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英语名词单数变复数规则.doc

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英语名词单数变复数规则 ★清华大学★英语系测试:为中小学生英语量身定做. 官方网站: 清华大学英语教授研究组提供 英语名词单数变复数的规则 一、绝大多数的可数名词的复数形式,是在该词末尾加上后辍-s。 读音变化:结尾是清辅音读[s],结尾是浊辅音或元音读[z]。 例:friend→friends; cat→cats; style→styles; sport→sports; piece→pieces 二、凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的词,在该词末尾加上后辍-es构成复数。 读音变化:统一加读[iz]。 例:bus→buses; quiz→quizzes; fox→foxes; match→matches; flash→flashes 三、以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,将y改变为i,再加-es。 读音变化:加读[z]。 例:candy→candies; daisy→daisies; fairy→fairies; lady→ladies; story→stories 四、以-o结尾的名词,如果不是外来词或缩写,就加-es,否则加-s构成复数。 读音变化:加读[z]。 例:tomato→tomatoes; potato→potatoes; torpedo→torpedoes; bingo→bingoes 反例:silo→silos; piano→pianos(外来词); photo→photos; macro→macros(缩写词) 五、以-f或-fe结尾的名词,多为将-f或-fe改变为-ves,但有例外。 读音变化:尾音[f]改读[vz]。 例:knife→knives; life→lives; leaf→leaves; staff→staves; scarf→scarves 反例:roof→roofs 六、以-us结尾的名词(多为外来词),通常将-us改变为-i构成复数。 读音变化:尾音[Es]改读[ai],其中[kEs]要改读为[sai],[gEs]要改读为[dVai]。 例:fungus→fungi; abacus→abaci; focus→foci; cactus→cacti; cestus→cesti 七、以-is结尾的名词,通常将-is改变为-es。 读音变化:尾音[is]改读[i:z]。 例:axis→axes; basis→bases; naris→nares; hypothesis→hypotheses; restis→restes 八、以-ix结尾的名词,通常将-ix改变为-ices,但有例外。 读音变化:尾音[iks]改读[isi:z]。 例:matrix→matrices; directrix→directrices; calix→calices; appendix→appendices 反例:affix→affixes 九、以-um结尾的名词,将-um改变为-a。 读音变化:去掉鼻尾音。 例:forum→fora; stadium→stadia; aquarium→aquaria; datum→data; vacuum→vacua 十、以-a结尾的名词,在该词末尾加上后辍-e。 读音变化:尾音[E]改读[i:]。 例:larva→larvae; formula→formulae; ala→alae; media→mediae; hydra→hydrae 十一、部分单词的复数形式不变。 读音变化:保持原音。 例:fish→fish; sheep→sheep; cattle→cattle; deer→deer; salmon→salmon 十二、极少数单词,其复数形式没有任何规律。 读音变化:没有规律。 例:man→men; woman→women; child→children; person→people; ox→oxen 十三、一些单数词得加en才能变成复数词: 例:ox→oxen; child→children; brother→brethren 十四、一些单数词得改头换面一番,才能变成复数词 例:analysis→analyses分析; basis→bases基础; datum→data数据; foot→feet; formula→formulae/formulas公式; goose→geese; louse→lice虱子; man→men mouse→mice; medium→media/mediums媒介; memorandum→memoranda/memorandums备忘录; parenthesis→parentheses 圆括号; phenomenon→phenomena现象; radius→radii 半径 tooth→teeth; woman→women 十五、有些名词是单数、复数不分的 例:deer; fish; cannon; sheep; salmon 鲑鱼; trout 鳟鱼 十六、一些名词虽分单数、复数,但出现次数多的总是单数词 例:abscence; clothing; film; help; furniture家具; machinery机械; news; scenery风景; sugar; traffic交通 十七、另一些名词则以复数词出现的机会较多 例:bellows风箱; clothes; police; shorts短裤; scissors剪刀; spectacles眼镜; shears大剪刀 trousers长裤; wages工资 十八、compound nouns,这类复数词是以主要的名词来表示 例:daughter-in-law→daughters-in-law 媳妇; father-in-law→fathers-in-law岳父 man-of-war→men-of-war兵舰; maid-servant→maid-servants step-son→step-sons晚子; son-in-law→sons-in-law 十九、若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 例:pair(对,双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 二十、另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思, 例:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼 二十一、除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。 例:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters 以O结尾的词,许多加es构成复数,特别是一些常用词如:heroes,potatoes,tomatoes,echoes,tornadoes,torpedoes,dominoes,vetoes,mosquitoes,Negroes,mangoes,buffaloes,volcanoes 但下面几类词只加s:1.以“元音+o”或“oo”结尾的词如:videos,radios,studios,folios,oratorios,embryos,zoos,bamboos,kangaroos,taboos 2.一些外来词,特别是音乐方面的词,如:pianos,solos,concertos,tobaccos,mottos,cellos 3.一些缩写词和专有名词,如:kilos,photos,memos,micros,Eskimos,Filipnos 有个别词加两种词尾都可 新目标英语八年级(上)期末试题(二) I.释义  从下列选项中,选出一个与句子画线部分意思相同或相近的答案。(5分) (    )1. We got over 1000 letters , faxes and e-mails from our readers.           A. some      B. more     C. more than      D. many (    )2. I have to go to a meeting.           