新课标高考英语重点语法范例归总十三类.doc

新课标高考英语重点语法范例
第一周　派生词

在新课标全国卷的语法填空题中，有涉及单词的形式变化的题目。此外，新考纲要求考生掌握3 000多个英语单词。因此，掌握常用派生词的构词方法不仅能帮助同学们做好语法填空题，还能帮助同学们扩大词汇量，为同学们在高考中稳操胜券奠定基础。
一、名词后缀
1．动词 ＋ ­ion/­tion /­sion→名词(表示动作或动作过程)
correct v．改正；纠正　　 correction n．改正
celebrate v．庆祝 celebration n．庆祝；庆祝会
conclude v．完成；结束 conclusion n．结论；结束
2．动词 ＋­er/­or→名词(表示从事某种职业或进行某种活动的人)
drive v．驾驶开车；驱赶　　　 driver n．司机；驾驶员
gather v．聚集；采集 gatherer n．收集者；采集者
conduct v．指挥；管理 conductor n．指挥；售票员
3．动词＋­ment→名词
punish v．惩罚 punishment n．惩罚
4．动词/形容词＋­th→名词
warm adj.温暖的 warmth n．温暖
grow v．生长 growth n．生长
5．形容词＋­y→名词
difficult adj.困难的 difficulty n．困难
honest adj.诚实的 honesty n．诚实
6．形容词＋­ness→名词
kind adj.善良的 kindness n．善良
7．动词 ＋­ance→名词
annoy vt.使烦恼 annoyance n．生气；烦恼
8．­ship结尾的名词(表示身份；关系；资格)
member n．成员；会员 membership n．会员资格
professor n．教授 professorship n．教授身份
9．­ing结尾的名词
garden n．花园 gardening n．园艺
greet v．打招呼；问候 greetings n．问候
[针对训练]
语篇填空(用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文)
A
From the 1.expression (express) on Mary’s face, he knew he left a bad 2.impression (impress) on her and if she won the 3.election (elect) to become chairman of the Environment 4.Organization (organize), he could not get her 5.permission(permit) to join it although he was willing to do his bit to rid the world of 6.pollution (pollute) and to help people enjoy a better earth.When he was wondering how to change this embarrassing situation, he got 7.inspiration (inspire) from his wife’s words.Yes, he should try his best to win the election and become chairman himself with his 8.determination (determine) to work for the organization.“My dear, you are really a wonderful 9.helper (help)！I’m sure I will be the 10.winner (win) of the election.” He said to his wife excitedly.
B
It was really a hard time when Li Ping first came to the United States.His 1.earnings (earn) could hardly cover the expenses, so when his wife gave 2.birth (bear) to their second daughter, they could not afford enough nutrition food.Soon, poor nutrition caused the 3.death (die) of the poor baby.4.Loneliness (lonely) was another problem because they had no 5.relations (relate) or friends there.Thanks to his 6.bravery (brave) and 7.perseverance (persevere), he managed to gain the 8.citizenship (citizen) of the United States and in the end he had his permanent 9. settlement (settle)．He always tells his children like this: Perseverance leads to 10.happiness (happy) and success.
