读写任务作文讲义.doc

读 写 任 务 作 文
在2014年考试说明中，书面表达示例部分增加了读写任务作文。读写任务作文将阅读与写作有机地结合在一起，通过阅读所给材料的有关信息，进而对比信息进行加工，并结合平时积累的相关信息知识，按照任务要求谋篇布局，完成指定的写作任务。这种命题，不但关注考生的思维能力，而且关注语篇的思维深度，以及现代中学生的认知能力。这种命题形式既体现了科学性和人文素养，也发掘了素质教育的因素，因此对学生语言能力的提高很有意义。

读写任务作文的写作内容
1. 以约30个词概括短文的要点。
2. 然后以约120个词就 “……” 主题发表你的看法, 并包括下面要点：
① …… ; ② …… ; ③ ……

读写任务作文的主题概括
概括部分包含几种能力。第一要看清楚文章的结构，设法反映出原文中作者的观点。第二要具有意义筛选的能力，学会区分事实和观点、重要和次要、普遍与特殊、相关与不相关、原因和结果等复杂的逻辑关系。第三要有用英文解释英文的能力，用自己简单的语言解释比较复杂的语言文字，不能抄袭原文。

主题概括的概括标准
抛弃次要，瞄准写作目的
标准的概括采用浮凸式的表达方式，第一句话是主题句，清楚明白地告诉读者文章的写作目的，后面的句子对主题句进行解释和支撑。凡是意义在主题之外的要毫不吝啬地予以删除。要学会“精”兵“裁”员，将字数控制在30左右，不超过上限35个词。

主题概括的基本原则
1. 精：用精炼的语言概括出文章的大意。可先画出短文中的重要句子，例如：文中的主题句、论点、论据和结论等。
2. 准：要注意文章的内涵和外延，把作者的观点用自己的语言，简洁、明了、连贯、有条理地准确表述出来（注意：一般多用第三人称）。
3. 全：要省去详细的例子、细节词语，选取包含文章的主要内容及作者观点的词语，范围不宜过大或过小。

主题概括的写作步骤
1. 确定主题句 确定阅读文章的主题句，一般在段首。没有主题句的需要自己组合。
2. 寻找关键词 分析主题句意义，确定关键词。
3. 重构主题句 概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。
4. 重组支撑句 支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。
主题概括的概括形式
概括包括两个部分：主题句和支撑句，前者统摄后者。
文体
主题句
支撑句
记叙文
写作目的 / 主题 (一句)
故事大意 (一至三句)
议论文
论点 (一句)
论据 (一至三句)
说明文
说明的对象 / 观点 / 现象
解释 / 分述

记叙文的概括模式
The passage points out that … (主题), which … (影响、结果、情节 …).
As is shown in the passage, … (情节), which … (主题).
This passage mainly tells us a story of / that … (情节), which … (主题).
The writer tells us … (主题) by showing us an example of / who / which … (情节). 

John, a heavy smoker, once felt bad-tempered. His hands started shaking and he coughed a lot, so he turned to his doctor for help. “Quit smoking.” the doctor advised. Finding the advice sensible from several points, such as money, health, and cleanliness, John decided to give up smoking. However, for several hours without a cigarette, John was nervous and had difficulty in concentrating, inability to sleep, which made him more hungry for a cigarette. He said to himself, “One more, and I will quit it tomorrow. Tomorrow will be a suitable day for me to break away from the bad habit…” Then he picked up a cigarette which made him relaxed. Again and again John made up his mind to do it “tomorrow”. Today John is still addicted to smoking.
Lots of people think that “tomorrow” is always the most convenient time to start breaking an old developed habit. But good intentions are there, and will-power is not. Consequently, these people will never achieve anything.
主题：

