SCI论文全攻略(二)(转载).doc

SCI论文全攻略（二）（转载）Introduction同样要保证简短，顺序是一般背景介绍、别人工作成果、自己的研究目的及工作简介，其中介绍别人工作时只需介绍和自己最相关的方面(very relevant)，而对自己的工作介绍不用说明细节，因为这个要放到body中去。不要忘记在介绍自己工作之前要有一个declarative statement。Body部分可以分为methods、result和discussiong三个部分：Methods，详尽的介绍自己的实验方案以便于他人能够重复自己的实验过程，对于通用的实验方案可以简略，重点要放到自己的独创方案上面(own procedures)，按照实验的先后顺序介绍，为了文章的阅读方便，不要使用过多层次的subheadings，比如 subsubsubsection等等。Result，使用text、table、figure等手段表达出来，其中table不要使用过多，而 figure必须保证图线清楚、注解明确，必要的时候还要对于自己的result中的一些结论进行解释说明。Discussion，这个部分是为了以后的study，在其中提出自己的problem或者是hypothesis，和别人的成果进行比较，暗示自己的主要收获，为后面的conclusion做准备。Conclusion中不要包含body以外的information，保持brief、neat和concise，一定要舍得结束自己的 paper；如果自己的paper只是project的一部分，稍做说明。Revison是在写完之后回头看看是否有逻辑上的错误，是否考虑到了读者兴趣，自己的declarative statement是否令人满意，Brevity is the soul of literary construction。Acknowledgement，不要忘记，这个反应了一个人的个人品质。五、How to Write an Article by Gill B.We very much welcome articles written by forumers, whether historical, strategic or about castles. Hopefully you will find a few hints and a bit of advice here which will help.1. Before you do anything at all, check that nobody is already writing a similar article. You dont want to spend a long time on research and writing only to find that someone else has already written about the same thing. Probably, for simplicity, you should mail your idea to me and I can check with the right person.2. It helps if you can write in clear and correct English. However, if English isnt your first language, dont let this put you off. I am happy to edit/proof read/anglicise what you have written.3. Look at previous articles on the site to see the sort of thing we like. Historical articles need to be factual, but not too dry. Strategy/design articles need to be accurate. Both need to be about something not already covered on the site.4. Your article needs to be original. You will need to do a lot of research on the web and/or in books. Of course you can use the information you find, but it will need to be rewritten in your own words. If you are using the internet for your research, try to find at least two sites confirming the information as there are some very inaccurate websites out there - we dont want to be one of them.5. If at all possible you will need illustrations for your article.a) If they are your own photos, drawings or screenshots, thats great.b) If you need an image of a unit, commodity or building from the game, theres a good chance we will already have an image uploaded somewhere.c)If you want to use an image from another website, you will have to write and ask permission. Do this politely; explain about the article you are writing, tell them that there will be a link to their site and send them a link to Stronghold Heaven so that they can see where their images will be used. If you are lucky, they will reply straight away giving you permission. More likely they will not reply at all, in which case you will need to look elsewhere. Please note that, for these purposes, HeavenGames is considered a commercial site (because we make a little money on the adverts, not a lot, but its the idea that counts). This means a lot of pics that are in public domain, will not be available to us, as they are for non-commerical use only. Permission to use external images is mandatory and we may need to see it before your article can be uploaded. We do have blanket permission to use images from