非谓语动词的用法归纳.doc

非谓语动词Non-Finite VerbI非谓语的三种形式类别结构含义例句现在分词doing主动，进行1) boiling water 正在沸腾的水2) Do you know the girl standing over there? 你认识站在那里的那个女孩吗？being done被动，进行（正在被做）1) The houses being built now are for the teachers.现在正在建的那些房子是为老师而建的。(not) having done主动，完成（否定）1) Having waited for an hour, he left.等了一个小时后，他离开了。2) Not having received a reply, he wrote another letter.没收到回复，他又写了一封信having been done被动，完成1) Having been told many times, he still made the same mistake. 虽然被告诉过好多次了，他仍然犯同样的错误。过去分词done被动，完成1) The story told by Tom is very interesting.汤姆讲得故事非常有趣。2) The houses built last year are very big.去年建的那些房子很大。表所处的状态或特征1) Devoted to helping others, he is respected.他致力于帮助别人而受到尊重。2) Interested in the book, he wants to buy it.他对这本书感兴趣想买下来。不定式to do将来，主动1) I have much work to do.我有很多工作要做。to be done将来，被动1) The houses to be built next month are very big.下个月将要被建的那些房子很大。to have done完成，主动使用条件：1) 看结构是否需要；2) 看是否表达过去或完成之意1) Hes said to have invented the telephone.据说他发明了电话。2) He is said to have been punished by his leader.据说他已经受到了他领导的惩罚。II本章要点1. 非谓语之不定式的用法。2. 非谓语之动名词的用法。3. 非谓语之现在分词的用法。4. 非谓语之过去分词的用法。5. 非谓语的时态语态。6. 非谓语做宾语的用法。I 非谓语语法点分述一、不定式 to do1. 不定式结构作主语 To see is to believe. It is better to see something once than to hear about it a hundred times. a. 在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，常采用先行it代替主语，而把不定式后置： Its a great pleasure to be here. It is not an easy thing to master a language.区分用法1) 直接用不定式做主语的句子显得更加正式。2) 如主语和表语都是to do，则只能采用第一种形式。 对敌人仁慈就是对人民残忍。 3) 如是疑问句或感叹句，则只能采用第二种形式。 Whatisitliketobethere? WhatajoyitwastoreadBaraksbook!b. 用It is+形容词作表语时，由于逻辑主语不同导致的for和of的区别。(1) for sb.句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如：difficult, interesting, easy, impossible等。.(2) of sb.句型中的形容词一般为表示性格、品德、心智能力，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如：good, kind, nice, clever, foolish等。小试身手1) To be fond of dancing was a certain step towards falling in love. 2) 对他来说，学两门外语是很困难的。 3) 你能这么说很有礼貌。 真题试炼1) Its important _ the piano well.A. of him to playB. for him to playC. of him playingD. for him playing2) Its wrong _ her like that.A. of you to treatB. for you to treatC. of you treatingD. for you treating2. 不定式结构作表语主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是条件，一是结果），如： To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe. 3. 不定式结构作动词宾语(见表格附录)4. 不定式结构作定语用法例句及物动词to do出现在名词后面。动宾关系He always has a lot of meetings to attend.Have you got anything to say at the meeting?主谓关系She is always the first (one) to come and the last to leave.不及物动词to do出现在名词后面且带上相应的介词。Lets first find a room to live in. / to put the things in.We have nothing to worry about.Attention但前面被修饰的名词是place/time/way时可省略不及物动词的介词。I think the best way to travel is by air.We have no place to live.小试身手1) 了解一个人最好的方法是和他/她生活一段时间. 2) 你有什么可以吃的东西吗? 3) 许多老人找不到可以安度晚年的地方. 5. 不定式结构作状语基本用法：不定式结构可以作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词等表示目的、原因、结果、条件等。a. 表示目的(1) They ran over to welcome the delegates.Attention(1) in order to do 常置于句首用来强调目的。(2) so as to/so.as to 表示目的，不可以置于句首。小试身手1) 为了能够准时到达那里，我们必须现在出发 2) 为了款待重要客人，他从英国请了管家。 3) 他们一大早出发为了能赶上首班车。 b. 表示结果(1) so as to 如此以至于 Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time?(2) such () as to 如此以至于 Im not such a fool as to believe that.(3) enough to 足以 The boy is old enough to go to school.(4) too to 太以至于不能 His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.(5) only to 不料却，结果却 不定式之前有时可以加上only或but only，以加强语气 I bought expensive tickets to the theatre, only to discover that the show was boring.小试身手1) 你说这些话只会把大家弄得更加紧张。 2) 她太小了不能看这个暴力电影。 Attention: 但是too.to结构前如果出现but, never, only等词时则表示肯定。1) 活到老学到老。 6. 不定式结构作宾语补足语a. 非谓语做宾补的用法。结构含义举例see + 宾语 + do看见（宾语）做了see him go to the officesee +宾语 + doing 看见（宾语）正在做see him going to the officesee +宾语 + being done看见（宾语）正在被做see him being bitten by a dogsee +宾语 + done看见（宾语）被做see him bitten by a dogb. 不定式to do（do）做宾补表示“要去做”。结构例词例句动词+宾语+ to doask, invite, tell, want, encourage, wish, expect, beg, request, require, advise, order, force, 等表示劝请、要求、喜好类I want both of you to go.The teacher told us to do exercise one.c. do 做宾补表示“全过程”。