+其他成分+if+should/would/could...+动词原形+其他成分。例如: ①If it were not for the fact that she ______ sing,I would invite her to the party. A.couldn’t B.shouldn’t C.can’t D.might not 2.与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,基本结构为:主语+动词的过去完成时+其他成分+if+should/would/could...+have done+其他成分。例如: If the weather had been better,we could have had a picnic.But it ______ all day. A.rained B.rains C.has rained D.is raining 3.与将来事实相反的虚拟语气,基本结构为:主语+动词的一般过去时/should do/were to do+其他成分+if+should/would/could...+动词原形+其他成分。例如: If I ______ plan to do anything I want to,I’d like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible. A.would B.could C.had to D.ought to 考点二、含蓄虚拟条件句 这样的虚拟句不含有if从句,而是以but for/without/or/otherwise等引导的句子代替if从句,主句的谓语动词的形式与前面虚拟语气的基本用法相同。例如: Thank you for all your hard work last week.I don’t think we ______ it without you. A.can manage B.could have managed C.could managed D.can have managed 考点三、主从句时间不一致的虚拟条件句 在有些虚拟条件句中,主从句时间不一致,应根据不同情况区别对待。例如: It’s hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ______ in love,at the age of seven,with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. A.wouldn’t have fallen B.had not fallen C.should fall D.were to fall 考点四、名词性从句中的虚拟语气 在含有表示坚持、建议、命令、要求等含义的名词性从句和在it做形式宾语或形式主语的复合句中,宾语补足语是necessary/strange/essential/natural/a pity/a shame等表示“惊奇、惋惜或者理应如此”等含义时,从句中的谓语动词需用“should+动词原形”,其中should可以省略。例如: —Don’t you think it necessary that he ______ to Miami but to New York? —I agree,but the problem is ______ he has refused to. A.will not be sent;that B.not be sent;that C.should not be sent;what D.should not send;what 考点五、wish/if only/would rather从句中的虚拟语气 具体说来其基本结构为:wish/if only/would rather+主语+动词一般过去时(表示与现在事实相反,其中be动词用were)/动词过去完成时(表示与过去事实相反)/would+动词原型(表示与将来事实相反)。例如: Look at the trouble I’m in,if only I ______ your advice! A.followed B.would follow C.had followed D.should follow 实战演练 Ⅰ. 单句改错: 1.—When can I come for my clothes? I need them Friday evening. --They might be ready by 6 p. m. Friday afternoon. 2. –Could you help me clean the classroom? --Yes, I could. 3. Animals are part of nature. They needn’t be separated from the humans. 4. –Look at the man over there. It must be our monitor. --It mustn’t be him, for he has gone abroad. 5. You can be tired—you’ve been working for four hours. 6. I hear you’ve got a set of valuable Australian coins. Should I have a look? 7. We may not thank you too much for what you’ve done for us. 8. You can’ t return the dictionary now. You can keep it till next week if you like. 9. I felt very lonely when I traveled in Chengdu alone. I must have taken my family. 10. The poor little boy could never able to see and hear again. Ⅱ.高考题: 1.【11四川】The police still haven’t found the lost child, but they’re doing all they . A.can B.may C.must D.should 2.〖10四川〗— I take the book out? —I’m afraid not. A. Will B. May C. Must D. Need 3.〖09四川〗—I don’t care what people think. —Well, you _______ A. could B. would C. should D. might 4.(08四川)Although this sound like a simple task, great care is needed. A.must B.may C.shall D.should 5.(07四川)—What does the sign over there read? — “No person smoke or carry a lighted cigarette, cigar or pipe in this area.” A.will B.may C.shall D.must 6.(06四川)—Is Jack on duty today? —It be him.It’s his turn tomorrow. A.mustn’t B.won’t C.can’t D.needn’t 7. (11全国Ⅰ)They have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed. A.will B.can C.must D.should 8.(11全国Ⅱ) If you smoke, please go outside. A. can B. should C. must D. may 9.(11北京)—I don’t really like James. Why did you invite him? —Don’t worry. He come. He said he wasn’t certain what his plans were. A. must not B. need not C. would not D. might not 10.(11北京)—Where are the children? The dinner’s going to be completely ruined. —I wish they always late. A. weren’t B. hadn’t been C. wouldn’t be D. wouldn’t have been 11.(11天津)I ______ sooner but I didn’t know that they were waiting for me. A. had come B. was coming C. would come D. would have come 12.(11江苏)—I left my handbag on the train, but luckily someone gave it to a railway official. —How unbelievable to get it back! I mean, someone ______ it. A. will have stolen B. might have stolen C. should have stolen D. must have stolen 13.(11福建)—Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now? —I am afraid you _______, in case he comes late for the meeting . A.will B.must C.may D.can 14.(11 福建)—Pity you missed the lecture on nuclear pollution. —I it, but I was busy preparing for a job interview. A.attended B.had attended C.would sttend D.would have attended 15.(11浙江)—How’s your new babysitter? —We _______ask for a better one. All our kids love her so much. A. should B. might C. mustn‘t D. couldn’t 16.(11重庆)—Why didn’t you come to Simon’s party last night? — I wanted to ,but my mom simply _______ not let me out so late at night. A. could B. might C. would D. should 17.(11陕西)I_______through that bitter period without your generous help. A. couldn’t have gone B. didn’t go C. wouldn’t go D. hadn’t gone 18.(11陕西)—Will you read me a story ,Mummy? —OK. You ______have one if you go to bed as soon as possible. A. might B. must C. could D. shall 19.(11湖南)No one ________ be compared with Yao Ming in playing basketball. A. can B. need C. must D. might 20.(11辽宁) If you go, at least wait until the storm is over. A. can B. may C. must D. will 21.(11江西)It _______ be the postman at the door. It’s only six o’clock. A. mustn’t B.can’t C.won’t D.needn’t 22.(10安徽)Jack described his father, who _______a brave boy many years ago, as a strong–willed man A. would be B. would have been C. must be D. must have been 23.(10湖南) You buy a gift, but you can if you want to. A. must B. mustn't C. have to D. don't have to 24.(10江西)I have told you the truth. ______ I keep repeating it? A Must B Can C May D Will 25.(10山东)_______ have watched that movie —it’ll give me horrible dreams. A. shouldn’t B. needn’t C. couldn’t D. mustn’t 26.(10山东)Mark have hurried. After driving at top speed, he arrived half an hour early. A. needn’t B. wouldn’t C. mustn’t D. couldn’t 27.(10江西) .Just be patient .You ______ expect the world to change so soon . A. can’t B. needn’t C. may not D. whether 28.(10江苏)—I haven’t got the reference book yet, but I’ll have a test on the subject next month. —Don’t worry. You______ have it by Friday. A. could B. shall C. must D. may w_ 29.(10陕西)--May I take this book out of the reading room? -- No, you . You read it in here. A. mightn’t B. won’t C. needn’t D. mustn’t 30.(10全国Ⅱ) I’m afraid
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