some Castle Sites as long as they are credited, which might help you in your search.6. The final bit.a) When you have written your article and are happy with it, send it to me, preferably as a .txt file (though a .doc file is OK), together with any images you want to use. If the images are external, let me have the url where they can be found. Indicate in the article where you want each image to be.b) I (or another angel) will edit it and query with you anything we dont understand, then we will code and upload the article and you will be sent the url so you can have a look and see if you are happy with it.c) If not, well work on getting it how you want it; if so, it will be newsed and linked in to its appropriate place.六、撰写论文初稿(writing the first draft)：(1)材料和方法(methods and materials)：做了什么和怎样做？材料和方法是文章开始写作的最理想部分，这部分的内容作者最了解。写作要求：用过去时，尽可能按实验的先后顺序描述。(2)结果(results)：发生了什么？基本写作要求：可用图、表或文字表达，三者间尽量减少重复。在正文部分叙述主要结果和意义，用图或表给出较详细的数据，用过去时。(3) 讨论(discussion)：所得结果是否为“前言”提出的关键问题的答案？结果是如何支持答案的、如何证实假说的？基本写作要求：集中讨论与本结果有关的问题，突出本研究的创新及重要性，；与相关研究结果进行比较分析；给出结果所支持的结论；指出前景、不足和改进。用现在时叙述已知或被证明的事实，用过去时描述本研究结果。(4)文献(references)：与本研究方法、结果、讨论有关的其它研究有哪些？准确完整规范著录。(5)前言(introduction)本研究的背景和目的是什么？试图回答的关键问题是什么？基本写作要求：本研究之目的和重要性；简要复习文献。(6)致谢(acknowledgment)：除了作者，谁协助完成了本研究、分析结果并撰写论文？谁提供了基金和物质帮助？写作要求：仅列出对本工作提供特殊的实质性贡献者姓名；须得到被致谢者同意。(7) 摘要(abstract)：论文告诉我们什么(通常250字)？摘要是论文要点的浓缩，应在文章各主要部分完成后再写，这样有利于文章要点的提炼。优秀的摘要能有效抓住读者兴趣。写作要求：用含有必要词汇的短的简单句，以使摘要清楚而简洁?避免使用缩写词和晦涩难懂的词句；用小标题叙述研究论文的各部分；用过去时(但问题的陈述和结论可用现在时)；强调研究的创新和重要方面。(8)文题(title)：本文关于什么？最佳文题的标准是用最少的必要术语准确描述论文的内容。写作要求：准确(accuracy)、简洁(brevity)、有效(effectiveness)和吸引人。(9)作者(author list)：谁参与了本研究的设计、工作及论文的撰写？(10) 准备论文最后一稿(preparing the final manuscript)：论文初稿完成以后，必须对内容及格式进行反复推敲和修改，达到“投稿须知”的一切要求。绝大多数有经验的编辑都认为：不认真准备的稿件绝不是高水平科学研究成果的良好载体(A poorly prepared manuscript is，almost without fail，the carrier vehicle of poor science. Day AR.)。如果希望论文发表，在准备投稿时必须做到打字整洁、无错、符合期刊格式、含有期刊要求的所有材料。该过程一般分三步：再次阅读拟投期刊的“投稿须知”；用“投稿须知”中提供的“稿件对照检查表”(manuscript checklist, authors checklist)与自己论文一一核对；根据期刊要求打印输出，完成最后一稿。七、英语学术论文写作的几个细节A. 时态：当提到本文、此图、此表等说明了、表达了什么时要用一般现在时，而不用一般过去时。This paper describes The focus of this paper is Figure 1 shows Most of the common condensation polymers are listed in Table 1-1.B. 数：在学术论文里，有时很难顾及数的逻辑。但一般不将逻辑上的问题视为语法错误。只须注意在一个句子中的数和谓语动词的统一即可。单、复数的选用有一些非定性、但可供参考的趋向： 当含意上强调复数时建议用复数。The catalyst concentrations for the different reactions are different.Our research focuses on the syntheses and characterizations of a series of polycarbonates with different chemical structures.The physical and chemical properties of this compound have been studied.The chain lengths of the oligomers with different molecular weights are different.当含意上不强调复数时可用单数或复数。Our research focuses on the synthesis of polycarbonates.The property of the compounds in group 1 is different from the property of the compounds in group 2.The chain length of the oligomers increases with increasing reaction time.在标题、小标题中或描述一类事物、现象等，提到具体物质时常用复数。【Polyesters】Polymers are macromolecules built up by large numbers of small molecules. The small molecules which combine with each other to form polymer molecules are termed monomers.在标题、小标题或描述一类事物、现象等，提到抽象概念时可用单数、也可用复数。【Step Copolymerization】Newer Types of Step Polymerizations. This chapter will consider the characteristics of step polymerization in detail.学术论文、有关学术的科普文章中的名词的可数或不可数特性的划分区别于非学术文章非学术文章中的可数或不可数特性可从字典查到。