专业英语复习改.docx

Proper selections assure the attainment of the mission requirements such as good seakeeping performance, maneuverability, the desired speed, endurance, cargo capacity, and deadweight.恰当的选择可以确保耐波性，可操作性，航速，续航力，载货能力和自重满足任务的要求Furthermore, it includes checks and modifications for achievement of required cargo handling capability, quarters, hotel services, subdivision and stability standards, freeboard and tonnage measurement; all while considering the ship as part of a profitable transportation, industrial, or service system.此外，它包括检查和修正所需的货物处理能力，船员仓，酒店服务，分仓和稳定性标准，干舷和吨位的测量，这些都将船舶作为一个有利可图的运输工具，产业，服务系统。Basic design encompasses both concept design and preliminary design. It results in the determination of major ship characteristics, permitting the preparation of initial cost estimates. In the overall design process, basic design is followed by contract design and detail design.基本设计概念设计和初步设计。其结果用于船舶主尺度的确定，初始成本估计。在总的设计过程中，基本的设计之后是合同设计和详细设计。Essentially, it embodies technical feasibility studies to determine such fundamental elements of the proposed ship as length, beam, depth, draft, fullness, power, or alternative sets of characteristics, all of which meet the required speed, range, cargo cubic, and deadweight.从本质上讲，它包含技术可行性研究，以确定该船的船长，船宽，型深，草图，丰满度，功率等基本元素和其他可供选择的方案，所有的这些要素都要符合速度，范围，载货量和自重的要求A ships preliminary design further refines the major ship characteristics affecting cost and performance. Its completion provides a precise definition of a vessel that will meet the mission requirements; this provides the basis for development of contract plans and specifications.船舶初步设计进一步细化影响成本和性能的主要船舶特性。它的完成提供了一个精确的定义，以满足船舶的任务要求；这为合同计划和规范的发展提供了基础。The final general arrangement is also developed during this stage. This fixes the overall volumes and areas of cargo, machinery, stores, fuel oil, fresh water, living and utility spaces and their interrelationship, as well as their relationship to other features such as cargo handling equipment, and machinery components.最终的总布置也在这一阶段改进。这将完善所有的空间和区域，包括货物，机械，商店，燃油，淡水，生活和实用空间和它们之间的相互关系，以及他们和其他功能如货物装卸设备和机械部件的关系。At this stage the interchange is from engineer to artisan, that is, the engineers product at this point is no longer to be interpreted, adjusted, or corrected by any other engineer. This engineering product must unequivocally define the desired end result and be producible and operable.在这个阶段，交换是从工程师到工匠，那就是，在这个时间段，工程师的产品不再是翻译图纸，调整，或由任何其他工程师修正。这个工程产品必须被明确定义为其所期望的产品和其可生产性和可操作性。A vessel might appear to be a sleek seagoing hotel carrying passengers along to some exotic destination; a floating fortress bristling with missile launchers; or an elongated box transporting tanks of crude oil and topped with complex pipe connections. 船可以是一个海上酒店载着乘客去一些异国情调的地方；也可以是浮动堡垒，林立着导弹发射架；或是一个有复杂的管道连接的细长的盒子，运送罐原油。The mode of physical support by which vessels can be categorized assumes that the vessel is operating under designed conditions. Because the nature of the physical environment is quite different for the three regions just mentioned, the physical characteristics of ships designed to operate in those regions can be diverse.船舶可分情况在物理支持条件下假定其在设计工况下运行。由于自然物理环境和刚才提到的三个情况完全不同的，在这些地区运营的船舶的物理特性可以是多种多样的These relatively lightweight vehicles are capable of high speeds, since air resistance is considerably less than water resistance, and the absence of contact with small waves combined with flexible seals reduces the effects of wave impact at high speed. 这些相对较轻的船舶可以达到很高的速度，因为空气阻力明显小于水的阻力，并且缺乏小波浪与粘性波的接触，这可以减少波浪在高速下的影响。The other type of air-cushion craft has rigid side walls or thin hulls that extend below the surface of the water to reduce the amount of air flow required to maintain the cushion pressure. This type is called a captured-air-bubble vehicle (CAB). It requires less lift-fan power than an ACV, is more directionally stable, and can be propelled by water jets or supercavitating propellers. 