宾语补足语及主谓一致.doc

宾语补足语及主谓一致
Ⅰ. 宾语补足语
宾语补足语是对宾语作进一步的补充说明。某些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成符合宾语。复合宾语的第一部分通常由名词或代词充当，第二部分表示第一部分的特征，称为宾语补足语。
宾语补足语可以由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词及动词的不定式来充当：
1. 名词：eg. They named their daughter Jenny。他们给女儿取名叫珍妮。
They thought this good advice. 他们认为这是好的建议。
【注意】(1) 常用名词充当宾补的动词有：call, name, elect, choose, make, think, find, consider, keep等
(2) 充当宾补的名词若表示正式的或独一无二的头衔、职位时，前面一般不用冠词。
eg. They elected John chairman of the committee. 他们选举约翰为委员会主席。
2. 形容词：eg. You should keep your room clean and tidy.你应该保持房间干净整洁。
We’d better leave the door open. 我们最好把门敞开。
3. 副词和介词短语：
eg. Why didn’t you invite them in? 为什么不邀请他们进来？
The teacher came in, with a book in his hand.
4. 现在分词：
eg. I’m sorry to have kept you waiting so long.
I could feel the cold wind blowing on my face.我可以感觉到凉风吹在我脸上。
5. 过去分词：
eg. Last year they had their house rebuilt. 去年他们重建了房子。
When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood. 讲英语时要确保使自己能被理解。
6. 动词不定式：
eg. Would you like me to come along with you? 你想要我和你一起去吗？
He believed the Earth to be a globe. 他相信地球是球形的。

【总结归纳】
一、使役动词后宾语补足语的用法
最常见的使役动词有：make, have, leave. 他们都表示“使得”， 后面都可接宾语+宾语补足语的结构，但用法有所不同。
1. make 用作使役动词表示“使；使成为”时，可跟复合结构，即“ make +宾语+宾语补足语”，其中的宾语补足语可以是形容词，名词，不带to 的不定式，过去分词。
eg. The heavy rain made it impossible for us to go out.
We made him captain of our football team.
What makes the grass grow?
He couldn’t make himself heard above the noise of the traffic.
【注意】当不定式作make的宾语补足语时，变为被动语态时一定要加to.
eg. The boy was made to work (work) twelve hours a day.
My parents have always made me _____ about myself, even when I was twelve.
A. feeling well B. feeling good C. feel well D. feel good
2. have 表示“使得……”， 其后接宾语补足语，常用以下结构：
1) have sb. do sth. 使/让某人做某事
2) have sb. doing sth. 使/让某人一直做某事
3) have sth. done 使、让某事被做；遭遇某种不幸
eg. The teacher had her recite (recite) the text again.
He had the girl standing (stand) in the classroom the whole morning.
He had his house painted (paint) this morning.
Be careful, or you’ll have your hands hurt.(hurt)
Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English _____ in a short period.
A. improved B. improving C. to improve D. improve
3. leave 作使役动词，表示“使、让……保持某种状态”。
1) 用形容词作宾语补足语
He left the door open when he went out.
2) 用名词、介词短语作宾语补足语
His parents both died last year, leaving him an orphan.
3) 用现在分词作宾语补足语
They walked off and left me sitting there alone.
4) 用过去分词作宾语补足语
Did you leave the doors and windows properly locked?

二、感官动词后宾语补足语的用法
表示感觉和心理状态的动词，如hear, feel , listen to, look at, watch, notice, observe, smell, see 等词后要求用省略to的动词不定式、现在分词及过去分词作宾语补足语。以see为例，常见的结构有：
(1.) see sb. do sth. 看见某人做了某事
(2.) see sb. doing sth. 看见某人正在做某事
(3.) see sth. done 看见某事被做
eg. Tom saw his parents get into the car and drive off.
He was seen to drive (drive) the car at high speed on the highway yesterday.
I saw her crying (cry) when I came into the classroom.
三、with(without) + 宾语+宾语补足语的结构
1. with +宾语+形容词/副词/介词短语
eg. He used to sleep with the window open .
They left the room with lights still on.
He stepped in, with his hands in his pockets.
The woman, without a necklace around her neck, was a friend of Mary’s.
2. with +宾语+doing/ done/ to do
eg. The old man walked across the street with the policeman supporting (support) him.
With the matter settled (settle), we went home.
With Tom to help (help) me, I believe I can finish the work in time.

