1、谈培养学生在英语阅读中的细节提取能力 河南 许昌市三高 李荣焕摘 要:提取文章中的事实细节是学生需要掌握的一种英语学习策略。事实细 节题一直是高考英语阅读理解题中设题密度最大的题型,它在全国高 考英语阅读理解中所占比例一直维持在25%以上,纵观近五年高考, 考查难度稍有增加。在英语阅读教学中,如何采用有效的方法指导学 生运用策略,培养学生的阅读技巧,采取切实可行的教学方式帮 助学生解决阅读中遇到的实际问题,让学生通过科学的阅读策略提高 阅读效率和学业成绩,体验英语阅读的成功,提升学生英语阅读的幸 福感,以形成自主学习的能力,为终生学习和发展打下良好的基础。关键词:高中英语阅读;细节提取能力;相
2、应策略训练一、引言 普通高中英语课程标准(实验稿)(以下简称课标)对高中生的英语阅读能力提出了具体要求:“能理解阅读材料中不同的观点和态度;能识别不同文体的特征;能通过分析句子结构理解难句和长句;能根据学习任务的需要从电子读物或网络中获取信息并进行加工处理。”(教育部,2003).五年高考全国卷细节题量统计年份题量题型2010课标.全国I2011课标.全国I2012课标.全国I2013课标.全国I2014课标.全国I总计 细节题 13 11 5 9 8 46考查细节的题量在近五年高考中难度稍有增加,表现在:答案跨段落搜集; 题目信息与原文信息表达方式不一样;需将几个信息综合总结才能得出答案。从
3、近几年的试题来看,对细节题的考查将呈现增多的趋势,而且题目将有简单的寻找信息转向多层次细节推理综合,以考查学生的英语综合能力。如何更加有效地指导学生运用阅读策略、提高阅读水平是广大一线英语教师一直面临的问题。为此,笔者和我校的部分英语老师一起参加了河南省教育科学“十三五”规划2016年度课题,课题名称:艺术特色学校艺考生英语学习困难成因及对策研究,课题编号:(2016)-JKGHB-0819。本文就如何培养学生在英语阅读中的细节提取能力阐述一下自己的探索。二、培养阅读策略的意义 阅读策略是阅读者用来理解各种文本的有意识的、可灵活调整的认知活动计划(竺小恩,2005),是阅读者对阅读过程中认知活
4、动进行监控与调节的手段(焦名海,1997),是在阅读过程中为完成阅读任务而采取的一切有效方式与手段,包括对学习方法的选择以及怎样组合、操作使用等方面的决策(周龙兴,1995)。 有关研究表明,策略是提高学习效率的主要因素之一。阅读策略是完成教学目标、提高阅读效率的主要因素之一。每个学生都需要掌握一定量的策略以帮助自己规划学习过程,开展听、说、读、写训练,学习语言知识,发展语言技能;还需要掌握一定的策略帮助实施交际、完成任务、解决问题。有的学者认为策略是个体用于帮助人们理解、学习、保留新信息的特殊的观念和行为(OMalley & Chamot , 1990),是“一些特殊行为、动作、步骤和技巧”
5、(Oxford, 1990),是“学习者有目的、有意识的一些想法和技巧”(Sterm,1992)。根据策略所包含的认知加工情况,学习策略可以分为认知策略、元认知策略和社会/情感策略。认知策略指处理具体的学习任务,如对具体材料直接进行加工的方式方法,如归纳、演绎、分类、记笔记、想象、关键词表达、语境化、推理、迁移等。笔者主要论述的是认知策略在英语阅读任务中使用的方式方法,如预测、推理文章内容、猜测词义等。让学生在阅读训练中学会、理解、总结和运用阅读策略、循环再现以巩固阅读策略,从而提高学生的英语阅读效率和学业成绩,提升学生英语阅读的幸福感。三、高中生英语阅读中存在的问题 在多年的教学中,笔者发现
6、目前高中生英语阅读中存在不少问题。我们学校的学生均为艺术生,有重艺轻文的现象,兴趣学习占主导地位,比较感性,有很强的模仿和观察能力,但英语基础较差。多数学生都是用同一种方式阅读课文,阅读课文的目的就是学习。学生逐词逐句阅读文章,遇到不懂的单词就查阅单词表或词典;遇到不懂的句子就参照辅导材料上的课文译文。不管是故事、说明文还是议论文,不管是海报、书信还是演讲报告,都是用同一种阅读方式。学生不能根据阅读材料的不同、阅读任务的不同选择不同的阅读策略,这在很大程度上是一种习惯,这些问题的存在给学生的阅读带来困难。同时,从另一方面来说,也与学生学习策略知识的缺乏有关。纵观河南英语高考试卷:五篇阅读理解,
7、一篇完形填空,一篇综合知识运用,一篇短文改错,八篇阅读文章,可见阅读的分量之重。得阅读者得天下,要想英语在高考中取得好成绩,必须抓学生的阅读量和做题的准确率。因此,培养学生的阅读技巧是教师进行阅读教学的首要目标。如何帮助学生提高理解大意的能力、提取具体细节信息的能力、逻辑推理、判断能力、猜词能力、理解作者意图以及欣赏文学作品的能力等就成了阅读教学的重点,通过策略意识的培养和策略训练提高学生的阅读能力和阅读水平。四、培养学生细节提取能力的策略(一)细节题命题特点如果把阅读分为read the lines, read between the lines和read beyond the lines几
8、个层次的话,细节题则属于read the lines 和read between the lines 层次。信息可以是文本的直接表达,称为显性信息;也可以是隐含在字里行间的,称为隐性信息。这类题的题干和正确答案在含义上相当于原文中某部分的内容, 但通常表达方式不同。如:使用不同的句式, 或用同义词、反义词等来表达。有的细节题需要在理解相关原文内容的基础上经过归纳、推理、总结和计算才能得出答案。而三个干扰选项的设计要么使用原文中的一些表达方式, 但其陈述与原文不符或部分不符, 或虽与常识、流行观点一致, 但却与作者观点或原文内容相悖或原文根本未提及。(二)细节题命题形式细节题主要是针对文中某一特
