非谓语动词的用法.doc

非谓语动词的用法概述：非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）不是真正意义上的谓语动词，在句中都不能单独作谓语。但都具有动词的某些特点，可以有自己的宾语或状语，构成非谓语动词短语。都不受主语人称和数的限制（即无人称和数的变化），但有时态和语态的变化。如：He let me did it.（）-He let me do it.（）Lily helps me does it.（）-Lily helps me do it.（）She wanted to be punished by her father.掌握非谓语动词的关键在于：弄清三大非谓语动词各种不同的结构形式、每种结构所表达的时间概念及其主被动关系；弄清楚三大非谓语动词各自所作的句子成分；不同的非谓语动词作同一句子成分时的区别；三大非谓语动词的其他特殊用法。一、三大非谓语动词的结构形式及每种结构所表达的时间概念及其主被动关系（一）不定式名称语态结构形式时间概念及主被动关系举例一般式主动（not）to do发生在谓语动作/状态之后或同时发生的主动动作1. I want to be a teacher.2. I saw him go out.被动(not) to be done发生在谓语动作/状态之后或同时发生的被动动作The teacher wanted the materials to be typed soon.进行式主动(not) to be doing与谓语动作/状态同时发生的动作He happened to be working when the boss came in.完成式主动(not) to have done发生在谓语动作/状态之前的主动动作1. I happened to have come across your brother.2. We planned to have met each other at ten.被动(not) to have been done发生在谓语动作/状态之前的被动动作1. Im glad to have been invited to visit your factory.2. He expects to have been told the truth yesterday.完成进行式主动(not) to have been doing在谓语动作/状态之前一直在进行着的动作It is a great pleasure to have been working with you.（二）动名词名称语态结构形式时间概念及主被动关系举例一般式主动（not）doing与谓语动作/状态同时发生的主动动作或无明显的时间性（可表经常）1. Mike is fond of playing football.2. Would you mind my opening the window？被动(not) being done与谓语动作/状态同时发生的被动动作或无明显的时间性（可表经常）1. He told his past without being asked2. Being scolded isnt a good thing.完成式主动(not) having done发生在谓语动作/状态之前的主动动作They were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.被动(not) having been done发生在谓语动作/状态之前的被动动作I remembered having been taken to Beijing three times.（三）分词名称语态结构形式时间概念及主被动关系举例现 在 分 词一般式主动（not）doing与谓语动作/状态同时发生的主动动作Singing a song, he was watching TV.被动(not) being done与谓语动作/状态同时发生的被动动作Being punished, he is crying.完成式主动(not) having done发生在谓语动作/状态之前的主动动作Having finished the course，we had an exam.被动(not) having been done发生在谓语动作/状态之前的被动动作Having been warned several times，they became more careful in doing the job.过去分词（not）done1. 可以只表一个被动的动作；2. 可以只表一个完成的动作（即发生在谓语动作/状态之前的动作）；3. 可以同时既表被动又表完成的动作（即发生在谓语动作/状态之前的动作）；1. Seen from the hill，the town looks nice.（只表被动）2. The fallen leaves are yellow.（只表完成）3. The returned books looks new.（既表被动又表完成）二、三大非谓语动词各自所充当的句子成分非谓语动词具有各自不同的词类特征，因此充当的句子成分也各不相同。不定式具有名词、动词、形容词和副词的特性，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语；动名词具有名词和动词的特性，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语和定语；分词具有动词、形容词和副词的特性，在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。（见下面的图表）。不定式：主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾补动名词：主语、宾语、表语、定语分词： 表语、定语、状语、宾补附：三大非谓语动词的区别一览表非谓语动词种类特征形式所作成分结构否定不定式vnadjadv6种主宾表定状补复合结构for/of sb. to donot to do动名词vn-4种主宾表定-复合结构ns/ones doingnot doing现在分词v-adjadv4种-表定状补独立主格结构n/pron doingnot doing过去分词v-adjadv1种-表定状补独立主格结构n/pron donenot done注意：当由现在分词和过去分词变化而来的形容词与定冠词连用表示一类人或事物时，可以作主语或宾语。