昆虫专业英语绪论.doc

昆虫专业英语专业英语是植物保护专业重要的专业选修课之一，能够为将来的求学深造和工作奠定基础。研究生学习需要有将近一半的时间来查找资料，许多有影响力的资料往往来自外文文献，学好专业英语的重要性显而易见。工作中，资料查找同样必不可少，有过硬的英语底子能够为事业发展开拓更广泛的空间。学习专业英语的目的：1. 掌握专业词汇2. 掌握专业英语的翻译技巧3. 掌握英文摘要的书写绪言 专业英语的特点与翻译技巧一、 专业英语的特点专业英语是一种科技英语，在语言学上独具一体，与文学英语、政论英语和应用文英语并立。科技英语文学英语政论英语应用文英语科技英语是一种比较庄重和正式的书面文替，与日常应用文体存在显著区别，主要表现在词汇、句法和修饰上，共有九大特点：（一） 用词专一，多用术语专业术语：一词一义，能够准确表达科学信息 一般词形较长，发音较难即：不用词形简单，一词多义，生动感人的常用词汇。例如：日常文体：Thus a great change happens to the frog during its development; It is an animal which begins life in water and finish it on land.科技文体：Thus the frog undergoes a metamorphosis during its development. It is an amphibian （两栖动物）.（二） 用词庄重，源出拉丁拉丁语、希腊语是现代科技英语的词汇基础，它不会发生词形和词义的变化，准确而稳定，在科技英语中具有重要意义。因此，科技英语中的主那也词汇多源于拉丁语和希腊语。例如：日常文体：At great heights above the earth, the air surrounding the earth is thinner.科技文体：At high altitude ltitju:d (拉：altitudo), the atmosphere(拉：atmosphaera) is rarefied (拉：rarefacio).（三） 用词精确，避免歧义日常文体虽然也能够表达科学内容，但学术上不够精确，表达方式也显得累赘。日常文体：If the parent plant is destroyed, the young ones have a better chance of staying alive.科技文体：If the parent plant is destroyed, the offspring have a better chance of survival.（四） 科技词汇的多来源性，有6种情况：1. 普通词汇转入科技词汇例如：normal 正常 数学上：法线 化学上：当量2. 缩略词（5种情况）（1） 开头字母缩合法：rpm.=revolutions per minute 每分钟转数（2） 开首字母连写法：radar=radio detecting and ranging 巡查定位（3） 半缩略词：A-bomb=atom ttm-bomb 原子弹 U-boat=undersea boat潜艇（4）切割缩略词：切割掉词的一部分，例如： Mol.=molecular mulekjul 分子量 Wt.=Weight 载重（5）外来缩略词：来源于拉丁语的缩略词在科技英语中出现频繁。例如：ibid. =ibidem ibaidem 出处同上et al. =et alli （and others）以及替它等i. e. =idest idest 那就是，即e. g. =exempli igzmpli gratia grti = for examplev. s. =versus vss 与.相对3. 词缀构词：借助词缀构成科技词汇，例如：biosociology baisucildg= bio-（生物的）+ sociology （社会学）生物社会学biosynthesis:生物合成4. 元音字母连成词：借助元音字母“o”可以使两个词连成一个科技词。例如：ElectromagnetIlektrumgnit 电磁体 medicoathletic medikuletik 医疗体育5. 借旧词造新词，例如：telecast = broadcast 电视广播 telebanking 电子银行6. 来源于组合词：几个词组合在一起构成一个科技词，例如：Hand-operated rice thresher re 手动打谷机 *：thresher：打谷脱粒，翻滚堆高尖（五）多用短语，结构简洁短语：介词短语、形容词短语、分词短语、动名词短语、动词不定式短语和独立主格等。其中形容词短语、分词短语、介词短语充当后置定语代替日常用语中的从句或并列句比较常见，可使句子简洁明快，信息量高。例如： Since people are increasing the scale and scope of the experiment which are needed to test new hypotheses and develop new techniques and industrial process, they have to set up research groups and teams that use highly-complicated equipment in elaborated-designed laboratories.2个定语从句可以用短语代替，使多个句子简化成一句；Since引导的条件状语从句可以用动名词短语替代；科技文体：The increasing scale and scope of experiments needed to test new hypotheses and develop new techniques and industrial process will lead to the setting up of research groups or teams using highly-complicated equipment in elaborated-designed laboratories.（六）被动语态，客观论证科技英语多用被动语态，尤其省略施动者的情况更常见。