原因：
结果：
情节：

议论文的概括模式
The article gives the view that … (主题), + (支撑). 
The passage highlights (强调) the importance of ... (主题), + (支撑).
The passage mainly tells us that … (主题), + (支撑).
The author argues that … (主题), + (支撑).
With the development of economy, people tend to pursue high quality living conditions. Most of the parents try their best to offer their children comfortable circumstances, but they seldom have time to stay with their children. In my opinion, no matter how busy they are, they should make the best of their time to stay with their children.
Every time when parents take them to the amusement park, help them to prepare their birthday parties, applaud for them when they are competing in the sports meeting, the time they spend with children will become treasure in their memories.
Children need the direction from their parents. There are some wrong behaviors in our society such as dishonesty, violence and so on. Children have weak resistance in defending this negative influence. In this case, parents’ instructions seem to be very important to children’s growth. Parents should sit down and talk with them about what they should do and should not do.
I do not deny that there are some disadvantages in spending too much time with children. Some parents restrict their children, and give them little freedom to develop their interests. Therefore, I emphasize that parents should educate and instruct their children appropriately in their spare time apart from their busy work.
重构主题句：

重组支撑句：

说明文的概括模式
This article points out … (主题), which ... (补充解释). 
The passage discusses the impact (影响) of ...
The study reveals (揭示) that … (主题), + (补充信息)
The purpose of the report is to show … (主题), + (补充信息).

You may think birthdays mean only cake, presents, and a sweet song — “Happy Birthday”. However, there are many varieties of birthday celebrations. In the West, many birthday traditions come from an ancient belief that bad spirits showed up on a person’s birthday. To drive troublemaking spirits away, friends would visit each other on their birthdays. Today, people still get together for birthday parties. But around the world, birthdays are celebrated in many different ways.
In eastern Canada, children get their noses covered with butter on their birthdays. The butter is supposed to make children too slippery for bad luck to stick to them. Irish people lift birthday children upside down and hit them lightly on the floor for every year of their age. Mexico also has a unique birthday tradition. A paper-made animal is filled with candy and toys and hung from the ceiling. The birthday child with his eyes covered then tries to hit the animal with a stick until it bursts open.
重构主题句：

重组支撑句：

主题概括的注意事项
1、不可忽略要点而迷恋细节；
2、不可一字不漏地完全照抄原文；
3、不可加入自己的观点。 必须忠于原文、忠于作者；
4、不要概括太广，缺乏针对性，也不要只针对原文某个细节而显得太狭窄；
5、不要用列举、描绘性语言当成概括性语言。

读写任务作文的任务表述
概括部分完成后，就要开始引出自己的观点或引出类似的故事。发表看法或议论时，依照试题所给内容要点本身的顺序，原则上每个要点单独写一个自然段，这不但保证写作内容覆盖所有写作要点，而且层次清晰，让阅卷老师一目了然。若其中两条逻辑关系特别紧密，也可用一个自然段来表达。

表述观点的基本思路
1、紧紧围绕所给主题。
2、明确任务，千万不要漏掉任何一个要点。
3、使用实例或编写故事来支持你的观点。为使考场上发挥自如，平时至少要积累两到三个自己或他人的，具有真情实感的，且表达准确无误的小故事，如描写助人为乐的、亲情友情的、诚实真挚的、生活或学习压力的或坏人坏事的等等。
4、正确使用连词和高级词汇，以使表述连贯优美。

You may think birthdays mean only cake, presents, and a sweet song — “Happy Birthday”. However, there are many varieties of birthday celebrations. In the West, many birthday traditions come from an ancient belief that bad spirits showed up on a person’s birthday. To drive troublemaking spirits away, friends would visit each other on their birthdays. Today, people still get together for birthday parties. But around the world, birthdays are celebrated in many different ways.
In eastern Canada, children get their noses covered with butter on their birthdays. The butter is supposed to make children too slippery for bad luck to stick to them. Irish people lift birthday children upside down and hit them lightly on the floor for every year of their age. Mexico also has a unique birthday tradition. A paper-made animal is filled with candy and toys and hung from the ceiling. The birthday child with his eyes covered then tries to hit the animal with a stick until it bursts open.
[写作内容]
1) 请用30个词概括短文的要点：
2) 然后以约120个词写一篇记叙文，描写你或你朋友的一次生日经历，并包括以下要点：
①你或你朋友通常怎样庆祝生日；
②介绍一次令你或你朋友难忘的生日经历。

读写任务作文的结尾
文章都有开头和结尾，好的结尾从某种意义上说比好的开头更重要，因为它不仅是对全文的总结，能对全文起到画龙点睛的作用，而且它给阅卷老师留下的影响也更近更深。结尾可以是一句，也可以是一段。写好结尾的关键是多掌握些不同情景中的习惯表达式，若是能恰当地使用一些英语谚语或名人名言就更好了。