二、形容词后缀
1．常见形容词后缀
(1)名词＋­al→形容词(表示 “有……属性”， “与……有关”)
agriculture n．农业　　　 agricultural adj.农业的
(2)动词＋­ive→形容词
decide v．决定；下决心 decisive adj.决定性的；关键的
(3)动词＋­able→形容词(表示“能够”，“适于”，“值得”)
change v．变化；兑换
changeable adj.易变的；变化无常的
(4)名词 ＋­ful→形容词
care n．小心；关心 careful adj.小心的；仔细的
(5)名词＋­less→形容词(意思与原名词相反)
care n. 小心；关心 careless adj.粗心的
(6)名词＋­ly→形容词
friend n．朋友 friendly adj.友好的
(7)名词＋­y→形容词
dirt n．污物；脏物 dirty adj.脏的
(8)名词＋­ous→形容词
danger n．危险 dangerous adj.危险的
2．复合形容词的构成
(1)形容词＋­ing分词　 easy­going 随和的
(2)形容词＋名词＋­ed　 kind­hearted 善良的；好心的
(3)名词＋­ed分词　 water­covered 被水覆盖的
(4)副词＋­ed分词　 well­written 写得好的
(5)数词＋名词＋­ed　 three­legged 三条腿的
[针对训练]
Ⅰ.阅读下列句子，写出画线单词的意思
1．It feels like an unbelievable stroke of luck — of fate, really.(2012·四川高考阅读C)
(　　　　)
2．The good working condition in this city is attractive.(　　　　)
3．You can rely on him because he is reliable.(　　　　)
4．Her words struck fear into her heart so that she was sleepless all night long, afraid of being killed unexpectedly some day.(　　　　)
5．It was a frosty cold morning when he set off for the remote village.(　　　　)
答案：1.不可思议的；难以置信的　2.吸引人的　3.可依赖的；靠得住的　4.没有睡觉的；不眠的　5.有霜的
Ⅱ.语篇填空
A：用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文
Lucy likes talking and everybody says she is municative (communicate)．She is 2.active (act) in answering the teachers’ questions and from time to time her classmates find her answers quite 3.impressive (impress) and 4.acceptable (accept). Of course, not every student likes her, but she has many friends who think Lucy is a 5.creative (create) and 6.helpful (help) girl.For example, she once led a 7. homeless (home) child to her home and made the child her younger sister.Besides, she spent 8.countless (count) hours caring for a sick neighbor until she was well again.She is 9.friendly (friend) to those who have difficulty with their subjects.All in all, Lucy is the most 10.famous (fame) girl in her school.
B：运用所学构词知识完成下列短文
Our journey was far­reaching amongst snow­covered/capped (雪封的) mountains where no English­speaking (说英语的) people live.The local people are good­looking (相貌好看的), easy­going (随和的) andhard­working (勤劳的)．Our hostess was old­aged (年老的)，white­haired (白发苍苍的) andsun­burnt (被太阳晒伤的)．She gave me home­made (自家做的) yaks milk cake, looking self­satisfied (自足的) as I enjoyed this rare treat although very well­known (著名) and wide­spread (广泛流传) around here.I was exhausted when I fell into the ready­made (准备好了的) bed she prepared for me.
三、动词词缀
1．前缀­en＋形容词→动词
enrich v．丰富　 enlarge v．变大；增大；扩大
2．形容词＋­en→动词
shorten v．缩短　 widen v．加宽
3．­fy结尾的动词
simplify v．简化　 classify v．归类
4．­ize结尾的动词
realize v．认识到　 popularize v．普及
[针对训练]
Ⅰ.阅读下列句子， 写出画线部分的意思
1．Extracurricular activities enable the students to know how to apply the knowledge learned in the textbooks.(　　　　)
2．The two countries are trying their best to normalize_their_relationship.(　　　　)
3.Some think that studying abroad can broaden_their_horizons.(　　　　)
4．You will horrify the baby if you speak too loudly.(　　　　)
答案：1.使能够　2.使关系正常化　3.拓宽视野　4.使惊惧
Ⅱ.用所给单词的适当形式填空
1．Try your best to memorize (memory) these new words.
2．The question must be simplified (simple) so that we can find out a solution to it.
3．It costs a lot of money if we plan to purify (pure) the waste water.
4．He quickened (quick) his steps to arrive home earlier.
5．You can enlarge (large) your vocabulary if you keep on memorizing some new words every day.
四、否定词缀
1．表示否定意义的前缀
un­ 不，非　unable不能够　unlucky 不幸的
dis­ 不，非　dishonest不诚实的　discontinuous 不连贯的
in­ 不，非　inactive不活跃的　incorrect 不正确的
im­ 不，非　impatient不耐烦的　impossible不可能的
ir­ 不，非　irregular 不规则的　irresponsible不负责任的
il­ 不，非　illogical 不合逻辑的　illegal 非法的
non­ 不，非　nonexistent不存在的　nonstop 直达的；连续不断的
mis­ 错误　mislead 误导　misunderstand 误解
dis­＋动词(意义相反)　dislike不喜欢　disagree 不同意
un­＋动词(意义相反)　uncover 揭开　undress 脱衣服
2．表示否定意义的后缀
名词＋­less→否定意义的形容词
use n. 用处；用途　　　 useless adj.无用的
hope n. 希望 hopeless adj.没有希望的；绝望的
home n．家 homeless adj.无家可归的
[针对训练]
Ⅰ.阅读下列短文，写出画线单词的意思
A 1.misconception was that the high temperature caused the big fire.However, Miss Wang knew it was not the true story.So she insisted that the government should make the truth known to the public.When Miss Wang knew that her appeal was 2.disallowed,_ she felt rather 3.disappointed.She decided to 4.disclose the truth: it was human errors that were to blame for the terrible disaster.She wanted to tell the public about the coldness of some officials.She believed that the truth must be 5.uncovered now.