因为读者要了解的是内容，而不是施动者。被动语态是科技英语的特征句型，能准确、客观、不带感情色彩的描述事实与过程。例如：Experiments were designed as follows variousvris cells could be seen.Something was done in order to . in this article.日常文体：We placed some stems with flowers on in red ink. After some time we could see that the red ink had moved very slowly up the stems and changed the colour of the flowers.科技文体：Some flowering stems were placed in red ink. After some time, the red ink counld be seen have crept up the stems and changed the colour of the flowers. （七）修饰简朴，文风端正客观介绍事实，论证道理，文风准确、精炼、朴素易懂。1. 准确：指代准确（1） 越具体越准确，例如：笼统说法：We plan to present a proposal covering all important aspects of the problems.具体说法：On October 16th, we shall present a proposal covering cost, materials, methodology and personel.（2） 少用含糊不清的形容词和副词，而是用确切的数据含混说法：Small sample were taken at frequent intervals.确切说法：Samples of 100cc were taken at half-hour intervals.（3） 提出判断一定要补充事实，才能言之有理，言之有物，内容充实，例如：空洞说法：From 1994, stenocardia stenuka:di （心血管疾病）become severe sivi.充实说法：From 1994, stenocardia become so severe that 10 attacks occurred a night.空洞：From 2004, damage caused by the fall web worm became severe.充实：From 2004, damage caused by the fall web worm became so severe that 1000 hectarehekta: .garden trees were destroy per year.2. 简练日常文体：If you make seeds soft by leaving them for a time in water first, the change will start to happen sooner.科技文体：If seeds were first softened by soaking in water for a time, the changes will take place sooner.3. 朴素易懂，结构明快（利用最简练的语言表达）词汇朴素是科技英语的特点，一般不用过分生僻和夸张的词，不用转弯抹角使人难以抓住中心的句子结构。例如：不直接的表达：The decision to eschew (避免) an immediate price increase has been taken by the firm in the interests of facilitating agreement within the industry as a whole on a standardize standdaiz policy of simultaneous action on prices, which will, it is hoped, be agreed with in the next few months.通俗易懂的说法：The firm has decided to postpone pustpun an immediate price increase in a few months. It is hoped that, within the period the industry as a whole will arrive at an agreement about simultaneous action on price.（八）虚拟委婉，祈使说明：即多用委婉的虚拟语气及祈使句1. 虚拟语气：在科技英语中频繁出现，原因在于：A.科学家在对食物和现象进行论证和探讨的时候常设计一些条件；B.对各种问题发表简介时，利用委婉口吻能够表示一种涵养。（1）承上启下的虚拟语气It would then appear that a better compromise kmprmaiz (妥协和解) could have been achieved.（2）口吻委婉的虚拟语气It would be better to say this phenomenon should be called coevolution.表示口吻委婉除了用would以外，还常常用否定表示肯定。例如：not common, not infrequent, not rare等（4） 句子含有虚构条件：一般含有suppose, assume, suggest等Supposing there is a kind of highly specific pesticide, the least disruption would be done to the integrated pest management.3. 