英语名词单数变复数规则.doc

英语名词单数变复数规则清华大学英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站： 清华大学英语教授研究组提供英语名词单数变复数的规则一、绝大多数的可数名词的复数形式，是在该词末尾加上后辍-s。读音变化：结尾是清辅音读s，结尾是浊辅音或元音读z。例：friendfriends; catcats; stylestyles; sportsports; piecepieces二、凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的词，在该词末尾加上后辍-es构成复数。读音变化：统一加读iz。例：busbuses; quizquizzes; foxfoxes; matchmatches; flashflashes三、以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，将y改变为i，再加-es。读音变化：加读z。例：candycandies; daisydaisies; fairyfairies; ladyladies; storystories四、以-o结尾的名词，如果不是外来词或缩写，就加-es，否则加-s构成复数。读音变化：加读z。例：tomatotomatoes; potatopotatoes; torpedotorpedoes; bingobingoes反例：silosilos; pianopianos（外来词）; photophotos; macromacros（缩写词）五、以-f或-fe结尾的名词，多为将-f或-fe改变为-ves，但有例外。读音变化：尾音f改读vz。例：knifeknives; lifelives; leafleaves; staffstaves; scarfscarves反例：roofroofs六、以-us结尾的名词（多为外来词），通常将-us改变为-i构成复数。读音变化：尾音Es改读ai，其中kEs要改读为sai，gEs要改读为dVai。例：fungusfungi; abacusabaci; focusfoci; cactuscacti; cestuscesti七、以-is结尾的名词，通常将-is改变为-es。读音变化：尾音is改读i:z。例：axisaxes; basisbases; narisnares; hypothesishypotheses; restisrestes八、以-ix结尾的名词，通常将-ix改变为-ices，但有例外。读音变化：尾音iks改读isi:z。例：matrixmatrices; directrixdirectrices; calixcalices; appendixappendices 反例：affixaffixes九、以-um结尾的名词，将-um改变为-a。读音变化：去掉鼻尾音。例：forumfora; stadiumstadia; aquariumaquaria; datumdata; vacuumvacua十、以-a结尾的名词，在该词末尾加上后辍-e。读音变化：尾音E改读i:。例：larvalarvae; formulaformulae; alaalae; mediamediae; hydrahydrae十一、部分单词的复数形式不变。读音变化：保持原音。例：fishfish; sheepsheep; cattlecattle; deerdeer; salmonsalmon十二、极少数单词，其复数形式没有任何规律。读音变化：没有规律。例：manmen; womanwomen; childchildren; personpeople; oxoxen十三、一些单数词得加en才能变成复数词：例：oxoxen; childchildren; brotherbrethren十四、一些单数词得改头换面一番,才能变成复数词例：analysisanalyses分析; basisbases基础; datumdata数据; footfeet;formulaformulae/formulas公式; goosegeese; louselice虱子; manmenmousemice; mediummedia/mediums媒介; memorandummemoranda/memorandums备忘录;parenthesisparentheses 圆括号; phenomenonphenomena现象; radiusradii 半径toothteeth; womanwomen十五、有些名词是单数、复数不分的例：deer; fish; cannon; sheep; salmon 鲑鱼; trout 鳟鱼十六、一些名词虽分单数、复数，但出现次数多的总是单数词例：abscence; clothing; film; help; furniture家具; machinery机械; news; scenery风景; sugar;traffic交通十七、另一些名词则以复数词出现的机会较多例：bellows风箱; clothes; police; shorts短裤; scissors剪刀; spectacles眼镜; shears大剪刀trousers长裤; wages工资十八、compound nouns，这类复数词是以主要的名词来表示例：daughter-in-lawdaughters-in-law 媳妇; father-in-lawfathers-in-law岳父man-of-warmen-of-war兵舰; maid-servantmaid-servantsstep-sonstep-sons晚子; son-in-lawsons-in-law十九、若表达具体数目，要借助数量词例：pair(对，双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers二十、另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，例：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼二十一、除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。例：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters以O结尾的词，许多加es构成复数，特别是一些常用词如：heroes,potatoes,tomatoes,echoes,tornadoes,torpedoes,dominoes,vetoes,mosquitoes,Negroes,mangoes,buffaloes,volcanoes 但下面几类词只加s：1.以“元音+o”或“oo”结尾的词如:videos,radios,studios,folios,oratorios,embryos,zoos,bamboos,kangaroos,taboos 2.一些外来词，特别是音乐方面的词，如：pianos,solos,concertos,tobaccos,mottos,cellos 3.