如：the dying，the wounded等。三、不同的非谓语动词作同一句子成分时的区别（一）、作主语（不定式和动名词作主语的区别）：1. 所表示动作的具体含义不同：不定式作主语多表示具体的、一次性的动作；动名词作主语多表示经常性的、习惯性的动作。如：To swim today is a good ideaEating too much is bad for your health.2. it作形式主语的情况不同：不定式作主语时，常可以用it作形式主语，而将真正的不定式主语后置。但动名词作后置主语的情况比较少见，一般限于名词fun，good，luck，joy，use，pleasure或形容词foolish，wonderful，good，nice，interesting，useless，worth等作表语时，才用it作形式主语，将真正的动名词主语后置。如：In a shop，it is important to please customers.It is no use telling him the truth.常用动名词作主语的句型有：a waste of time（浪费）no good/use（没有用处）It is/was +useless/senseless (没有用处) doing.hardly any good/use（几乎没用）worthwhile（有价值、值得）no（无法）no sense in（没道理）There is/was +no point/possibility in（没意义）doing.no good/use in（没用处）nothing worse than（没有比更糟糕的）注意： There is no need for sb to do sth.3. 主谓一致不同：一般情况下，不定式和动名词作主语，谓语动词一般用单数形式。如：To see is to believe.Laying eggs is her full-time job.Planting flowers needs constant watering.但and连接的多个动名词作主语，谓语动词大多用复数（如果前后动名词的语义一致，谓语一般用单数）。如：Lying and stealing are immoral. 说谎与盗窃是不道德的。Weeping and wailing does nothing towards solving the problem.哭泣无济于解决问题。（weeping与wailing均表示“哭”）4. 注意主语和表语的一致性：当主语为不定式时，表语也用不定式；当主语为动名词时，表语也用动名词。如：Seeing is believing.To see is to believe.（二）、作宾语（不定式和动名词作宾语的区别）：不定式作宾语通常表示具体的、一次性的动作；动名词作宾语通常表示经常性的、习惯性的动作。如：Tom likes playing football, but he likes to play basketball today.1. 作动词宾语的情况不同：（1）有些动词后面只能接不定式作宾语。注意下面的口诀：决心学会想希望decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish设法拒绝愿假装manage, refuse, care, pretend主动答应选计划offer, promise, choose, plan同意请求帮一帮agree, ask/beg, help等待发生付得起wait, happen, afford失败威胁记心上fail, threaten如：I plan to go to Shanghai next week.He decided to help me.（2）有些动词后面只能接动名词作宾语。注意下面的口诀：避免错过 (少) 延期avoid, miss, delay / postpone建议完成 (多) 练习suggest / advise, finish, practise喜欢想象禁不住enjoy/appreciate, imagine, resist/cant help承认否定 (与) 嫉妒admit, deny, envy逃脱冒险 (莫) 原谅escape , risk, pardon / excuse保持忍受 (不) 介意keep / keep on, stand, mind如：Would you mind given me a cup of tea？He missed catching the early bus.I have finished reading thebook.Will you admit having broken the window？She suggested having lunch at the new restaurant.有些动词短语后面也只能接动名词作宾语：lead to, get down to, look forward to, pay attention to, stick to，be addicted to, adjust/adapt to, devote to，contribute to, object to，get/be used to（习惯于），preferto, cant stand（忍不住），give up，insist on，keep（on），put off，be worth，be/keep busy，have difficulty/trouble/problem（in），feel/look/seem like，set about，depend on，prevent sb. from，succeed in, thank you for, apologize for等。如：I feel like drinking a glass of milk.(3)有些动词后面既可以接不定式作宾语，又可以接动名词作宾语，如：continue，begin，start，prefer，like，love，hate，fear，dread（害怕），propose（打算），cant bear，endure（忍耐），omit（忽略），neglect（忽视），disdain（轻视），scorn（蔑视），protect（保护），forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try，be used to，cant help。