英语句子概论.doc

英语句子概论
基本成分 附属成分 独立成分 省略成分 连接成分
简单句 、并列句、复合句
英语的基本成分有七种：
主语（subject）
谓语（predicate）
表语（predicative）
宾语（object）
宾语补足语 ( object complement）
定语（attribute）
状语 (adverbial)
主语：是句子要说明的人或物,可以作主语的成分有名词，主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！
1) Mr. Chen is a well-known scientist.
2) He reads newspapers everyday.
3) Two and six is eight.
4) Smoking is harmful to the health.
5) To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure.
6) What we shall do next is not yet decided.
谓语: 说明主语的动作，状态或特征。
1) The new term begins on the 1st of September.
2) Her father is an engineer.
3) She seemed tired.
4) Li Hua showed me his album.
宾语:指的是及物动词涉及到的人或物.
1) Wang Ling lent me a novel to read in the bus.
2) The medicine is good for a cough.
3) How many notebooks do you want?
4) My little sister always likes to ask questions.
5) Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow?
6) He asked me what I was going to do in summer.
宾语补足语:在宾语后面补充说明 宾语 的动作,状态,特征.
1) The government appointed her chief delegate to the conference.
2) I don’t believe the story true.
3) You should put your things in order.
4) The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week.
5) We saw the pupils playing basketball.
表语：是谓语的一部分，它位于系动 词如be之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。
1)Wang’s father is a doctor.
2) He is always careless.
3) The basketball match is on.
4) All the pupils are on the playground now.
5) Our aim is to win more medals.
6) His work is teaching French.
7) The question is who can really repair the machines.
定语:是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。
Tom is a handsome boy.
The two boys are students.
His boy needs Tom's pen.
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.
The boy needs a ball pen.
The best boy here is Tom.
There is nothing to do today.
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.
This is the new dictionary which I bought yesterday.
状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。
1) She sings quite well.
2) On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom.
3) He sits there, asking for a pen.
4) The boy needs a pen to do his homework.
5) If I have some spare time, I will take up German.
同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：
We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）
We all are students. / (all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’）
The news that our team won was true .

练习：用符号标出下列句子的成分：
1) I saw your uncle in the shop yesterday.
2) Her father became a Party member in 1950.
3) To sleep on a spring bed is very comfortable.
4) Mr. Hopkins teaches Mary English.
5) She knows how to teach English properly.
6) The next morning, we found him lying in bed, dead.
7) Being Chinese, we care much about how many gold medals the Chinese team has got.
8). Who are you looking for?

**主语、动词（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语可以 称为基本句子成分。
** 完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4个基本成分。

简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。
作一种陈述、 提出一个问题、 发出一种命令或请求、表示一种感叹
Examples:
The boy hit the dog. / The dog bit the boy.
The girl read the books. / The books pleased the girl.
Stephen apologized at once.
Does the shop close at 7 tonight?
Shut the door.
What a slow train this is!
简单句成分的顺序：
主语 动词部分 宾语 状语
（谓语） 方式 地点 时间
I bought a hat yesterday.
The children ran home.
The taxi driver shouted at me angrily.
We ate our meal in silence.
The car stopped suddenly.
A young girl walked confidently in the room.
They drove him away in a police car.

一 简单句
只含一个主谓结构的句子（有时有并列主语或并列谓语动词）叫做简单句。
二 简单句的基本句型。
主语 ＋ 不及物动词 （ S +V )
She came．/ My head aches.
主语 ＋ 及物动词 ＋ 宾语 ( S + V + O)
She likes English.
主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语
She is happy．
主语 ＋ 双宾动词 ＋ 间接宾语 ＋ 直接宾语 （ S+V +O1 +O2 )
She gave John a book．
She bought a book for me.
主语 ＋ 宾补动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补语 ( S + V +O +宾补）
She makes her mother angry．
The teacher asked me to read the passage.
There +be
There lies a book on the desk.
三 指出下面句子分别属于哪个句型。
①I will spend this summer holiday in the countryside. ②In the modern city, there are some problems, such as air pollution, crowdness and noise. ③In the countryside I can enjoy a comfortable and quiet life. ④There, the air is fresh and the water is clean. ⑤I can hear birds singing in the green trees. ⑥I can also go boating, fishing, and swimming in the lake. ⑦All this will be interesting and good for my health. ⑧So I want to go to the countryside for a change.
1. ( S + V ) _______________
2. ( S + V +O ) _________________
3. ( S + V + C ) ____________________
4. ( S + V + IO + DO ) _______________
5. ( S + V + O + C ) __________________
6. There be 句型 ______________

附属成分
基本成分的修饰语。可以是：
定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句
状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。
定 语
Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearby．
She likes oranges imported from the USA.
John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrations．
Have you seen the book on the desk?
The boy playing over there is my brother.
People there like sports.
状 语
John often came to chat with me．
John likes oranges very much．
Whenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angry．
Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.
As he was ill, he didn’t come to class yesterday.
She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework.
My father worked in this school ten years ago.
You’d better stay here.

基本句型（一）主语+不及物动词 ( S + V )
1. 他昨天早上起床很晚。
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2. 那天晚上我们谈了很多。
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3. 会议将持续两个小时。
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4. 1919年，在北京爆发了“五四”运动.( the May Fourth Movement)
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5. 这个盒子重五斤。(kilo)
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6. 五年前我住在北京。
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7. 在过去十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。
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基本句型（二）主语+及物动词+宾语( S + V +O )
1. 昨晚我写了一封信。
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2. 我父亲能流利地说英语。fluently
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3. 你介意我开窗户吗？
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4. 你们必须在两周之内看完那些书。
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5. 他指出我的作文中的错误。point out, composition
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6. 我们必须派人去请医生。
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7. 你在工作中可以依靠他。
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8. 写完作文后，我们必须检查一遍。go over
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基本句型（三）主语+系动词+表语( S + V + C )
1.我的兄弟都是大学生。
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2. 这本书是关于美国历史的书。
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3. 她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。nursery
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4. 他失业了。
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5. 树叶已经变黄了。
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6. 这个报告听起来很有意思。
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7. 布朗夫人看起来很健康。
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8. 十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。pianist
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9. 孩子们，请保持安静。
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基本句型（四）主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 ( S + V + IO + DO )
1. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。
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2. 请把那本字典递给我好吗？dictionary
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3. 我父亲已经给我买了一辆新自行车。
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4. 我替你叫辆出租车好吗？
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5. 这个学期我已经给父母写过三封信了。
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6. 他把车票给列车员看。conductor
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基本句型（五）主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 ( S + V + O + C )
1. 我们大家都认为他是诚实的。consider
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2. 我们把小偷释放了。set…free
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3. 他叫我们参加做游戏。
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4. 我要你把真相告诉我。
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5. 每天早晨，我们都听到他大声朗读英语。
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6. 那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了。make…frightened
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7. 他每个月理一次发。
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8. 我们要使学校变得更美丽。
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