1．____________　2.____________　3.____________
4．____________　5.____________
答案：1.错误观念　2.驳回；不准许　3.失望的；沮丧的
4．揭露　5.揭露；揭发
Ⅱ.语篇填空(用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文)
The speech seemed to be 1.nonstop (stop) and the listeners became very 2.impatient_ (patient)．When the speaker said that oil was 3.non­renewable (renew) and that the best way to solve the problem was not to make cars and buses to force people to go to work or school on foot, the audience thought it was 4.impractical_ (practice) and 5.unbearable_ (bear) to listen to him any longer.They 6.disbelieved_ (believe) that the world would go smoothly without these modern transportations.They also thought that the speaker was 7.irresponsible (responsible) to make such a statement without thinking it carefully and his speech would cause some 8.misunderstandings (understand)．So most of the listeners chose to leave, shouting loudly and angrily.
五、正确使用派生词
1．动词、介词、冠词、物主代词等词类后一般接名词或动名词。如果所给单词是其他词类， 就要将其改为名词， 并注意名词数的变化。
(1)Do you know the depth (deep) of the river?
(2)His carelessness (careful) resulted in the terrible accident.
(3)He is one of the scientists (science) who support this theory.
2．动词、介词后一般接名词或动名词。所给单词为动词，就要看该动词是否有名词形式。如果有名词形式，就用其名词形式。如果该动词没有名词形式，就用其动名词形式。此外，如果所给动词有名词形式，就要看其后有无宾语。如果后有宾语，用动名词形式；后无宾语，则用名词形式。
(1)Please pay attention (attend) to your handwriting.
动词attend本身有名词形式attention, 所以不用动名词attending。
(2)His arrival (arrive) made the situation worse.
动词arrive本身有名词形式arrival, 所以不用动名词arriving。
(3)The teacher was angry at my coming (come) late.
动词come没有名词，所以用动名词coming。
(4)Thank you for your help (help)．
Thank you for helping (help) me.
(5)I was happy because of his appreciation (appreciate)．
I was happy because of his appreciating (appreciate) my speech.
上面两组句子中，helping与appreciating后都带有宾语，故用动名词。help与appreciation后没有宾语，故用名词形式。
3．动词前后、形容词前后可有副词。如果所需词为副词时， 还要考虑副词级的变化。
(1)The boy ran quickly (quick) to school.
(2)“What’s that？” Father shouted angrily (angry)．
(3)The little girl is extremely (extreme) eager to know the result of the exam.
(4)Your composition is badly (bad) organized.Please do your writing exercise more attentively (attend) next time.
(5)You’re driving too fast. Can you drive a bit more slowly (slow)?
4．名词前面一般可有形容词修饰语。如果所需词为形容词时， 还要考虑形容词级的变化。
(1) What’s the widest (width) river in the world?
(2)The stronger (strength) we become, the more modest we should be.
[针对训练]
Ⅰ.用所给单词的适当形式填空
1．Mary was very sad at the news, so she looked sadly at her husband, her eyes full of sadness.(sad)
2．He played football very well and he was one of the best players in yesterday’s football match.(play)
3．Look！How happily Kate is laughing！She seems to be the happiest girl in the world.(happy)
4．To our satisfaction,_ the headmaster was very satisfied with our report.(satisfy)
5．Edison was a great inventor.During his life he had many inventions.(invent)
6．I should simplify my task and make it simpler/simple to finish it.(simple)
7．The boy having the appearance of being half starved disappeared,_ never to be seen again.(appear)
8．The police discovered the pot and uncovered a plot against the President.(cover)
9．You are so kind to help me. Thank you for your kindness.(kindly)
10．Everything is becoming more_expensive than before and many college students had to work to make some money for their college expenses.(expend)
Ⅱ.语篇填空(用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文)
A group of robbers dug their way into the basement of a bank in Paris and emptied almost 200 private 1.safes (safety)．
They entered the Credit Lyonnais branch using building 2.equipment (equip) to dig holes and destroy walls on Saturday night.They tied up a 3.security (secure) guard and spent the next nine hours robbing the bank.