以下是在学术文章中通常视为可数名词的单词：但在一般字典中它们或它们做某种含义解时可能被划归不可数名词。application development considerationcomposition concentration distributionstructure length weight 当同时提及几个图、表、方程式时要用复数(分别单个地提及则不用)：The reaction rate constant can be calculated from Equations 2 and 3. The reaction rate constant can be calculated from Equation 2 and Equation 3. Figs. 4 and 5 show C. 冠词：单数名词前一般要加冠词：a , the等； 但以下情况可不加：表示不特指的、较抽象的概念：This chapter will consider the characteristics of step polymerization in detail. An understanding of the relative ease of cyclization or linear polymerization comes from a variety of sources.Different polymers are synthesized to yield various mechanical behaviors by the appropriate combinations of crystallinity, crosslinking, Tg, and Tm.但需注意这些单词前加冠词也是经常见到的，这是由它在句中的含义决定的(如有一定的特指意义)：Polyisoprene is a typical elastomer it is amorphous, easily crossed, has a low Tg (-73C) and a high Tm (14C).目录、标题中通常省略冠词：1 Introduction1-1 Types of Polymers and Polymerizations1-4 Molecular Weight1-5 Physical State图、 表的题目中有时可省略冠词：Fig. 2-2 Second order plot of the self-catalyzed polyesterification of adipic acid with diethylene glycol at 166 C.Fig. 8 Dependence of the ease of cyclization on the size of the ring.化学药品、化学物质前通常不加冠词：The polymerization is catalyzed by protonic or lewis acids although a wide variety of base catalysts such as calcium acetate and antimony trioxide can also be used.图中的横、纵坐标的名称前不加冠词。D. 大小写：请注意以下结构的大、小写：当提及具体第几章、节；图、表；方程式时，首个字母通常要大写。As discussed in Chapter 2, In Section 1.2, we As shown in Figure 1, The results are listed in Table 3.当不指明是第几章、节；图、表；方程式时，首个字母如在句中通常用小写。In the previous chapter, As shown in this figure, E. 缩写：以下全名和缩写在文中通常视为同等，可以互换。Figure Fig. Figures Figs.Table Tab.Chapter Chap.Section Sec.Equation Eq. Equations Eqs.F. 一些常用词汇用法research, study, investigate：research可做名词、动词，但通常做名词用，很少见到动词的用法。句中需要动词时常用study或investigate来表达。detail/detailed： The properties of this compound were studied in detail./The detailed properties of this compound were studied./The details of the properties of this compound were studied.follows/following：The results are as follows: /We got following results: increase, decrease：均可做名词和动词，We can observe an increase in the reaction rate./The reaction rate increases.focus, concentrate：focus: n. , v. The focus of this paper is This paper focuses on Our study focuses on We focus our study on Our study is focused on concentrate: v. We concentrate our study on Our study is concentrated on effect, affect：effect: n. /affect: pose, consist：A is composed of B and C./A consists of B and C.increase, improve：increase: 主要指数值上的增加。improve: 主要指性质的增加、改善。G. 名词修饰：在学术文章中，很多时候会用到直接用名词做修饰，而不用s 或 of 的形式。常见的这类词有：reaction rate；reaction rate constant；reaction temperature；reaction conditionmolecular weight distributionH. 分词修饰：the reaction we studied；the temperature used；the nonlinearity observed。所有格：非人的所有格用of, 而不用s 。第三部分：选刊与投稿一、拟投期刊的选择:(1)选用SCI收录期刊。目前SCI收录核心刊 3000种，加上增补期刊约 5600种。研究者可事先将SCI中自己感兴趣的期刊找出来备用。 (2)利用SCI收录期刊的影响引子(Impact Factor)来选择期刊。期刊的影响因子是该刊前2年发表的文献在当前的平均被引次数。科学、自然影响因子很高，SCI收录中国期刊影响因子都在1.00以下。期刊影响因子愈大，有用信息愈多。作者可根据期刊的影响因子排名决定投稿方向。(3)利用学科带头人的影响或国际学术交流的条件，物色最了解中国学术研究、信任中国学者的那部分期刊投稿。SCI选用的期刊中约 1 / 3为美国期刊，因而要注意选美国期刊。二、如何准备投稿？选 择适合刊物投稿：从杂志homepage下载Instruction for Author，按投稿要求，如投稿份数、论文体例、长度、图表、参考文献引法、配图说明(Figure legends)等，逐条遵循。Letter to editor-in-chief : 声明文稿权转让；未一稿多投，和在稿件未作出决定前不准备一稿多投；所有列出作者均对文稿有确切贡献；文稿内容真实，无作伪；所有作者均已阅读文稿，且同意送稿；通信作者地址、电话、Fax、e-mail；通信作者签名。