9、定的细节或若干细节等来提问的, 因此, 信息的准确定位是阅读者面临的最大难点。分析近年来高考常考的细节信息题, 可归结为:基本细节题、是非判断题、排序题、识图解意题、细节推理题以及数字计算题等。 这类考题中常出现的词有: 如人物(who),事件(what),时间(when),地点(where),原因(why),方式(how),程度(how long , how soon, how often , how much ),数字( how many / how much ),选择(which)等。(三) 如何做好细节题首先,要从整体上略读阅读材料,将注意力集中在与who,what,when,wher
10、e等问题有关的细节或数字方面。按文章的体裁,如按记叙文、说明文和议论文等及作者写作的组织模式及有关的信息词,如for example,first, second等预测应该到什么地方寻找自己所需要的事实。对一些细节,可以一边阅读一边概括归纳,尽力记住这些事实或主要细节,留心它们所在的位置,可用查读法,即带着问题寻找答案,快速通篇跳读,眼睛从左至右,自上而下呈Z形扫视,直至找到所需要的部分。待找到后,可放慢速度,细读要查找的内容。然后,浏览材料及复读材料,复读时通篇跳读,寻找与问题有关的细节。最后,解答问题,确定答案。(四)培养学生有效的细节提取策略,重视教学过程中能力的培养教学过程的实质是教师指
11、导下的学生个体的认识过程和发展过程。学生掌握知识、技能的过程,一般来说要经过四个阶段:感知理解巩固运用,是一个由浅入深,由易到难的循序渐进过程。在英语阅读教学中,笔者采用以下形式来训练学生的细节提取能力。 细节题常见的设问方式1) Which of the following is not the result of.?2) All of the following statements may be true / false except 3) Choose the right order of the events given in the passage.4) What does the
12、 writer pay the least attention to ?5) Which of the following is true / false / mentioned?6) Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of .?7) Which of the following maps / diagrams / gives the right position of ./ relationship of .? 8) Which of the following maps shows the right wa
13、y to?9) Which of the drawings below gives an idea of what . is like ? 图表填充 在学习北师大版高中英语必修1 Unit 1 Lesson 4 City and Country和必修2 Unit4 Lesson 4 Virtual Tourism时,笔者让学生填充下面的表格。Read the text and fill in the table with information about Debbie and Pauls lives. Add information about your own life and compa
14、re.DebbiePaulYouLive(s) ina big citya small villageWake-up timeJob studentWork(s) inEvening activitiesSpecial activitiesRead the text and complete the table belowPopulationLocationHistoryFamous sightsClimate 在学习北师大版高中英语必修5 Unit14 Lesson3 The Road to Success时,笔者让学生填写王君燕的个人信息表格。Personal DataNameWang J
15、unyanProfessionA TV presenterUniversity Fudan University in ShanghaiHer characteristics (made her a success)Being curious, working hard, believing in what was true and never giving up 识别 所谓识别,是指根据文本信息判断信息的真伪,表现形式为根据文本判断正误、将所给信息匹配、将信息与图片匹配等。在学习北师大版高中英语必修2 Unit4 Lesson 4 Virtual Tourism时,笔者让学生把主题句与段落匹
16、配起来。Match the topics with the five paragraphs in the text.There is one extra topic.* the history of the city. Para 2* travel links. Para 5* things to see in .Auckland. Para 3* night-life in Auckland.* for water lovers. Para 4* New Zealands largest city. Para 1 在学习北师大版高中英语必修5 Unit13 Lesson 4 First Im