其他类型的气垫船有刚性侧壁或薄壳体延伸至水面以减少需要维持气垫压力的空气流量。这种类型被称为空气泡捕获船（CAB）。相比ACV，它需要较少的升力风扇功率，更多的是定向稳定，并且可以通过喷水马达或超空泡螺旋桨推进。Planning craft are generally restricted in size and displacement because of the required power-to-weight ratio and the structural stresses associated with traveling at high speed in waves. Most planning craft are also restricted to operations in reasonably calm water, although some “deep V” hull forms are capable of operation in rough water.滑行艇通常被尺寸和排水量限制，因为在波浪中高速前进时所需要的功率重量比和其相应的结构应力较大。大多数滑行艇也仅限于进行静水作业，尽管有些深V船型能够在较为动荡的水况下作业。This hydrostatic support, commonly recognized as flotation, can be explained by a fundamental physical law that the ancient philosopher-mathematician Archimedes defined in the second century B.C. Archimedes Principle states that a body immersed in a liquid is buoyed up (or acted upon) by a force equal to the weight of the liquid displaced. And from this statement the name of the ships in the category are derived; they are generally called displacement hulls. 该静水力原理，也就是平时所说的浮力，可以通过一个基本的物理规律说明，该规律在公元前二世纪时，古代哲学家、数学家阿基米德提出，阿基米德原理就是身体浸没在液体中时受到的力等于被排开的液体的重量。于是乎，船舶的名称便从这里作为来源，它们统称为排水体积。The latter must be recognized primarily as a displacement vessel, and its variations depend primarily on the distribution of buoyant volume-the extent of the depth and breadth of the hull below the water. 后者被认为是排水型船，其特征主要取决于排水体积的变化-船体水下的深度和广度范围分布。It may be employed for passenger service, light cargo-carrying, fishing by trawling or for hundreds of other tasks that do not require exceptional capacity, speed, submergence, or other special performance. It is the most common and easily recognizable type of ship, with moderate displacement, moderate speeds, moderate to large lengths, and moderate capacities. 它可以用于客运服务，小型货物装载，拖网钓鱼或其他不需要特殊的能力，如速度，潜水或其他特殊性能的任务。这是最常见的和容易辨认的船型，适度的排水，中等速度，中等的长度和适度的性能。The closest relative to this standard vessel, which plays a crucial role not only in world commerce but in the survival of the industrial world as well, is the bulk, oil carrier, the tanker, or supertanker. These terminologies are common but unspecific, and in this discussion they are inadequate, for what was called a supertanker several years ago is today not a supertanker. The industry itself has created a far more explicit nomenclature. 按照这个标准，船舶分为散货船，油轮，巨型油轮，超级油轮，它对生存起着至关重要的作用不，仅在世界贸易，在工业世界也一样。这些术语常见，但并不确定，而且讨论他们叫什么是不恰当的，因为几年前的巨型油轮在今天不再是巨型油轮。该行业本身也创造了一个更明确的命名。Such vessels belong to a category of displacement ship that has a great range of buoyant support. They have a very large and disproportionate hull volume below the surface when fully loaded. Indeed, the cargo weight far exceeds the weight of the ship itself. 这些船只属于排水型船，即有一个很大的范围的浮力支持。满载时，他们有一个非常大但是不对称的水下体积。也就是说，货物的重量远远超过了船舶本身的重量。In the first place the dimensions by which the size of a ship is measured will be considered; they are referred to as principal dimensions. The ship, like any solid body, requires three dimensions to define its size, and these are a length, a breadth and a depth. Each of these will be considered in turn.首先，船的尺寸大小将被考虑；他们被称为“主尺度”。船，像任何实体，需要三个维度来定义它的大小度，宽度和深度。这些都将被反复考虑。There are various ways of defining the length of a ship, but first the length between perpendiculars will be considered. The length between perpendiculars is the distance measured parallel to the base at the level of the summer load waterline from the after perpendicular to the forward perpendicular. 船舶的长度定义有很多种不同的方式，但首先要考虑垂线间长。垂线间长是平行于夏季载重线，从尾垂线至首垂线之间的的距离。