A. must      B. has to      C. need       D. had to (    )3. Please take care of yourself.           A. look for    B. look at     C. look after    D. look over (    )4. How about going fishing ?           A. What about   B. Why not   C. Why don’t   D. Shall we (    )5. Finally he got a very good job.           A. At last       B. At the end   C. At the end of   D. At first II.    选择填空    (20分) (    )6.  ---_________ do you exercise ?      ----- Every day.           A. When     B. What      C. How long      D. How often (    )7.She  ______ TV every day .          A. sees      B. looks at      C. watches     D.looks (    )8.There is ______ elephant over there.          A. a        B. an       C. the         D. / (    )9. ---What’s the matter ______ you ?  ---- I have a bad cold.          A. for      B. with      C. to         D. on (    )10. --- What are you doing for vacation .    ---- I ____ my sister.           A. babysitting     B. are babysitting    C. is babysitting    D. am babysitting (    )11.______ are they going ? They are going on Monday.           A. What       B. When       C. What time     D. How (    )12.It _____ me about 10 minutes to walk there.           A. take      B. takes      C. spend       D. spends (    )13. In  America, most students go to school _____ the school bus.           A. in      B. on       C. by       D. at (    )14. Can you come to my party , Ted ?   _____________ .           A.  Sorry, I ‘d like     B. Sure, I’d love to   C. Sure, I can’t   D. Yes , I’d like. (    )15. Can you come to my party ______ Saturday afternoon ?           A. on      B. in      C. at     D. about  (    )16.He ______ short hair. He ____ calm.           A. is/ is      B. has/has     C. is/has       D. has/is (    )17. This story is _______ than that one.           A. fun      B. funny     C. funner      D. funnier (    )18. She often makes me ______ . 16-20DDABC           A. laugh    B. to laugh    C. laughing      D. laughs (    )19. We both enjoy ______ to parties.           A. go       B. going     C. goes      D. went (    )20.Do you like tomatoes ?   --_________.         A. Yes, you do    B. No, you don’t    C. Yes , I do    D. No, I do (    )21.  Frank ________ a toy horse yesterday.          A. don’t buy   B. buys    C. bought    D. buy (    )22. On my next day _____ , I don’t want to go _____ a drive.          A. in ,on   B. off, for    C. of , for     D. off, of (    )23 He _______ in 1998.          A. is born      B. was born    C. is birth    D. was  birth (    )24. Could I please use your ruler ?   __________.          A. Sorry, you can’t.    B. Not at all   C. That’s right  D. Yes, you can’t (    )25. Who writes _______ , Jim , Kate or John ?          A. the most carefully   B. more carefully   C. the most careful  D. more careful III.按顺序排列对话,  将正确的序号写在横线上(5分) a.  About two days ago. b. What’s the matter ? c. I’m not feeling well. I have a cold. d. When did it start e. Oh, that’s too bad. You should get some rest. 26—30   ______ ______ ______ ______ _______ IV.将恰当的答语的序号填入相应的问句的括号里.(5分) (    )31.What are you going to be when you grow up ?  a. Yes, a little (    )32.Could you clean your room ?         b. I’m going to be an engineer. (    )33.How often do you eat fast food ?      c. It was exciting. (    )34.Are you feeling hungry ?            d. Sorry, I can’t. I have to do my homework. (    )35.How was your school trip ?          e. Sometimes. V. 完形填空. (5分)  Nancy, Thanks for  36______    my dog. Could you please  37_______   these things every day ? Take him   for a walk  .  Give   38________  water and feed him. Then wash his bowl. Play 39______  him.   40_______ to clean his bed. Have fun ! See you next week.                                     