17、pressions时,笔者让学生在文中找到相关部分,然后判断下面的句子是对(T),还是错(F)。* Jane was pleased when Jenny started singing. FThe first paragraph: she could not concentrate and glared at Jenny, so she couldnt have been pleased. Its false,* Jane first saw Jenny near the “English literature” section. TThe first paragraph: Jane saw
18、 Jenny was standing with a book in her hands near the “English literature” section. So its true.* Tennyson must be a famous poet. TThe first paragraph: It was a book of Tennysons poems, in the library. So its true.* Jane was upset that she had left her book in the library. TThe fifth paragraph: I le
19、ft the library in such a hurry, I left my book behind. I was so upset that I almost cried. So its true.* Jane didnt feel that it was necessary to apologize. FThe sixth paragraph: I was filled with shame and apologized several times for my rude behavior. So its false.4.转述转述也是细节理解的一种表现方式,如果学生能够完成任务,则表
20、明其能够理解文本信息。在学习外语教学与研究出版社出版的悦读联播高二上 Module 3 Pompeii时,笔者让学生复述课文的段落大意,收到了良好的教学效果。摘取优秀学生发言,展示如下:Student A: Paragraph one Pompeii, a Roman city in South Italy, had a population of about 20,000. Pompeii was close to an active volcano,Mt, Vesuvius.It was hit by volcanic eruptions at least twice about 2,00
21、0 years ago.Student B: Paragraph three When the eruption finished, the people didnt return to Pompeii. Pompeii lay buried for 1,700 years until it was discovered by archaeologists.Student C: Paragraph four Pompeii is a well-known tourist attraction now.You can see a city frozen in time.5. 从文中找出单词替换句
22、子中划线的部分 在学习北师大版高中英语必修5 Unit13 Lesson 4 First Impressions时,笔者让学生在文中找出单词替换句子中划线的部分, * I was trying to do some studying for an important spoken exam. revision / oral* I was full of worry the first time I met my best friend. anxiety * I looked angrily at the person who was singing. glared* I couldnt sto
23、p laughing at this. couldnt help* she was very interested in what she was reading. I quickly looked at the bookscover. glanced* Shed asked a person who works in a library to get my phone number from their place where they keep information. librarian/files* I felt so bad about behaving rudely. guilty
24、* who was willing to forgive my bad things. shortcomings* After saying yes that I was, Jenny said that she had noticed. confirming 6. 排序 选项中列举一些具体的事实,然后对文中的事实进行排序,要求阅读者根据动作发生的先后顺序、时间顺序以及句子之间的逻辑关系,找出事件发生、发展的正确顺序,阅读者可以先找出最早的一个时间和事件,把它作为事件发生的具体点,然后使用排除法将范围一一缩小,从而快速地选出正确答案。能够将所给陈述正确排序,表明阅读者能够理解文章的信息。如欧.