一些缩写词和专有名词，如：kilos,photos,memos,micros,Eskimos,Filipnos 有个别词加两种词尾都可新目标英语八年级（上）期末试题（二）.释义 从下列选项中，选出一个与句子画线部分意思相同或相近的答案。（5分）（ ）1. We got over 1000 letters , faxes and e-mails from our readers. A. some B. more C. more than D. many（ ）2. I have to go to a meeting. A. must B. has to C. need D. had to （ ）3. Please take care of yourself. A. look for B. look at C. look after D. look over（ ）4. How about going fishing ? A. What about B. Why not C. Why dont D. Shall we（ ）5. Finally he got a very good job. A. At last B. At the end C. At the end of D. At firstII. 选择填空 (20分)（ ）6. -_ do you exercise ? - Every day. A. When B. What C. How long D. How often（ ）7.She _ TV every day . A. sees B. looks at C. watches D.looks（ ）8.There is _ elephant over there. A. a B. an C. the D. /（ ）9. -Whats the matter _ you ? - I have a bad cold. A. for B. with C. to D. on （ ）10. - What are you doing for vacation . - I _ my sister. A. babysitting B. are babysitting C. is babysitting D. am babysitting（ ）11._ are they going ? They are going on Monday. A. What B. When C. What time D. How（ ）12.It _ me about 10 minutes to walk there. A. take B. takes C. spend D. spends（ ）13. In America, most students go to school _ the school bus. A. in B. on C. by D. at（ ）14. Can you come to my party , Ted ? _ . A. Sorry, I d like B. Sure, Id love to C. Sure, I cant D. Yes , Id like.（ ）15. Can you come to my party _ Saturday afternoon ? A. on B. in C. at D. about （ ）16.He _ short hair. He _ calm. A. is/ is B. has/has C. is/has D. has/is（ ）17. This story is _ than that one. A. fun B. funny C. funner D. funnier（ ）18. She often makes me _ . 16-20DDABC A. laugh B. to laugh C. laughing D. laughs（ ）19. We both enjoy _ to parties. A. go B. going C. goes D. went（ ）20.Do you like tomatoes ? -_. A. Yes, you do B. No, you dont C. Yes , I do D. No, I do（ ）21. Frank _ a toy horse yesterday. A. dont buy B. buys C. bought D. buy（ ）22. On my next day _ , I dont want to go _ a drive. A. in ,on B. off, for C. of , for D. off, of（ ）23 He _ in 1998. A. is born B. was born C. is birth D. was birth（ ）24. Could I please use your ruler ? _. A. Sorry, you cant. B. Not at all C. Thats right D. Yes, you cant（ ）25. Who writes _ , Jim , Kate or John ? A. the most carefully B. more carefully C. the most careful D. more carefulIII.按顺序排列对话, 将正确的序号写在横线上(5分)a.About two days ago.b.Whats the matter ? c.Im not feeling well. I have a cold. d.When did it start e.Oh, thats too bad. You should get some rest.2630 _ _ _ _ _ IV.将恰当的答语的序号填入相应的问句的括号里.(5分)（ ）31.What are you going to be when you grow up ? a. Yes, a little（ ）32.Could you clean your room ? b. Im going to be an engineer.（ ）33.How often do you eat fast food ? c. It was exciting.（ ）34.Are you feeling hungry ? d. Sorry, I cant. I have to do my homework.（ ）35.How was your school trip ? e. Sometimes.V. 