具体分为下面几种情况：、continue，begin，start等后面接不定式与接动名词作宾语，意义上没有多大区别。如：The teacher said，“You begin writing now，”and the children began to write.注意begin和start本身为进行式时；或其前面的主语是物而不是人时；或其后面的非谓语动词表示心理状态或精神活动时；begin和start后面要接不定式作宾语（不接不定式）。如：She is beginning to cook supper.It began to rain.I began to understand my past mistakes.、prefer，like，love，hate等后面接不定式与接动名词作宾语，意义上没有多大区别，但接不定式表示具体的、一次性的动作；接动名词则表示经常性的、习惯性的动作。如：He likes swimming，but he doesnt like to swim today，because it is too cold.、forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try，be used to，cant help等动词或短语后接动名词与接不定式意义上差别很大。区别如下：a、remember/forget/regret to do sth记起/忘记/遗憾要去做某事remember/forget/regret doing sth记起/忘记/遗憾曾经做过某事如：I have forgotten to bring my umbrella.I shall never forget hearing her singing that song.b、go on to do sth表示“（做完一件事之后）接着做（另一件事）”；go on doing sth表示“继续作某事（原事）”。如：You ought not to go on living this way.Then he went on to show us how to use it.c、mean to do sth表示“打算做某事”；mean doing sth表示“意味着某种情况”。如：What do you mean to do with it？Missing the train means waiting for an hour.d、stop to do sth表示“停下做某事”（指停下来做另一件事）；stop doing sth表示“停止做某事”（指停止做原事）。如：They asked him to stop talking，but he still went on.He stopped to shake hands with us.e、try to do sth表示“试图/尽力做某事”(to do sth.往往表示某种目的)；try doing sth表示“试着做某事”(doing sth往往表示某种方法或方式)。如：He has been trying to get you on the phone.他一直在设法打电话找你。Lets try knocking at the back door.咱们敲敲后边的门试试。f、be used to do sth表示“被用来做某事”；be used to doing sth表示“习惯于做某事”。如：Wood is used to make paper.He is used to getting up early.g、cant help to do sth表示“不能帮助做某事；cant help doing sth表示“忍不住做某事”。如：We cant help to answer this question.We cant help laughing.（4）allow，permit，advise，forbid等动词的后面可以接动名词作宾语，但有名词或代词作宾语补足语时，则接不定式作宾语补足语。故这类动词用于被动结构时，应接不定式作主语补足语。即注意下面三种结构：advise/allow/permit/forbid doing sth, advise/allow/permit/forbid sb to do sth-sb be advised/allowed/permitted/forbidden to do sth.如：The doctor advise (us) not smoking.The doctor advised us to take a weeks rest.We were advised to take a weeks rest.（5）need，require，want表示主语“需要（被作某种处置）”，后接动名词的主动式或不定式的被动式作宾语均可（表示被动含义），注意句式的互换。如：The TV set needs mending again.=The TV set needs to be mended again.（6）be worth doing.结构表示被动含义，相当于be worthy to be done和be worthy of being done结构。如：This book is worth reading.=This book is worthy of being read.=This book is worthy to be read.2. 作介词宾语的情况不同：不定式一般不作介词的宾语（但but/other than，except，besides除外）；动名词则常常作介词的宾语。如：I have no choice but to accept the fact.He did noting but wait.What do you like to do besides swim？She went out of the room without saying anything.Mary is good at dancing.3. it作形式宾语的情况不同：有少数动词，如find，think，consider，make，feel等接不定式作宾语且其后面有宾语补足语时，常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的不定式宾语后置。动名词作宾语带有宾语补足语时，也要用it作形式宾语，而将真正的动名词宾语后置，但此种情况比较少见。