For many purposes, such as the docking of a ship, it is necessary to know what the greatest length of the ship is, This length is known as the Iength overall and is defined simply as the distance from the extreme point at the after end to a similar point at the forward end. In modern ships having large bulbous bows the length overall ( L. O. A. ) may have to be measured to the extreme point of the bulb. 由于诸多原因，如船舶靠岸等，有必要知道船舶的最大长度是多少，这个长度被称为总长，简单地定义为在船舶最前端的一个点到船尾一个类似的点的距离。在现代，有的船有很大的球鼻艏，所以船舶总长必须是测量球鼻首的最前端点。The mid point of the length between perpendiculars is called amidships and the ship is usually broadest at this point. The breadth is measured at this position and the breadth most commonly used is called the breadth moulded. 垂线间长的中点被称为“船舯”，船通常在这一点上是最宽的。宽度是在这个位置测量，这里的宽度通常被称为型宽”。In the days of riveted ships, where the strakes of shell plating were overlapped the breadth extreme was equal to the breadth moulded plus four thicknesses shell plating, but in the case of modern welded ships the extra breadth consists of two thicknesses of shell plating only. 在铆接船时代，船舶的最大宽度要加上重叠在一起的四层船体外板的厚度，但在现代焊接船舶时代，船宽的最大宽度宽只要加上两层外板的厚度。This distance would include the overhang of decks, a feature which is sometimes found in passenger ships in order to provide additional deck area. It would be measured over fenders, which are sometimes fitted to ships such as cross channel vessels which have to operate in and out of port under their own power and have fenders provided to protect the sides of the ships when coming alongside quays. 这个距离包括甲板外伸的部分，这个功能有时是为了给客船以提供额外的甲板面积。它被认作为挡泥板处理，对于那种需要穿过通道的船只，其必须有独立的动力以便在穿越是可以收起，或着用于在船只停靠码头师提供保护。The third principal dimensions is depth, which varies along the length of the ship but is usually measured at amidships. This depth is known as the depth moulded and is measured from the underside of the plating of the deck at side amidships to the base line. Where no deck is specified it can be taken the depth is measured to the uppermost continuous deck. 第三主要尺寸是船深，沿船长变化，通常是测量船舯部。这个深度称为“型深”，就是从上甲板的下边缘船中的基线位置。在没有上甲板的情况下，它测量最上层连续甲板到船中基线的距离。Sheer is the height of the deck at side above a line drawn parallel to the base and tangent to the deck line at amidships. The sheer can vary along the length of the ship and is usually greatest at the ends. In modern ships the deck line at side often has a variety of shapes.弦弧是甲板边缘到甲板上方平行于基座的切线的距离。弦弧沿船的长度有所不同，通常是在两端最大。在现代船舶侧甲板边线往往有各种各样的形状。The reason for the abolition of sheer in some modem ships is that their depths are so great that additional height of the deck above water at the fore end is unnecessary from a sea keeping point of view. Deletion of sheer also tends to make the ship easier to construct, but on the other hand it could be said that the appearance of the ship suffers in consequence. 在一些现代船舶弦弧完全取消的原因是，船舶深度够大大，其前端的甲板的额外的高度足以确保船舶安全航行。删除弦弧也使船舶更容易建造，但另一方面也可以说船的外观变得难看了。Most ships have only one plane of symmetry, called the middle line plane which becomes the principal plane of reference. The shape of the ship cut by this plane is known as the sheer plan or profile.大多数船只都只有一个对称面，称为纵剖面，做为主参考平面。船的形状被这个平面切开得到的面称为纵剖面。Planes at right angles to the middle line plane, and parallel to the design waterplane are called waterplanes, whether they are in the water or not, and they are usually symmetrical about the middle line. 垂直于中线平面，平行于设计水线面的平面叫做水线面，无论他们是在不在水下，他们通常是对称于中线。Transverse sections laid one on top of the other form a body plan which, by convention, because the sections are symmetrical, shows only half sections, the forward half sections on the right-hand side of the middle line and the after half sections on the left. 按照惯例横剖面位于型线图的上方，因为该部分是对称的，只剖面的一半，船的前半部分在中线的右边，后半部分在左边。