25、亨利一文: O. Henry was a pen name used by an American writer of short stories. His real name was William Sydney Porter. He was born in North Carolina in 1862. As a young boy he lived an exciting life. He did not go to school for very long, but he managed to teach himself everything he needed to know. Wh
26、en he was about 20 years old, O. Henry went to Texas, where he tried different jobs. He first worked on a newspaper, and then had a job in a bank, when some money went missing from the bank O. Henry was believed to have stolen it. Because of that, he was sent to prison. During the three years in pri
27、son, he learned to write short stories. After he got out of prison, he went to New York and continued writing. He wrote mostly about New York and the life of the poor there. People liked his stories, because simple as the tales were, they would finish with a sudden change at the end, to the readers
28、surprise.1. In which order did O. Henry do the following things? a. Lived in New York. b. Worked in a bank. c. Traveled to Texas. d. Was put in prison. e. Had a newspaper Job. f. Learned to write stories. A. e. c. f. b. d. a B. c. e. b. d. f. a C. e. b. d. c. a. f. D. c. b. e. d. a f. 答案B.通读全文,c是最早发
29、生的事件,其次是e.7. 角色表演 在学习北师大版 高中英语选修6 Unit17 Lesson 3 My Favorite Comedy Text 1时,学完课文后,笔者让学生在课下准备,第二天上课分角色表演,一个学生复述课文,另一个学生扮演憨豆先生,学生那惟妙惟肖、风趣幽默的表演赢得了台下学生的阵阵掌声。8.回答问题 回答问题是比较常用、比较容易设计的教学活动形式。在学习北师大版高中英语选修6 Unit 17 Lesson 3 My Favorite Comedy Text 2时,笔者让学生回答下面的问题并进行细节推理。 1)How do you know that Rowan Atkins
30、on is not like his famous character Mr Bean? In what ways is he different?We know that hes not like Mr Bean because Rowan Atkinson is very educated and Mr Bean is not. Mr Bean has an ugly little car but Rowan Atkinson has a collection of nice cars.2) Did Rowan Atkinsons parents encourage him to beco
31、me an actor? Why or why not? No, they didnt. His teachers encouraged him to be an actor. Rowan Atkinsons father didnt see the value of television. They also lived on a farm and his parents seemed to prefer that he get a good education.3) Does Rowan Atkinson like to work with other talented people? H
32、ow do you know? Yes, he does. He didnt want to become an actor until he met a talented group of people when he was at university.9. 关注文中的信息词 一篇文章的各个段落之间、各个句子之间都存在一定的逻辑关系,关注文中的信息词,就能够更好地理解文章大意、把握中心思想。一些比较重要的信息词分述如下: 1)表示时间的信息词 时间型段落模式都有明显的信息词:如first,then,afterwards,shortly,after that, later, next, af
33、ter, before, at last, finally等。按时间信息词的先后顺序进行查阅,寻找有关的细节,有助于学生快速找到细节,记住细节。 2)表示空间位置的信息词 作者进行空间描写时往往借助一些表示空间位置的词:如 on the left, on the right, on the top of, above, below, in front of, behind, near, on the other side of, in the centre 等。3)表示比较或对比的信息词 比较、对比型段落模式中常见的信息词:如like,likeness, alike, same, common
34、,each, just as, either.or, not only.but also, both, both.and, too.but, however, yet, while, than, more.than, instead, instead of, differ from, difference,on the other hand,some.others, at one time等。 4)表示原因和结果的信息词 要让学生把握原因和结果分别指代什么文章信息。表示因果关系的词作如下分类: * 名词:base, basis, result, consequence, reason * 动词
35、:cause, result in, result from, follow from, base on, be due to * 介词或连词:because, since, for, as, therefore, so, thus, why, with * 副词:as a result, consequently 在学习北师大版高中英语必修5 Unit 15 Lesson 4 Understanding 时,笔者让学生找出课文中表转折关系的词,如however, in fact, but; 表因果关系的词,如because, for, be due to, therefore, so等,并让
36、学生注意关联词后面的内容。这样做,学生觉得把抽象,深奥的东西具体化,理解起来就容易多了。学生也逐渐克服了英语阅读中的畏难心理,提高了自身的细节提取能力, 体验到了英语阅读的快乐。五、结语培养学生在英语阅读中的细节提取能力是一个长期积累、反复讲练、循环再现、螺旋式上升的过程。培养学生的细节提取能力也要求教师提高自身的理论水平和专业水平,大胆探索、不断改进教学方法,由浅入深,由易到难,具有可操作性,让学生通过科学的阅读策略提高阅读效率和学业成绩,提升学生英语阅读的幸福指数。参考文献:王笃勤. 2012. 英语阅读教学 M. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社。王 蔷. 2012. 普通高中课程标准试验教科书:英语1、2、5(必修模块),英语6(选修模块)M.北京:北京师范大学出版社.OMalley, J. M. & Chamot , A. U. 1990. Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition M. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 曲一线. 2013.5年高考3年模拟. 北京:首都师范大学出版社.中华人民共和国教育部. 2003. 普通高中英语课程标准(试验稿)S. 北京:北京师范大学出版社。