如：I think it better to start off right now.We found it no use doing like that.（三）、作表语（不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别）：1. 作表语时各自所表示动作的具体含义不同：不定式作表语表示具体的、一次性的动作；动名词作表语相当于名词，说明主语的性质和具体内容，表示经常性、习惯性的动作或抽象性的概念，主语表语常常可以互换；分词作表语相当于形容词，说明主语的性质、特征或状态，其逻辑主语是句子的主语（一般情况下，当主语是人时，用过去分词作表语；当主语是物时，用现在分词作表语）。如：My job today is to water all the flowers in the garden.My job is teaching English. = Teaching English is my job.Chinese is interesting，so Lucy is interested in Chinese.Bob is exciting.注意：当人作主语时，常用过去分词作主语，但也可以用现在分词作表语，此时他们的意义有所不同。如：He is frightened.（他感到害怕。）He is frightening.（他让人/令人感到害怕。）2. 注意主语和表语的一致性：当主语为动名词时，表语也用动名词；当主语为不定式时，表语也用不定式。如：Seeing is believing.To see is to believe.附：如果主语部分的谓语动词或非谓语动词中含有do，那么作表语的不定式可以省去to。如：The only thing he could do was（to）tell the truth.（四）、作定语（不定式、动名词和分词作定语的区别）：1. 所表动作的时间含义不同：不定式作定语多表示未来的动作。动名词作定语，常常用来说明被修饰的词的性质、特征和用途，不强调时间性（因为动名词只能用一般主动式作定语）。现在分词的一般主动式作定语，表示一个主动的、正在进行的动作；现在分词的一般被动式作定语，表示一个被动的、正在进行的动作；现在分词的完成式不能作定语；过去分词作定语，表示一种被动的、完成的或被动完成的动作，或没有一定时间性的动作。如：I havent a pen to write with.a swimming pool，a sleeping car，drinking waterThe falling leaves are yellow.The fallen leaves are everywhere.注意：现在分词的被动式和及物动词的过去分词都可以表示被动，但前者表示一个正在进行的被动动作，而后者多表示一个已经完成了的被动动作。如：The problem being discussed now has something important to do with our everyday life.The problem discussed yesterday has something important to do with our everyday life2. 所用形式不同：不定式可以用各种形式作定语，动名词只能用一般主动式作定语（被动式和完成式不能作定语），分词只能用现在分词的一般式和过去分词作定语（现在分词的完成式一般不能作定语，但可以作后置定语见P10）。3. 位置不同：不定式作定语常常放在它所修饰的词之后；动名词作定语常常放在它所修饰的词之前（因为动名词只能用一般主动式作定语）；单个的分词作定语一般放在它所修饰的词之前（如果强调动感，则要放在后面），分词短语作定语常常放在它所修饰的词后面。如：There is nothing to worry about.a swimming pool，a sleeping car，drinking water （动名词作定语）boiling water，boiled waterI dont know the doctor sitting on the chair.Look！The girl singing is Alice and the one dancing is Mary.（强调动感）4. 所指不同：不定式和分词作定语，用来说明被修饰词的动作，与被修饰词之间有逻辑关系（主谓或动宾关系）；动名词作定语，用来说明被修饰词的性质、特征和用途，与被修饰词之间无逻辑关系。如：the way to do the work,the sleeping car/the swimming pool,falling/fallen leaves附：1. 常用不定式作定语的情况：(1) 当名词被the first，the last等序数词、形容词最高级或no，all，any等修饰时，常用不定式的一般式作定语，而不管动作是否已经完成。如：He is the second person to know the truth.She is always the first to come and the last to leave.He has no right to do it.(2)不定式常用来修饰表示抽象意义的词，常见的有right（权利），ability，chance，answer, belief, reason, reply，attempt，key，way，moment，time, idea, fact, excuse, promise, 等。如：Could you at least make an attempt to smile，Jim？（吉姆，你起码试着笑一笑，行吗？）Do you have the ability to read and write in English？2. 不定式作定语与被修饰的名词或代词之间常常构成的几种关系。（1）逻辑主谓关系：不定式和它所修饰的名词或代词构成主谓关系。如：He is the first person to come and the last one to leave.注意：此时不定式常常用主动形式。（2）逻辑动宾关系：不定式和它所修饰的名词或代词构成动宾关系。如：He has nothing to do.注意：A、此时要求不定式为及物动词（如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面必须有相应的介词，即“不及物动词 + 介词”）；并且不定式常常也用主动形式。