动词+宾语+do（省略to）一“感”：feel二“听”：hear / listen to三“使”：have / make / let四“看”：see / watch / notice / findI saw my daughter enter the classroom, sit in a chair, open her English book and begin to read Chapter 15.二、动名词 doing1. 动名词结构作主语a. 动名词做主语通常位于句首。 Seeing is believing. Not finishing school can affect your whole life.b. 将 it放句首做形式主语，把动名词置于句末的常用结构。It is + a waste of time/no good/not any good/no use/useless + doing sth. It is no use talking to him again. It is no good (your) refusing to do it.小试身手 _ is an important decision in a persons life. （结婚） _ is against the law. （酒后驾车） _ relaxes me at the end of the day.（听古典音乐） 跟他聊天就是浪费时间。 2. 动名词结构作表语 My job is teaching English.小试身手1) 他们的工作是为残疾人制造轮椅。_wheelchairs for disabled people.区分用法作主语含义例句不定式to do一次性的具体的动作有特定的动作执行者To lie is wrong.To live in Beijing is the height of Toms ambition.动名词doing抽象的泛指的动作无特定的动作执行者Lying is wrong.Swimming is good exercise.作表语含义例句不定式to do一次性、具体的、将要发生的动作Hisjobistopaintthewalls.动名词doing一般性、抽象的、经常发生的动作His job is painting walls. 他的工作是粉刷墙。（这是他日常的工作）三、分词（现在分词 doing和过去分词 done）1. 现在分词和过去分词结构作定语a) 分词做定语的基本含义。分词有两种：现在分词和过去分词。这两种在句子中能担任的成分大体相同。 现在分词一般有主动的意思 过去分词一般有被动的意思用现在分词做定语的句子（表示主动）用过去分词做定语的句子1) He is an interesting man.2) The house standing there belongs to me.1) Interested members will meet at two.2) The house built last year is very beautiful.b) 分词作定语的重要知识点：(1) 单独作定语，应放在被修饰的名词之前，在更多情况下，可以用分词短语作定语，这时分词短语应放在被修饰的名词之后，在意义上也相当于一个定语从句，如： 现在分词：touching story / leading cadres / shining example / coming week / 过去分词：skilled worker / armed forces / boiled water / steamed bread1) Barking dogs seldom bite.2) Soon our respected and beloved leaders entered the banquet hall.3) Who is the man standing (= that is standing) by the door?4) They built a highway leading (= which leads) into the mountains. 小试身手1. 写出下列短语的意思1) the rising sun _2) fallen leaves _3) faded flowers _4) returned students_5) retired workers _6) the exploded bomb _7) departed friends _2. 把分词做定语改成定语从句或者定语从句改成分词作定语1) They are problems left over by history. 2) Have you read any short stories which were written by Lu Xun? 3) developing countries = 4) a city that is growing = (2) 作定语的现在分词和过去分词所表示的动作发生的时间不同1) 表示正在进行的动作, (变为从句时要用进行时态), 如： Tell the children playing there (who are playing there) not to make so much noise. Did you see the man talking (who was talking) to the manager?2) 表示经常性的动作, 或现在 (或当时) 的状态, (变为从句时, 用一般时态), 如： They lived in a room facing (= that faced) the south. The house standing (= that stands) at the corner of the street was built in 1955.3) 过去分词作定语时，过去分词所表示的动作可以在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，也可以是没有一定的时间性，如： The meeting held(which was held) last week is very important. He is a man loved (who is loved)by all.Attention：如果所表示的动作现在正在发生，或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生，可以用现在分词的被动形式来表示，如： The meeting being held is very important. We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.(discuss)Attention：如果所表示的是一个未来的动作，可以用一个不定式的被动形式来表示，如： The meeting to be held next week is very important.小试身手1) Please tell me the subjects to be discussed at the next meeting. (discuss)2) Please tell me the subjects discussed last week. (discuss)3) Do you know the meeting being discussed now is held by Peter? (discuss)2. 现在分词作状语现在分词表示主动进行，过去分词表示被动完成。a. 现在分词作伴随状语，表示陪衬性的动作或伴随情况，如： The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily. They stood there for an hour watching the game.Attention：a. 分词表示的必须是主语的一个动作；b. 分词表示的动作和谓语表示的动作（或状态）是同时发生的；c. 分词表示的是比较次要的动作，对谓语表示的动作或状态加以说明；d. 大部分放在谓语之后；e. 分词有时可以与句子的其他部分用逗号隔开。b. 现在分词作原因状语，表示原因或理由，如： Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note. Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her.试试可不可以变成状语从句呢：1) Because she saw nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.2) Because we didnt know her address, we couldnt get in touch with her.Attention如果分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，则要用完成形式，如： Having worked among the peasants for many years, he knew them very well. Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter.c. 现在分词作时间状语（相当于 when 引导的从句），如： Turning around, she saw a police car driving up. Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.试试可不可以变成状语从句呢：1) When she turned around ,she saw a police car driving up.2) When they heard the news, they all jumped with joy.Attention：这里分词表示的是一个极短暂的动作，这动作一发生，谓语动词所表示的动作立即发生。这类分词一般放在句首。如果两个动作是完全同时发生的，多用 when 或 while + 分词这种结构，如： Be careful when crossing the street. Dont mention this while talking to him.d. 现在分词作状语还可以表示结果、条件和让步，如： Working hard, you will succeed. (_) Weighing almost one hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone. (_)试试可不可以变成状语从句呢：1) If you work hard, you will succeed.2) Although the stone weighs almost one hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone.e. 现在分词的完成形式和被动形式分词的完成形式主要用在状语中，表示动作在谓语动作之前发生，如： Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide. Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?3. 过去分词作状语1) 过去分词短语作状语，可以修饰谓语，说明动作发生的背景或情况，如： Built in 1192, the bridge is over 700 years old. The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs.2) 过去分词短语表示原因（相当于一个原因状语从句），如： He soon fell asleep, exhausted by the journey. 试试可不可以变成状语从句呢：1) He soon fell asleep as/because he was exhausted by the journey.3) 过去分词短语有时可以表示时间（相当于时间状语从句）和条件（相当于条件状语从句），如： United, we stand; divided, we fall. Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful. 试试可不可以变成状语从句呢：1) If we are united ,we stand; If we are divided, we fall.2) When/If the park is seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.Attention：过去分词短语作状语时，前面有时可以加上when, if, while, though, as if 等连词，这种结构可以看作是一种省略的状语从句（省略部分多为 “主语 + be 的多种形式”）。需要注意的是，省略的主语必须和主句的主语相同，如： If / When heated, water changes into steam. The girl is very shy, and never speaks until spoken to.试试看把它们补充完整：1) If/when water is heated, it changed into steam.2) The girl is very shy, and never speaks until she is spoken to.Attention：1. 在用分词短语作状语时, 它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致. 2. 过去分词在时态上强调动作已经完成，在语态上侧重于被动；3. 而现在分词在时态上强调动作正在进行，在语态上侧重于主动。小试身手试一试：判断下列句子中分词充当什么状语，并且看看可不可以转化成相应状语从句。1) Every evening they sat on the sofa watching TV. 表_2) I got home, feeling very tired.表_3) Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her.表_4) Turning around, she saw an ambulance driving up.表_5) Compared with you, we still have a long way to go.表_二、非谓语的时态语态1.to do一般进行完成主动to doto be doingto have done被动to be done/to have been done小试身手1) 能被邀请来做演讲是我的荣幸。 2) 老板经过他身边时，他假装正在打电话。 3) 他们似乎在发薪日前就花光了上个月的工资。 2.doing一般（与谓语动词同时发生）完成（在谓语动词之前发生）主动doinghaving done被动being donehaving been done3.done过去分词done的一般情况即表示“被动、完成”的含义，所以没有时态语态变化。小试身手1) _(earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started to work in a local caf as a waiter. 2) The most common mistakes _(lead) to a bad back are poor body mechanics and unhealthy habits. 3) We teenagers often think that parents are conservative (保守的), and they know nothing about us, but honestly, were actually still too young _(know) whats really best for us. 4) Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty _ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. 5) _(wonder) how my mum could consume them so quickly, I began observing her daily routine for two weeks. 6) The Flakes brought along a lobster (龙虾) trap in hopes of having some delicious treats, but it was lost within the first few hours after _(attack) by a shark. 7) “I think she would like you to have it.” _(shock), I took it from her automatically. She smiled and walked away. 8) _(endure) too many of these tragedies in the past few years, each time I learn the news I react not as a President, but as anybody else would as a parent. And that was especially true today. 9) He has a constant urge _(check) for next messages; he checks his phone every five minutes! 10) Many researchers claim _(find) relationships between left-handedness and various physical and mental characteristics. 11) The cities _(experience) the highest annual growth in office rental rates are both in South Africa with 40 percent rate rise for Durban and 44 percent for Sandton. II ReviewI. 中考真题：1. How are you feeling here? Its quite hot. I dont know _ to go or stay?A. howB. whenC. whetherD. where