John, a heavy smoker, once felt bad-tempered. His hands started shaking and he coughed a lot, so he turned to his doctor for help. “Quit smoking.” the doctor advised. Finding the advice sensible from several points, such as money, health, and cleanliness, John decided to give up smoking. However, for several hours without a cigarette, John was nervous and had difficulty in concentrating, inability to sleep, which made him more hungry for a cigarette. He said to himself, “One more, and I will quit it tomorrow. Tomorrow will be a suitable day for me to break away from the bad habit…” Then he picked up a cigarette which made him relaxed. Again and again John made up his mind to do it “tomorrow”. Today John is still addicted to smoking.
Lots of people think that “tomorrow” is always the most convenient time to start breaking an old developed habit. But good intentions are there, and will-power is not. Consequently, these people will never achieve anything.
[写作内容]
1、以约30个词概括短文的要点。
2、然后以约120个词就“Don’t Leave Today’s Work for Tomorrow”这个主题发表你的看法,并包括下面要点：
1) 不能把今天的事情推迟到明天，因为明天还有明天的事情。
2) 推迟完成今天该做的事情是那些缺乏意志没有决心的人不做事情的借口。
3) 长期不完成今天该做的事情，会养成懒性。
4) 作为学生要如何对待这个问题。

读写任务作文的提升策略
1、熟练掌握时态语态在不同情景中的使用规律；
2、正确拼写及使用单词和短语，尽量避免犯低级错误；
3、合理应用短语、从句及特殊句型；
4、熟记一些在不同情景中的常用句型和套语；
5、适当使用英语谚语和名人名言；
6、书写工整，力求美观。

另：
First Impressions
外在
1. 卷面：涂改，胶带，黑洞
段首，以下对齐
线的作用
间距：单词/字母
2. 字：quality&quantity
3. 标点，大小写，见基础

内在（基本功）
审题：体裁
时态、人称、要点
提纲
语篇的连接副词——使要点明确
高级语言：单词，词组，谚语
用些被动
定语从句，名词性从句，倒装，强调，非谓语等。
句型：应该；我认为；众所周知
（句式多样或，忌重复）

连接副词
1）first, second, third, last
2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally
3）to start with\ to begin with, first of all, furthermore,
4）besides, in addition, what’s more, last but not least
5）on one hand, on the other hand
6）for one thing, for another

应该 should→ought to→be supposed to do
我认为：…… （位置，标点，大小写）
In my opinion, it’s time that we should …
From my point of view, it’s …
As far as I am concerned, it’s …
I think/believe it’s …
I hold the view that …

众所周知
As we all know, …
As is known to all, …
It is well known that …
What is known to all is that …

How to write a summary
1.概括要点[约30字]（25-35个词）；
2.用自己的话来概括；
3.关注关键词、中心词, 用第三人称；
4.要抓住要点,语言精练
概括后的句子意思要通顺，行文要连贯
1.记叙文（narration）: 最简练的语言来说明故事讲述了什么，
不能拖泥带水，而且最好讲述该故事给你的启示或其中的一个道理。
2.议论文(argumentation)： 应观点明确，论证严密而有条理。

You may begin like these:
1. According to the passage, we know…
2. The writer states that…
3. As can be learnt from this passage, …
4. As the passage says, …
5. The passage mainly tells us (talks about) …
6. We can know from the passage
7. As far as the author is concerned, …
8. According to the passage, the author states that …
9. In the passage, the author states that …

Hi, I am Mike. I just went through my first year of college. The toughest part on me at first was the general adjustment. I went to a very small high school where my mom was a teacher and she did practically everything for me. But at the college I need to know some basic life skills, such as balancing a check-book, laundry, and the things you have to be able to handle that I never thought of in the high school! It was really tough for me at first and I got badly homesick.
Once that first semester was over and I got used to the college life, I love it—good facilities, helpful instructors, and a good library. The student’s Union organizes various parties every week. I also go to cinemas and concerts, and often spend Saturday nights in pubs and clubs.
One thing I think is important is to get yourself active in things. I was on dance team in college and met a ton of people that way—it was so much easier to make friends when you had a common ground.
The six elements of a narrative passage
Who