完形填空. (5分)Nancy,Thanks for36_ my dog. Could you please37_ these things every day ? Take him for a walk . Give38_water and feed him. Then wash his bowl. Play39_him.40_to clean his bed. Have fun ! See you next week. Thanks, Thomas（ ）36. A. taking care of B. take care of C. take care D. taking of（ ）37. A. do B. does C. doing D. to do（ ）38. A. his B. her C. him D. me （ ）39. A. for B.at C. with D. to（ ）40. A. Dont forget B.Dont remember C. Not forgetting D. ForgetVI. 阅读理解（ 30 分） AJimwasborn inasmallvillage. hisfather,Mr.Brown,hasabigfarmandworkshardonit . Heoftengetsgoodharvests.NowJimissixyearsold ,but theres no school near the village. He is very worried. My sister works in London. says Mrs,Brown. We can take Jim to school there. what do you think of it ? Its a good idea!Mr Brown said happily. The next day they all went to London by train. Jims aunt was glad to see them. A week later, Jim came to school. Whats your name, little boy? asked a teacher. Jim Brown. answered the boy. You must be polite , said the teacher, pleasesay sir whenyouarespeakingto the old.Nowanswer myquestionagain.Whats your name? SirJimBrown. （ ）41.The Brown lives in a small village in _. A.China B.America C.England D.Australia （ ） 42.Mr. Brown is _. A.a farmer B.a teacher C.a worker D. a college student （ ）43.Mr. and Mrs. Brown took their son to London because_. A.therere many nice schools in the city B.they want Jim to play there. C.they have no time to look after Jim. （ ）44.The teacher wanted Jim_. A.to be polite to the young. B. to know how to say sir. C.to know how to speak English.D.toknowhowtospeak tothe old. （ ）45.The boy called himself sir Jim Brown because_. A. hisnamewasJimBrown B. he wasnt polite to the teacher C. hedidntknowhowtousetheword sir D. he was born in a small village BLucy likes English very much. She works hard. She reads English every morning.She likes speaking English. She often listens to the radio. She likes watching TV. But she only watches it on Saturday evening.She doesnt like dancing. But she likes singing. She sings very well . She likes driving a car, too. Her parents like her. And all the teachers like her, too.（ ）46. Does Lucy read English in the morning? _. A. Yes, she does B. Yes, she is C. No, she doesnt D. No, she isnt（ ）47. When does she watch TV? A. Every evening B. On Saturday evening C. On Sunday（ ）48.She likes singing and _. A. dancing B. swimming C. playing games D. driving a car（ ）49.Who likes her ? _. A. Her parents B. Her teachers C. Her classmates D. A and B（ ）50. From the story , we may know Lucy is _. A. a good teacher B. a good driver C. a good student D. a good American C根据短文内容判断句子正(T)误(F) Many children love junk food. Its bad for their health.Their parents dont want them to eat too much junk food. Although they know its not good habit,they still eat it.Some of them eat this kind of food every day.Some only once or twice a week. Paul is kind of unhealthy.He hardly ever exercises.He eats lots of junk food because he loves it.When he has money,hell buy junk food.His parents worry about him.But he says,“Maybe Im not very healthy,but I enjoy myself.” ( )51.Few children love junk food. ( )52.Many parents want their children to eat junk food. ( )53.Children know its a bad habit to eat junk food. ( )54.Paul is very healthy. ( )55.Paul often brrows money to buy junk food. VII. 