II. 主谓一致
主谓一致是指一个句子的主语和谓语动词在人称和数等方面要保持一致。主谓一致一般要遵循三个原则，即“语法一致原则，就近一致原则及逻辑意义一致原则”。
一、语法一致原则
1. 由and连接的两个名词作主语，表示不同的人或事，谓语动词用复数; and 连接的两个名词指同一个人或物时，谓语动词用单数。两个单数名词用and并列，表示一个概念或是不可分割的整体作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 常见的此类短语有war and peace, iron and steel, a needle and thread, bread and butter, a horse and cart等。
eg. What he said and what he did have greatly encouraged the other students.
The famous writer and poet gives a talk twice a day.
Egg and rice is her usual breakfast.
ex. Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and where _____ yet.
A. hasn’t been decided B. haven’t decided C. isn’t being decided D. aren’t decided
3. 由no…and no…, each…and each…, every…and every…等构成复合主语时，谓语动词用单数。
eg. Every boy and every girl has the right to get education.
4. 主语后面带有as well as, rather than , like, but, except, besides, with, together with, along with, including, in addition to , as much as, more than 等词连接的名词，根据语法一致的原则，谓语动词根据这些词前的主语来确定动词的形式。
eg.The professor together with a number of students was doing experiments in chemistry in the lab at that time.
5. 【注意】“more than one/many a+单数名词”结构作主语时意义上是复数，但是其结构后的谓语动词要用单数。
eg. More than one student has passed the exam. 不止一个学生通过了考试。
Many a student is watching the football game. 许多学生在看足球比赛。

二、就近一致原则
1. 由连词or, either…or…, neither…nor…, whether…or…, not only…but also…, not…but…等连接主语时，谓语动词与最靠近的主语保持一致。
eg. Was (be) he or you in the next room just now?
2. 谓语动词与介词后面的名词的数保持一致。
1）all of; most of; a lot of; some of; half of; the rest of; plenty of; part of; two-thirds of等加名词作主语时，谓语动词根据名词的数据而定。
eg. The rest of the boys were (be) out.
All of the work has (have) been done.
2) “one of+复数名词”后的定语从句关系词作主语，从句谓语动词用复数，而 “the only one of +复数名词” 后的定语从句关系词作主语，从句谓语动词却用单数。
eg. He is one of the students who have (have) been to Shanghai.
he is the only one of the students who has (have) been to Shanghai.
3) many/few/quite a few/ a good many/ a large number of/ millions of+复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。
eg. A great number of scientists invited are present at the conference.
4) much/ little/quite a little/ a great deal of/ a bit of+不可数名词:谓语动词用单数形式
eg. There is little water in the bottle.
5) an amount of +不可数名词作主语，谓语动词的单复数由amount 的单复数形式决定。
eg. A large amount of money was spent on the great bridge.
= Large amounts of money were spent on the great bridge.
6) a (large) quantity of+名词作主语，谓语动词的数与名词保持一致，quantities of+名词作主语，用复数谓语动词。
eg. A large quantity of time was spent on the Internet by him.
Quantities of time were spent on the internet by him.
7) 当there be句型的主语是一系列事物时，be的单、复数形式应与最邻近的主语保持一致。
Eg. There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.
There are twenty boys and twenty girls in the classroom now.
8) 如果主语用kind of 等表示种类的词作主语，谓语动词一般按语法一致的原则决定单复数。
eg. This kind of men is very dangerous.（this kind of+单数（或复数）名词，谓语动词用单数）
Men of this kind are very dangerous.（如果复数名词中心词作主语，谓语动词用复数）
These kinds of men are very dangerous.(如果kind of前有复数限定词，谓语动词用复数)