Thanks,                                     Thomas (    )36.  A. taking care of   B. take care of    C. take care   D. taking of (    )37.  A. do            B. does         C. doing      D. to do (    )38.  A. his            B. her          C. him       D. me (    )39.  A. for            B.at            C. with       D. to (    )40.  A. Don’t forget     B.Don’t  remember  C. Not forgetting  D. Forget VI. 阅读理解( 30 分)               A Jim was born in a small village.  his father, Mr. Brown, has a big  farm and  works hard  on it . He often gets good harvests. Now Jim is six years old , but  there's  no school  near   the  village.  He  is  very  worried. "My  sister  works  in  London."  says  Mrs,Brown.  "We   can  take  Jim  to  school  there.  what  do  you  think  of  it ?" "It's  a  good  idea!"Mr  Brown  said  happily.  The  next  day  they  all  went  to  London  by  train.  Jim's  aunt  was  glad  to  see  them. A  week  later,  Jim  came  to  school.  "What's  your  name, little  boy?"  asked  a  teacher.   "Jim  Brown."  answered  the  boy. "You  must  be  polite  ,"  said  the  teacher,     "please say  'sir'  when you are speaking to  the  old. Now  answer  my question again. What's  your name?"  "Sir Jim Brown." (       )41.The  Brown  lives  in  a  small  village  in ____.          A.China        B.America       C.England       D.Australia (       ) 42.Mr.  Brown  is ____.          A.a  farmer        B.a  teacher     C.a  worker            D. a  college  student (       )43.Mr. and Mrs. Brown  took  their  son  to  London  because_______.           A.there're  many  nice  schools  in  the city           B.they  want  Jim  to  play there.           C.they  have  no  time  to  look  after  Jim. (       )44.The  teacher  wanted  Jim_____.           A.to  be  polite  to the young.         B. to  know  how  to  say  sir.           C.to  know  how  to  speak  English. D.to know how to speak to the old. (       )45.The  boy  called himself "sir  Jim Brown"  because______.           A. his name was Jim Brown      B. he  wasn't  polite  to  the  teacher       C. he didn't know how to use the word "sir"   D. he  was  born  in  a  small  village        B Lucy likes English very much. She works hard. She reads English every morning. She likes speaking English. She often listens to the radio. She likes watching TV. But she only watches it on Saturday evening. She doesn’t like dancing. But she likes singing. She sings very well . She likes driving a car, too. Her parents like her. And all the teachers like her, too. (    )46. Does Lucy read English in the morning?  ______________.         A. Yes, she does  B. Yes, she is   C. No, she doesn’t    D. No, she isn’t (    )47. When does she watch TV?         A. Every  evening   B. On Saturday evening    C. On Sunday (    )48.She likes singing and ______.          A. dancing   B. swimming   C. playing games    D. driving a car (    )49.Who likes her ?   ________________.          A. Her parents    B. Her teachers   C. Her classmates    D. A and B (    )50. From the story , we may know Lucy is ______.          A. a good teacher B. a good driver   C. a good student   D. a good American                                   C根据短文内容判断句子正(T)误(F) Many children love junk food. It’s bad for their health.Their parents don’t want them to eat too much junk food. Although they know it’s not good habit,they still eat it.Some of them eat this kind of food every day.Some only once or twice a week.    Paul is kind of unhealthy.He hardly ever exercises.He eats lots of junk food because he loves it.When he has money,he’ll buy junk food.His parents worry about him.But he says,“Maybe I’m not very healthy,but I enjoy myself.” (     )51.Few children love junk food. (     )52.Many parents want their children to eat junk food. (     )53.Children know it’s a bad habit to eat junk food. (     )54.Paul is very healthy. (     )55.Paul often brrows money to buy junk food. VII. 