One 4.investigator (investigate) described the 5.robbery (rob) as a “6.professional (profession) job”．The robbers came in at about 22：00 on Saturday and left at 7：00 on Sunday.They entered through the basements of the 7.neighbouring (neighbour) building, digging through a series of tunnels and making a hole into a wall of 80cm thick to get into the bank, which was having building works at the time.
When they left, the robbers set the place on fire to 8.remove (move) any trace of evidence, switching on the anti­fire system and flooding the building.9.Fortunately (fortune), the guard escaped 10.unharmed (harm)．
It is difficult to estimate the total value of what was stolen as only the bank’s clients (储户) know the content of their private safes.
第二周　动词的时态和语态

一、动词的时态
1．一般现在时
(1)表示经常性、习惯性的动作和现在的状态、特征。句中常用often, usually, every day等时间状语。
Works of popular writers often have a lot of readers.(2013·北京高考)
On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles.(2013·陕西高考)
(2)表示客观事实、普遍真理或自然现象，无论在什么情况下都用一般现在时表示。
“Life is like walking in the snow，” Granny used to say，“because every step shows.”(2012·新课标全国卷)
—So what is the procedure?
—All the applicants are interviewed before a final decision is made by the authority.(2013·北京高考)
(3)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用现在时代替将来时。
My parents have promised to come to see me before I leave for Africa.
(4)表示按计划、时刻表规定要发生的动作，但限于少数动词。如begin, come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close等。
The flight takes off at 2：30 every Wednesday and Friday.
2．一般过去时
(1)表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用(或上下文语境有暗示)；用于表示过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到的事。
I didn’t realize then, but becoming a pilot makes me a better surgeon.(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)
Michael’s father always helped the poor as he believed it made everyone happier.(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)
I was lucky: I became a pilot in 1970, almost ten years before I graduated from medical school.(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)
(2)注意句型：was/were about to do ... when ...中when后从句的动词用过去式。
I was about to go to bed when the telephone rang.
3．现在完成时
常用的时间状语有：so far, recently, lately, once/twice/three ...times, before, ever, by now, in the last/past few years, over a long time, up to now, yet, already, just, since等。主要用于以下几种情况：
(1)表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
—Look! Somebody has cleaned the sofa.
—Well, it wasn’t me. I didn’t do it.(2012·江西高考)
(2)表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
They have been good friends since they met at a meeting.
Shakespeare’s play Hamlet has been made into at least ten different films over the past years.(2013·北京高考)
(3)下列句型中常用现在完成时。
①It is (has been)＋一段时间＋since从句
This (That/It) is the first (second ...) time＋that从句
This is the first time we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.(2009·陕西高考)
②在条件、时间、让步状语从句中，表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。
—When shall we restart our business?
—Not until we have finished our plan.(2010·四川高考)
4．过去完成时
(1)过去某一时间或某一动作前已完成的动作或存在的状态。过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去另一时间，还可能持续下去。常与for, since等构成的时间状语连用。
He was unhappy when he sold his guitar.After all, he had had it for a very long time.(2013·辽宁高考)
We first met on a train in 2010.We both felt immediately that we had known each other for years.
(2)有些动词有时用过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图。这类动词常见的有：hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose, want, think等。
I had hoped to be back last night, but I didn’t catch the train.
(3)在特殊句式hardly/scarcely ...when ...; no sooner ...than ...中，主句常用过去完成时，该句式意为“一……就……；刚……就……”。
Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down.
5．将来完成时
将来完成时表示到将来某一时间，某一动作将会完成，常用的时间状语为“by＋将来的某个时间”。
—I hear that Jason is planning to buy a car.
—I know. By next month, he will have saved enough for a used one.(2012·上海高考)
6．现在进行时
表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时的一个动作；表近期特定的安排或计划；go, come等表示起止动作的动词可用进行时代替将来时。
You are always studying in the library.Why not have a picnic this afternoon?
7．过去进行时
(1)过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某动作在某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。
—Did you catch what I said?
—Sorry. I was answering a text message just now.(2012·四川高考)
—Have you finished reading Jane Eyre?
—No, I was doing my homework all day yesterday.(2010·新课标全国卷)
(2)某一动作发生时另一动作正在进行，其中的持续性动作用过去进行时，短暂性动作用一般过去时。
—I don’t understand why you didn’t go to the lecture yesterday afternoon.
—I’m so sorry. But I was doing my homework.(2013·湖南高考)
8．现在完成进行时
(1)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且现在还在进行。
The girl has a great interest in sport