三、逻辑意义一致原则
1. 某些名词，如family, team, class, audience, group, public, band等作主语时，如果该词表示一个组织或集体概念时，我们将其视作一个整体，谓语动词用单数； 如果该词表示该组织或集体的各个成员，谓语动词则用复数。
eg. His family is small. 他的家庭规模很小。
His family are all model workers. 他的家人都是劳模。
2. people, police, cattle等集体名词作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。
The police are looking for the missing child.
3. 以-s结尾的名词：
A) 学科名称（如: politics, physics, mathematics, economics等）、国名、地名、书名、组织机构（如the United Nations, The Arabian Nights等）作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。
B) 由两部分构成的物体，如glasses, scissors, trousers, jeans等作主语时，谓语动词常用复数。
eg. The Arabian Nights is a popular storybook. 《天方夜谭》是本受欢迎的故事书。
The glasses are yours.
但物体前若用a pair of/pairs of时，谓语动词的单复数常取决于pair的单复数。
eg. There are some new pairs of compasses.
4.表示时间、重量、距离、金钱等意义的复数名词主语时，往往看成一个整体，谓语动词用单数。
eg. Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me.
One hundred dollars is not a large sum of money.
5. 不定式、动名词、从句作主语，谓语用单数。
eg. To get up early is a good habit.
Serving the people is my great happiness.
When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.
6. 表示群岛、山脉、瀑布、运动会等的专有名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
eg. The Olympic Games are held once every four years.
7. 少数名词，如means等作主语时，谓语动词单复数根据所表达的概念而定。
eg. Every means has been tried.
All possible means have been tried.

【随堂检测】
I.单项选择
1. The number of people invited _____ fifty, but a number of them _____ absent for different reasons.
A. were; was B. was; was C. was; were D. were; were
2. The health problems as well as the destruction of the environment ______ all we’ll discuss in the meeting.
A. are B. is C. were D. was
3. _____ of the land in that district ______ covered with trees and grass.
A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; are
4. Ten minutes ______ a long time for one who waits.
A. seem B. seems C. seemed D. are seemed
5. Eric is the only one of the boys who ______ a driving license.
A. has B. have C. is having D. are having
6. Joy and Sorrow ______ next-door neighbors.
A. is B. are C. were D. be
7. In my opinion, some of the news ______ unbelievable.
A. are B. is C. has been D. have been
8. When _____ the United Nations founded?
A. is B. are C. was D. were
9. Every possible means ______ so far.
A. has tried B. has been tried C. was tried D. were tried
10. There ______ a dictionary and several books on the desk.
A. are B. must C. have been D. is
11. Nobody _____ seen the film. It’s a pity.
A. but Tom and Jack have B. except Tom and Jack have
C. but my friends has D. but I have
12. No teacher and no student ______.
A. are admitted B. is admitted C. are admitting D. is admitting
13. _____ of my brothers are reporters. Covering events, meetings, or sports meetings _____their duty.
A. Each; are B. Both; is C. Neither; are D. None; is
14. -----Are the two answers correct?
----- No, _____ correct.
A. no one is B. both are not C. neither is D. either is not
15. What we need most now ______ fresh water and food.
A. is B. was C. has been D. will be
16. Having finished her project, shen was invited by the school ______ to the new students.
A. speaking B. having spoken C. to speak D. speak
17. Lucy has a great sense of humor and always keeps her colleagues _____ with her stories.
A. amused B. amusing C. to amuse D. to be amused
18. When we saw the road ____ with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.
A. block B. to block C. blocking D. blocked

II.对比填空
1. a. He is the only one of the students that _____ got full marks. has
b. He is one of the students that _____ got full marks. have
2. a. Three fourths of the teachers present ______ against the plan. are
b. Three fourths of the surface of the earth ______ covered with water. is
3. a. The famous singer and dancer ______ going to attend our party this evening. is
b. The famous singer and the dancer ______ going to attend our party this evening. are
4. a. A number of students ______ from the country. are
b. The number of the students ______ 1,000. is
5.a. Many a boy ______ (like) this kind of bicycle. likes
b. Many boys ______ (like) this kind of bicycle. like
6. a. The basketball team ______ (have) baths now. are having
b. The basketball team ______ (have) 5 members. has
7. a. Either you or I ______ going to the teachers’ office after class. am
b. ______ either you or I going to the teachers’ office after class? Are
8. a. They each ______ (have) a new English-Chinese dictionary. have
b. Each of them ______ (have) a new English-Chinese dictionary. has

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