单词拼写.(5分) 66.Then ______ hot water into the blender.  (  倒--   ) 67.I like to ______ my bike on the weekend. (    骑   ) 68. I helped Sally _____ a new watch..  (  买   ) 69. She _______ doing the dishes. It’s so boring.   (   讨厌  ) 70.He’s ________ for Hong Kong on Tuesday.   (   动身前往--- )  VIII. 句子翻译.(10分) 71.先将一个洋葱切碎,然后加些到煎饼上。 First  ______   _______ an onion,Then some the pancake. 72.你决不会因为年龄太小而不能开始做事.    You never _____ young  _____ start      things. 73.请你把垃圾拿出去,好吗?        you please _______  _______ the       ? 74.当你长大时,你想干什么?    What are you     to      when you ______  _____ ? 75. 他家离学校有多远?    _______  _______  is it     his home       school ? IX. 补全对话. 每空不限填一词. (5分) Peter: Hey, Dad ?       Dad: ___76____ ? Peter: Could I go to the movies tonight ?          Dad: I guess so . But don’t stay out late . Peter: Could I   77______ up until  eleven ? Dad:   78_________. You have a test tomorrow, remember? Peter: Oh,yeah. Well, could I use the car ? Dad:   79________, but I need it . I have to go to a meeting. Peter: Could you give me a ride downtown? Dad:   80 _______ X.写作题:写封60词左右的E-mail. 你的远方好友Mary给你发来E-mail邀请你到她家过周末,你很想见她, 可因为事情太多而不能去。内容:1.感谢邀请。2.婉言谢绝。3.说明理由 (三个心上)。4.邀请她寒假到你家来。提醒:注意格式! 星沙英语网 答案: Ⅰ. 1-5CACAA Ⅱ. 6-10DCBBD 11-15BBABA 21-25CBBAA Ⅲ. 26-30 b—c—d—a—e Ⅳ. 31-35 b—d—e—a—c Ⅴ. 36-40 AACCA Ⅵ. A)41-45CAADC B) 46-50ABADC C) 51-55FFTFF Ⅶ. 66.pour 67. ride 68. buy 69. hate 70. leaving Ⅷ.  71. cut up put on 72. are too to doing 73. Would take out trash 74. going be grow up 75. How far from to Ⅸ. 76.Yes 77.stay 78. No 79.Certainly 80. Sure Ⅹ. 写作(略) 一般过去时精讲 一、  一般过去时的概念:    一般过去时用来表示过去某一时间内发生的动作或存在的状态以及过去习惯性、反复性的动作。谓语动词要用动词的过去式,常和表示过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday昨天、last night昨晚、last week上周、last year去年,等。  二、  一般过去时的结构:(可分三类不同的结构) 1.Be动词的一般过去时 在没有实义动词的句子中使用be动词, am is 的过去式为was; are的过去式为were 肯定句式:主语 + be(was , were) + 其它. 否定句式:主语 + be(was , were) + not + 其它. 一般疑问句:Be(was , were) + 主语 + 其它? 注:在这种构成中,be动词有人称和数的变化,即要根据主语选用was / were。Be动词分为单数和复数,was是表示单数,were是表示复数。  2. 实义动词的一般过去时态 肯定句要使用动词的过去式,否定句和疑问句要使用助动词do和 does 的过去式 did. 肯定句式:主语 + 动词(过去式)+ 其它 否定句式:主语 + didn’t + 动词(原形)+ 其它 【did not = didn’t】 一般疑问句:Did + 主语+ 动词(原形)+ 其它【do , does的过去时均为did】? 注:did和didn’t 是构成一般过去时的助动词,其特点是要在其后跟动词的原形。   3. 情态动词的一般过去时态 含有情态动词的一般过去时与含有Be动词的一般过去时,是十分相似,请注意观察。 肯定句式:主语 + 情态动词 + 其它. 否定句式:主语 + 情态动词 + not + 其它. 一般疑问句:情态动词 + 主语 + 其它? 注:情态动词的过去式:can→could , may→might , must→must 。   三、  一般过去时的判断标志词 yesterday , the day before yesterday , last + 时间 , 时间 + ago , just now , a moment ago , in + 过去的时间 , this morning     (一)规则动词的过去式 1.一般情况下,在动词原形后面加-ed。 look→looked  play→played  start→started  visit→visited 2.以不发音e结尾的动词,在词尾直接加-d。 live→lived  use→used 3.以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的动词,先将 y 改为i ,再加 –ed。 study→studied, try→tried  fly→flied 4.以重读闭音节(即辅音+元音+辅音)或r音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,要先双写这个辅音字母后,再加 –ed。 stop→stopped  plan→planned, prefer→preferred 5.不规则动词的过去式需特殊记忆。 如:am(is)-was, are-were, go-went, come-came, take-took, have (has)-had等   五、  一般过去时的基本用法 ① 一般过去时的用法 表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态。 He suddenly fell ill last night.   他昨晚突然病倒了。 ② 一般过去时的用法 表示过去的习惯性或经常发生的动作。 She went to the cinema once a month when she was at school. 她上学时每个月去看一场电影。 When I was in the countryside, I often walked by the riverside. 我在乡下时经常在河边散步。 一般过去时表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,常和often经常, always总是,once a week一
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