单词拼写.(5分)66.Then _ hot water into the blender. ( 倒- )67.I like to _ my bike on the weekend. ( 骑 )68. I helped Sally _ a new watch. ( 买 )69. She _ doing the dishes. Its so boring. ( 讨厌 )70.Hes _ for Hong Kong on Tuesday. ( 动身前往- )VIII. 句子翻译.(10分) 71.先将一个洋葱切碎,然后加些到煎饼上。First _ _ an onion,Then some the pancake.72.你决不会因为年龄太小而不能开始做事. You never _ young _ start things.73.请你把垃圾拿出去,好吗?you please _ _ the ?74.当你长大时,你想干什么? What are you to when you _ _ ?75. 他家离学校有多远? _ _ is it his home school ?IX. 补全对话. 每空不限填一词. (5分)Peter: Hey, Dad ?Dad: _76_ ? Peter: Could I go to the movies tonight ?Dad: I guess so . But dont stay out late .Peter: Could I 77_upuntil eleven ?Dad: 78_. You have a test tomorrow, remember?Peter: Oh,yeah. Well, could I use the car ?Dad: 79_, but I need it . I have to go to a meeting.Peter: Could you give me a ride downtown?Dad:80_ X.写作题：写封60词左右的E-mail.你的远方好友Mary给你发来E-mail邀请你到她家过周末，你很想见她，可因为事情太多而不能去。内容：1.感谢邀请。2.婉言谢绝。3.说明理由（三个心上）。4.邀请她寒假到你家来。提醒：注意格式！星沙英语网答案：. 1-5CACAA. 6-10DCBBD 11-15BBABA 21-25CBBAA. 26-30 bcdae . 31-35 bdeac. 36-40 AACCA. A)41-45CAADC B) 46-50ABADC C) 51-55FFTFF. 66.pour 67. ride 68. buy 69. hate 70. leaving. 71. cut up put on 72. are too to doing 73. Would take out trash 74. going be grow up 75. How far from to. 76.Yes 77.stay 78. No 79.Certainly 80. Sure. 写作（略）一般过去时精讲一、一般过去时的概念： 一般过去时用来表示过去某一时间内发生的动作或存在的状态以及过去习惯性、反复性的动作。谓语动词要用动词的过去式，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday昨天、lastnight昨晚、lastweek上周、lastyear去年，等。二、一般过去时的结构：（可分三类不同的结构） 1.Be动词的一般过去时 在没有实义动词的句子中使用be动词，amis的过去式为was;are的过去式为were 肯定句式：主语+be(was,were)+其它. 否定句式：主语+be(was,were)+not+其它. 一般疑问句：Be(was,were)+主语+其它？ 注：在这种构成中，be动词有人称和数的变化，即要根据主语选用was/were。Be动词分为单数和复数，was是表示单数，were是表示复数。 2.实义动词的一般过去时态 肯定句要使用动词的过去式，否定句和疑问句要使用助动词do和does的过去式did. 肯定句式：主语+动词（过去式）+其它 否定句式：主语+didnt+动词（原形）+其它【didnot=didnt】 一般疑问句：Did+主语+动词（原形）+其它【do,does的过去时均为did】？ 注：did和didnt是构成一般过去时的助动词，其特点是要在其后跟动词的原形。 3.情态动词的一般过去时态 含有情态动词的一般过去时与含有Be动词的一般过去时，是十分相似，请注意观察。 肯定句式：主语+情态动词+其它. 否定句式：主语+情态动词+not+其它. 一般疑问句：情态动词+主语+其它？ 注：情态动词的过去式：cancould,maymight,mustmust。 三、一般过去时的判断标志词 yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday,last+时间,时间+ago,justnow,amomentago,in+过去的时间,thismorning (一)规则动词的过去式 1.一般情况下，在动词原形后面加-ed。 looklookedplayplayedstartstartedvisitvisited 2.以不发音e结尾的动词，在词尾直接加-d。 liveliveduseused 3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，先将y改为i,再加ed。 studystudied,trytriedflyflied 4.以重读闭音节（即辅音元音辅音）或r音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，要先双写这个辅音字母后，再加ed。 stopstoppedplanplanned,preferpreferred 5.不规则动词的过去式需特殊记忆。如：am(is)-was,are-were,go-went,come-came,take-took,have(has)-had等 五、一般过去时的基本用法 一般过去时的用法 表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态。 Hesuddenlyfellilllastnight. 他昨晚突然病倒了。 一般过去时的用法 表示过去的习惯性或经常发生的动作。 Shewenttothecinemaonceamonthwhenshewasatschool. 她上学时每个月去看一场电影。 WhenIwasinthecountryside,Ioftenwalkedbytheriverside. 我在乡下时经常在河边散步。 一般过去时表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常和often经常， always总是，onceaweek一