祈使语气Put a piece of damp paper into the culture vessel, and move the pupa into it.Connect a coil of wire to the pole（电极）of voltaic vlteiik（伏打电池组）cell and thrust (插)this coil into the one used in the above experiment.（九）对“头重脚轻”的句子割裂平衡科技文献中，信息往往集中于主语，谓语简单，句子头重脚轻，一般采取割裂的方法使句子平衡。例如：Many ways which use small and simple machine parts to process large and complicated machine have been found.Many ways have been found to use small and simple machine parts to process large and complicated machine.练习题：判断以下文体是日常文体还是科技文体，相互改写。1. If you place some seeds on damp cotton-wool, in a few days, you will see that they began to change.（日常）If some seeds were put on the damp cotton-wool, they will begin to change in a few days.语态简练而不用宾语从句。2. Large number of seeds can not stay alive for long at low temperature.（日常）Large number of seeds can not survive for long at low temperature.简练3. Several descriptive papers have been published. These papers give adequate background and experimental result.（日常文体）Several descriptive papers giving adequate background and experimental results have been published.利用短语替代句子，使句子简练。4. Plant No. 26 was characterized by short stem and curved rachis（穗颈）reikis.（科技文体）The character of No. 26 is that they have short stem and curved rachis.Large number of seeds can not stay alive for long at low temperature.5. We examined the factors which may influence the results of experiment.改：The factors affecting the results of experiment such as temperature, humidity hju:midti and rainfall were examined.主动语态改成被动语态，简练化、详细化。6. The field experiment conducted by them did not support this conclusion.(科技文体)（简练，用否定表示委婉）改：The field experiment they conducted conflict with this conclusion.7. China is a country with vast territory and rich resources.（日常文体）改：China is vast in territory and rich in resources.（简练化）8. Many factors e.g. temperature is taken into account.（科技文体）（被动语态，利用缩略词）改：We take many factors into account, for example temperature.二、 科技英语的翻译技巧翻译是英语学习的难点，对于专业英语尤为如此。英译汉相对简单，汉译英先对困难。翻译的要求是信、达、雅。（一） 英译汉（6个常用技巧）1. 一般顺译Seeds bud because the condition around it is moderate.种子发芽是因为周围的环境适宜。2. 词的增加：从句中的引导词一般应该加上实际意义的词进行翻译，隐含词的含义也应该翻译出来。(1) The disease become so severe that some times 10 attacks occurred a night.疾病如此严重以至于1夜发病10次。(2) People living in northeast area are fond of eating pickled cabbage, which is preserved in a big jar, and often contaminated by some kind of fungus for example.东北人爱吃酸菜，酸菜常被保存在一个大土坛子里，常会感染某些真菌，例如.3. 分译：如果句子中含有比较复杂的定语（包括从句和分词短语）可进行分译。An accumulator（蓄电池）is a device for storing electricity consisting of one or more electric cells.翻译时可以将定语拆分为另一个句子。蓄电池是一种用于贮存电能的装置，这种装置由1个或多个电池组成。4. 词义引申汉英两种语言的表达方式不同，导致有的单词在字典中找不到合适的意思，逐词死译难免生硬晦涩，甚至出现错误，可以从一个词的基本词义出发，进一步引申其深层含义，但引申要根据：A. 上下文关系 B. 词的搭配 C. 句子结构D. 修辞习惯 E. 段落关系 F. 文化背景G. 