When/where/when

How(process)

Why

记叙文概括注意点:
应该用最简练的语言（不需涵盖所有要点）来说明故事讲述了什么，不能拖泥带水（比重最大的是what，但不要把what写得太详细，注意浓缩)。

I took a trip to a big lake in Indonesia with my family two years ago. It was really a huge lake with beautiful scenery all around. People were amazed by the endless view in front of our eyes. Later on, unlike other girls, I volunteered to go water-skiing alone, I put on the life jacket, got on the motorboat immediately and started my engine as soon as possible.
The lake seemed broad and endless, I was so thrilled to enjoy my trip among the mountains and waters that I sped my motorboat. Then, after some time, I found myself in the middle of the endless lake. A sudden fear came around me.
I didn’t know where I was or even how far I had gone from the shore. What was worse, it began to rain and it became very cold and foggy. I rode everywhere but find my way back. It was useless for me to cry or shout for help.
I was so terrified that I began to think about all kinds of horrible things. After floating on the water helplessly and hopelessly for a long time, suddenly I heard someone calling my name. Soon, a big steamboat sailed to me and they pulled me up to the deck and asked me if I was hurt, I couldn’t say a word but cried out in my father’s arms.
Who

When

Where

Why

What
How(process)

How to summarize an argumentation
Skill: 议论三步法
论点—观点 主题句

论据—（事例）

结论

To many people even the word "work" sounds unpleasant, not necessarily because they are lazy. The same man, who dislikes his job in the factory or even in the office, may work hard at the weekend, painting the house or digging the garden.
What is the reason, then? In most cases, it is because these people simply do not enjoy the job they are doing. It does not give them any real satisfaction. It may be quite easy, like making up wooden boxes, but it is very boring. Very often they are doing a job which is just a small part of a much larger one, such as attaching a door handle to a car. But the part they play in actually making the car is so small that they can never say: I have made something!
Yet in modern society somebody has to do ordinary jobs such as cleaning streets because this is the way society is organized. No matter how ordinary a job is, it plays a part in society and therefore deserves our due respect. Society cannot function a single day without the "dull and boring" jobs.

1. This passage mainly tells us that many people dislike their jobs because they think their jobs are small and ordinary jobs. 要点不齐，概括不全
2. Many people dislike their job because they think their work is too boring and too small. However, no matter how ordinary a job is, it plays a part in society and therefore deserves our due respect. 部分引用原文，穷于变化
3. Every job is necessary. We shouldn’t treat the dull and boring jobs with discrimination. Only by doing so can our society function well. 未能准确理解，脱离短文主题
4. Many people don’t like their job. They think it is boring. Each job deserves respect. 缺少连接，语言生硬
5. Common jobs always drive people mad, which can’t say them lazy. However, our society can’t lack these jobs. 句子结构混乱，词汇误用

议论文概括注意点：
要尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。找出中心论点以及最后的结论， 再补充论据观点需明确，论证严密而有条理。

It was 7:30 in the morning. As usual I was on the subway to school. It was so crowded with people that it felt like the air conditioner wasn’t working. I was standing there looking around. Then, I saw an old lady get on the train with a 7-year-old child who seemed to be her grandson.
A warm-hearted gentleman generously offered his seat to the old lady. Instead of sitting down herself, however, the old lady called her grandson over and told him to sit .
Sooner or later, children mature and step into the complicated world. Love is necessary in the early development of children, yet, to the disappointment of many, too much love definitely prevents children from learning the rules of the real world. Teaching the child about the rules of society within the family helps the child to achieve success later. By giving up seats to their children, grandparents may destroy kids’ best chance for character development.

要想在考场写作的紧张时刻用30词左右概括短文的内容要点，我们需要谨记下面的六种技巧
Skill1: 省略细节
Skill2:省略重复了的内容
Skill3: 省略例子
Skill4: 用概括性的语言而不是精确的语言
Skill5:使用短而精的连词，如but, and, besides..
Skill6:用间接引语表达对话内容。

误区警示:
1. 概括内容要点不完整。
2. 东拼西凑，抄袭原文、原句。
3. 使用太多细节内容而不是用概括的语言。
4. 原文理解出现偏差，与主题不相关, 或表达了自己的意见。
5. 句子结构混