That waterplane to which the ship is being designed is called the load waterplane (LWP) or design waterplane and additional waterplanes for examining the ships shape are drawn above it and below it, equally spaced, usually leaving an uneven slice near the keel which is best examined separately. 在船舶设计时，这条水线称为载重水线面（LWP）或设计水线面，其他的水线面都画在该水线的上面和下面，间隔相等，通常在靠近龙骨处有一条单独的水线，最好是单独审查。It does not matter where the perpendiculars are, provided that they are precise and fixed for the ships life, that they embrace most of the underwater portion and that there are no serious discontinuities between them. 垂线在哪里不重要，提供精确的数字就可以对船舶进行修正，他包含了水下的大部分，他们之间也没有必然的连续性。 These ordinates are, of course, the edges of transverse planes looked at in the sheer or half breadth and have the shapes half shown in the body plan. Ordinates can also define any set of evenly spaced reference lines drawn on an irregular shape. 这些纵坐标当然是横剖面的高度，是从舷弧或半宽方向看向的，并在型线图上画出。纵坐标也可以定义出一组均匀间隔的参考线以绘制出一个不规则的形状。It is called amidships or midships and the section of the ship by this plane is the midship section. It may not be the largest section and it should have no significance other than its position halfway between the perpendiculars. 它被称为船舯部，该剖面称为船中剖面。它可能不是最大的部分，而且如果不是垂线中间位置的剖面那就不具有太大的意义。The shape, line, offsets and dimensions of primary interest to the theory of naval architecture are those which are wetted by the sea and are called displacement lines, ordinates, offsets, etc. Unless otherwise stated, this book refers normally to displacement dimensions. Those which are of interest to the shipbuilder are called moulded dimensions. 这些形状，线，船体型值和主要尺寸对于海上建筑理论即被海水浸没的部分被称为排水线，排水坐标，排水型值等，除非另有说明，本书是指通常的排水型值。那些对造船有兴趣的造船师称其为型值。Two important groups of organizations which exert considerable influence on the design, construction and safety of ships are classification societies and governmental authorities. A ship-owner is not compelled to build his ship to the rules of such a society but it will be found that the vast majority of ships are so built. 两个重要的组织对船舶的设计，建造和安全的影响较大，是船级社和政府机关。船东是不会被逼迫按照这样的规则去造船的，但可以发现，绝大多数都是这样建造的船舶。The work of classification societies and governmental authorities overlap to a certain extent and such is the standing of the former that governments often delegate authority to them. For instance, classification societies are concerned to a very considerable extent with the strength of the ships structures, so that a government authority would accept the strength of a ship as being adequate if it was built to the rules of such a society. 船级社和政府机关重叠到了一定程度，这样的工作提高了前者的地位，政府往往赋予他们权力。例如，船级社主要关注的是船舶的结构强度，因此，政府只要接受船舶的强度规范，船舶就要按照这样的规范来建立。Lloyds came into existence before the development of mechanical means of propulsion. It is now common practice for machinery to be surveyed as well as the hull, so that the notation LMC (Lloyds machinery certificate) will be found in the register.The Register is published annually and gives particulars of ships of 100 tons gross and upwards, whether classed by Lloyds or not, and is thus an extremely useful index of world shipping. Statistics are published quarterly regarding shipbuilding activities throughout the world. Lloyds Register was originally concerned in the survey of ships hulls and their equipment. Other problems with which the Society deals include special types of ships such as oil tankers, liquefied gas carriers, dredgers, hopper barges, etc., and pumping and pumping, fire protection, detection and extinction, boilers and other pressure vessels, electrical equipment, refrigerated cargo installations and materials for construction.The rules originally developed were largely empirical and the scantlings of the structure laid down were those which practice had shown to be adequate. This approach to