作者背景As the straw of bean is used as manuremnju（粪、肥料）, the production of early rice can be increased by 14%.如果将豆秆还田，（后作）早稻可增产14%。（考虑农业生产的背景）5. 词性及语态的转换翻译的时候要机动灵活，不一定保持词性与语态与原文一直，只要内容正确合理。（1） 词性转换The callus kls （愈伤组织）was induced in darkness.愈伤组织是在黑暗中诱导的。愈伤组织的诱导是在黑暗中进行的。Induce 从动词转换称名词词性。（2） 语态转换It is earnestly hoped that there will be more people doing some more systematic and intensive studies in the field of crop culture in our country.作者殷切希望能有跟多人在我国的作物育种领域做更系统深入的研究。被动语态转换成主动语态6. 正反表达：反面表达进行正面翻译；正面表达可以用否定形式表达，也可以进行否定成分的转换。（1） 反-正Ice is not as dense as water and it therefore floats.冰的密度比水小，因而能浮在水面上。Metals can not melt until heated to a definite temperature.金属加热到一定程度才能熔化。（2） 否定性词的翻译及否定成分转换否定性词的翻译There is little fuel left in the tank.油罐里几乎没有什么燃油。否定成分转换A.否定宾语-否定谓语We know of no effective way to store solar energy.（我们知道没有有效的方法贮存太阳能）我们还不知道贮存太阳能的有效方法。B.否定谓语-否定补语The electric motor does not work well.（这台电动机不正常运转）-=这台电动机运转不正常。（二） 汉译英主要介绍三个技巧：1. 翻译中的增减（1） 词的增加词的增加主要是应语法的需要、词汇的需要、逻辑的需要、背景的需要，隐意表露的需要。 语法需要英文语法中需要的词，即使在汉语中没有，也需要在英文中翻译出来。例子：不同时期栽培的茄子，由于花期所经历的气候条件不同，坐果率也各有异。Owing to the fact that climate and conditions are different during flowering season, the eggplants with different planting dates are different in percentage of fruit setting. 词汇需要在字典中，汉语词汇和英语词汇基本是一对一的，但翻译中，词义范围会因语言环境而发生变化，除用对应的英文词汇外，还需要加词才能说明问题。例子:这篇论文的题目是寒冷药与温热药配伍药初探。The title of the paper is “Preliminary Study on the “Combination Use of Drugs of Hot and Cold Nature”. 逻辑需要：有些汉语原句意思表达不够充分，只有根据上下文才能看明白，照搬硬译会使逻辑不通，需要加词以使逻辑上通达。例子：10ppm一组，生长极好。（原文中指秋水仙素）In the treatment with 10ppm of colchicine ktisi:n, the plants showed excellent vigor in growth. 隐意需要对原文中有其形而无其实的应在翻译中译出。例子：（只有）合理施肥，（才）有利增产。Only fertilized reasonably can the production improved. 背景需要由于中英文之间存在这国家历史、社会文化背景的不同，往往需要加以解释才能是外国人礼节原文内容，尤其对中国特有的事物更应该注意，注释性的文字可直接插入正文。例子：酸菜是林县人民所喜爱的食品之一，这种酸菜普遍为一种真菌-白地菌感染。（外国人不知道酸菜是什么,必须解释）Pickled cabbage is a kind of favorable foods of Linshien Country people, which is preserved in a big jar and is often contaminated by a kind of fungus-Geotrichum candidum Link.(2)词的减少汉语和英语在句型结构、词汇搭配、修辞原则和惯用语方面都存在显著不同，逐词对译不仅累赘，而且还破坏了语言规范，歪曲原文。所以翻译的时候应将不影响原文意思的词省略，使译文言简意赅，通顺流畅。原则：去伪存真，削枝强干。词的减少主要针对语法需要、修辞需要、汉语的重复表达。语法需要：汉语中一些词可以用英文的语法进行表达，如“已经”、“曾”等，不必译出。例子：过去的一些研究工作曾经表明，心事核糖核酸（mRNA）可以调控遗传性状的转化。Previous study has shown that mRNA could mediate the transformation of genetic characters.修饰需要：包括：范畴词的省略：例如x x包括x和x两方面内容。结构动词省略：例如：进行研究、进行论证。A. 范畴词的省略：例如：影响器官分化的音速有内因和外因两个方面。Organic differentiation is affected by the internal and external factors. （而不用two sides or two aspects） B结构动词省略结构动词+动作动词，如“进行研究”中动作动词“研究”已经能够完整表达意思，结构动词“”进行“就不必译出，动作动词直接翻译称谓语。 例如：对离体培养中影响离体花粉粒分化的因素进行了研究。