如：He has nothing to do.There is nothing to worry about.The boy cried as he had no children to play games with.There is no room to live in.I havent a pen to write with.B、不定式修饰名词time，place，way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。如：He had no money and no place to live.（不是no place to live in）C、这种“动词不定式 + 介词”修饰名词/代词，可以转换成“介词 + 关系代词（which，whom）+ 不定式”。如：Jim had only ten yuan to buy a present with.=Jim had only ten yuan with which to buy a present（3）同位关系：不定式与被修饰的名词或代词构成同位关系。如：His wish to become an artist has never come true3. 分词作定语时与被修饰词之间的位置详解：单个的分词作定语时，一般放在它所修饰的词的前面（如果强调动感，单个的分词也要放在后面；同时，如果被修饰的词是every/some/any/nothing/nobody/no one所形成的不定代词或指示代词those时，即使单个分词作定语，也要放在被修饰的词后面），分词短语作定语时，一般放在它所修饰的词的后面。如：boiling water，boiled waterHe is the only one of those invited.I dont know the doctor sitting on the chair.Look！The girl singing is Alice and the one dancing is Mary.（强调动感）4. 分词作定语时与被修饰词之间的时间关系及主被动关系）：现在分词作定语（指现在分词的一般式），多表示“说话时正在进行”或“与谓语动词同时进行”或“经常性的”动作，且被修饰的词是现在分词动作逻辑上的执行者；而过去分词作定语，多表示分词动作“先于谓语动作”或“没有一定的时间性”，且被修饰的词是过去分词动作逻辑上的承受者。如：Do you know the boy lying under the big tree？（表同时或正在进行）The man selling vegetables has gone.（表经常）The book borrowed from the library returned yesterday.（先于谓语动词所表示的动作）He is a teacher respected by all. （没有一定的时间性）5. 分词作定语时有两种词性情况：一种是具有动词的性质，此时分词和它所修饰的词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系；另一种是分词已经转化成了形容词，不再具有动词特性，此时可以用very修饰，甚至有比较级的变化。如：falling/fallen leavesdeveloping/developed countriesa（more）promising young man（一个有前途的青年，promising已经转化成了形容词）6. 现在分词的完成式（主动式和被动式）不能作定语（但非限制性后置定语则可以用分词的完成式）,若要表达此含义，应分别用定语从句和过去分词代替。如：The teacher criticized the student having broken the window.（） -The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.（）At last we found the house having been built several years ago. （）-At last we found the house built several years ago.（）The old man, having worked for 20 years, is on the way to his motherland.（)分词完成式作非限制性后置定语（五）、作状语（不定式和分词作状语的区别）：1. 作状语的种类不同：不定式多作目的、结果、程度和原因状语；分词多作时间、条件、原因、方式、伴随和结果状语。注意：某些表示喜怒哀乐的形容词在句中作表语时，其后面常常用不定式作原因状语，其余时间多用分词作原因状语。不定式作结果状语时，表示出乎意料之外的结果；而分词作结果状语时，表示意料之中的结果。在带有enough或too得句子里，常用不定式作程度状语。如：She swept to hear the bad news. Im very glad to hear the good news.Having been late for class，he says sorry to his teacher.（作原因状语）He tried his best to arrive there only to find some waste paper.He died，leaving his wife alone.（作结果状语）He is old enough to go to school.She is too tired to do the job.2. 不定式作状语（多作目的、结果、程度和原因状语）：（1）作目的状语（可以放在句首或句中，在句中作目的状语时一般不用逗号隔开）：He stopped to have a rest.=To have a rest，he stopped.注意：in order to和so as to后面都可以接不定式作目的状语，但in order to可以放在句首或句中，而so as to则只能放在句中。如：In order to catch the first bus，he got up early.=He got up early in order to/so as to catch the first bus.（2）作结果/程度状语：作结果状语时为意料之外的结果。不定式作结果/程度状语常见的五种搭配：so.as t