The factors affecting differentiation of isolated pollen grains were discussed.针对汉语中的重复表达。汉语中常见的重复表达如下：A. 近义词联合词组：生长发育B. 同词重复：如：棉花的落蕾落铃C. 结构重复：例如：物质由分子组成，分子由原子组成。D. 强调和补充重复：例如：x x是一种x样的事物，这种事物很普通。E. 逻辑重复：汉语中有些东西在专业上和逻辑上是显而易见的，通过查看上下文和逻辑思考便意义自明，此时可将显而易见的东西省略不译。近义词联合词组：例子：GA不仅防治棉花落铃，而且促进棉铃生长发育。GA not only prevents the boll-shedding but also promotes development of bolls.同词重复：棉花的落蕾落铃问题是棉花生产中的重要问题之一。Shedding of bolls and squares is one of the important problems in the production of cotton.结构重复例子：众所周知，所有物质均由分子组成，二分子又是由原子组成的。As we know, all matters consists of molecules mlikju:lz and molecules (consists) of atoms.Iv强调补充重复例子：全世界科学工作中都使用十进制，甚至本国计量单位为非十进制的国家也使用十进制。Ten scale system is used for scientific purpose throughout the world, even in countries whose national system of weights and measurement are based upon others(also use ten scale system不必译出).例子：IPM也使用杀虫剂，但这些杀虫剂的使用必须与生物防治相协调。Pesticide is also included in IPM, but the using of which must be harmonious with bio-control.Vi逻辑重复：不言而喻的东西反应中可以省略不译。例子：这些方法除第一类外，第2-4类都能从离体花粉粒培养得到植株。Plants have been obtained from the isolated pollen grains by using method ,and .2. 句子增减（1） 句子增加-分译，同英译汉把一个长句中彼此独立的内容翻译为2个或2个以上的句子。原则：原意不变，层次更清晰适用于一下7种情况：A. 长句中表达多种事物、现象和行为B. 长句中语气有所变化C. 长句中前后主语有了改变D. 处于修饰技术需要，分译效果更好E. 长句中最好判断性、结论性的句子F. 原文标点符号运用不当，乱用句号，句子杂乱例子：在这段时间里，花粉细胞长大，累积许多明显的小球状淀粉粒，以后大部分长出了不太长的花粉管，最后由于都不能脱分化而死亡。(属于叙述多种事物的情况)During this period, pollen cells enlarged and accumulated many obvious starch sta:t grains in globular glbjul shape. And then most of them brought forth short pollen tubes. Eventually Iventjuli they died as they failed to initiate dedifferentiation di:difreniein.（2） 句子减少合译与分译相反，将2个以上 的句子合为一句，可用定语从句、分词短语、各种连词（连接代词、连接副词）将多个句子合译为一，但应避免译文意义含糊，结构混乱，语法不清。原则：关系密切的句子放入一句 逻辑上关联的句子并入一句为了句子结构严谨，概念完整也要合译。例子：虽然低浓度的秋水仙素具有促进试管胚胎发育的作用，从表7可以清楚看出，其试管成活率高达95.7%。（属于逻辑上前后相关，后面对前面进行说明）It is obvious from table 7 that a low concentration colchicine ktisi:n would promote the growth of the tube cultured embryo embriu with a survival rate as high as 95.7%.3. 转换：汉译英中的转换也通英译汉中的许多技巧一直，可以作：词义引申、语态和否定成分转换、以及进行正反表达。（1） 词义引申例子：这既能增加一季粮食，又能培养地力。This could give one more harvest of crop and increase soil fertility.（2） 语态转换将“分为.”“作为”“变为.”“”称为“位于”“旨在”等翻译为被动语态。例子：他们位于地表以下。 They are located under top siol.例子：本实验旨在证明上述理论。 This experiment was designed to confirm the above theory.例子：此期间大豆出现严重药害。（根据逻辑） Serious soybean insecticide injury was produced during this period.4. 结构补缺汉语句子中某一名词，尤其句尾的名词，在下一句重复出现的时候，常有三种情况：直接使用该词、省略、用代词“这”表示后面的两种情况会在结构上产生空缺，翻译称英语时应该进行结构补缺。方法：A. 用which 引导的定语从句B. 用名词、代词做主语分译例子：少数发出两条侧根，【 】又短又不正常。翻译1：A few developed two lateral roots, which were short and abnormal.翻译2：A few developed two lateral roots; These lateral roots were short and abnormal.14