勿一稿多投。Title page 的式样如下：Peroxisome Proliferation-Activated Receptor-g Ligands Ameliorate Experimental Autoimmune MyocarditisZuyi Yuan, MD, PhD; Yan Liu, MD; Yu Liu, MD; Jijun Zhang, MD; Chiharu Kishimoto, MD, PhD*; Yanni Wang, MD; Aiqun Ma, MD, PhD; Zhiquan Liu, MD.Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, Shaanxi 710061, China; *Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, JapanFirst authors surname: YuanRunning head: PPARg ligands ameliorate myocarditisSupported by Natural Science Foundation of China (30170371)Address correspondence to:Zuyi Yuan, MD, PhDDepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University,No.1 Jiankang Road, Xian, Shaanxi 710061, ChinaTel: [phone] Fax: [phone]E-mail: zuyiyuan三、向国外生物医学期刊投稿需注意A. 期刊选择：英文生物医学期刊种类繁多，选择一本恰当的期刊并非一件易事，然而这是论文得以发表的一个重要环节。选择期刊应考虑的因素：论文主题是否在刊物征稿范围内？论文格式是否符合刊物要求？论文是否符合刊物的一贯口味？关于期刊的声望(prestige)问题：期刊学术水平高其声望就高；反之声望则低。生物医学工作者都希望科研成果发表在有声望的高质量生物医学期刊上。选择期刊的方法：如果论文主题在一个很窄的分支学科内，那么选择范围只能限制在几种刊物；如果论文信息交叉了几个研究领域，则可有许多种选择。无论是哪种情况，先列出一个简单拟选期刊表，然后逐一对进行比较筛选，作出最后抉择。B. 阅读和使用投稿须知：(1)读刊头(masthead statement，通常放在期刊前面的文题页上)，以了解刊名、简单的办刊宗旨、编辑委员会组成、编辑部成员、出版商及其联系地址等。(2)浏览目录(table of contents)，确定该刊物是否发表你研究领域的文章及发表的比例有多大。(3)注意栏目设置，确定拟投稿件的栏目。(4)看拟投栏目文章的范例，了解撰写要求及格式。(5)某些期刊刊登投稿和接收日期(submitted and accepted dates)，可据此计算论文发表周期。(6)广告数量可间接判断期刊质量。因为广告公司都愿意将金钱投到质量高、影响大的期刊上。(7)通过11或12月份出版的杂志最后几页上的“所有权、管理和发行声明”(statement of ownership，management，and circulation)查找期刊发行量。(8)核查有无北美和欧洲以外国家作者撰写的文章。(9)有些期刊还刊登报道计划，作者可依此拟订自己的投稿计划。C. 投稿注意事项：当决定了论文主题，确定了读者群，并选定了拟投期刊后，论文文献检索工作即便完成。下一步是确定论文作者、查看期刊的“投稿须知”，并将研究结果的原始资料收集在一起开始撰写论文。论文撰写是一项艰苦的工作，并非一稿就能完成，往往需要反复易稿(修改)才能使文章达到投稿的要求，即”5C”正确 (correctness)、清楚(clarity)、简洁(concision)、完整(completion)和一致(consistency)。D. 投稿：论文的最后一稿准备好后，就可向国外投稿。一般来说，投稿程序分以下三步。(1)准备投稿信(covering letter，submission letter)：生物医学期刊的编辑往往需要一些有关作者及其论文的信息，而作者也希望给编辑提供一些有助于其全文送审及决策的信息。这些信息都应该包括在投稿信中。投稿信应包括以下几方面的内容：文题和所有作者的姓名；稿件适宜的栏目；为什么此论文适合于在该刊而不是其它刊物上发表?关于重复或部分发表或已投它刊的说明；不能转让版权的说明(如美国联邦政府雇员)；建议审稿人及因存在竞争关系而不宜做审稿人的名单；通信作者(corresponding author)的姓名、详细地址、电话和传真号码、e-mail地址；能否付出版费(版面费、彩图费)的说明(如果该刊收取版面费和彩图费)；希望核校校样或稿件若不接收退回原稿的要求(有的期刊在“投稿须知”中约定，除非作者在投稿信中提出要求，否则原稿不退还给作者)。投稿信举例：Dear Dr：Enclosed are three copies of a manuscript by Rose N Dipaola，Donna AGallo，and Tom NRoberts titled ”Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Long-Term Transfusion Patients”. It is submitted to be considered for publication as a ”Original Article” in your journalThis paper is?Neither the entire paper nor any part of its content has been published or has been accepted elsewhere. It is not being submitted to any other journalWe believe the paper may be of particular interest to the readers of your journal because the study it reports stated the HCV infection rate among long-term transfusion patients is higher than that of the general population and of short-term transfusion patientsCorrespondence and phone calls about the paper should be directed to Rose NDipaola at the following address，phone and fax number，and e-mail address：Rose N Dipaola，MD Institute of Internal MedicineCleveland Clinic Foundation9500 Euclid AveCleveland，OH44195，USATel：1-216-444-5360Fax：[phone]E-mail：dipaocesmtp ccf. OrgThanks very much for your attention to our paperSincerely yours，Rose NDipaola(2) 稿件包装：所谓稿件包装是指将稿件及其拟投期刊所需的伴随资料一并装人信封。一般应按以下顺序备齐资料：投稿信；刊物要求的稿件(包括文题页、文摘页、正文、致谢、参考文献、图注、表及图)拷贝份数，每份图单独装一个信封；版权转让声明；与稿件内容有关资料的拷贝(如学术会议报告论文或已发表的摘要等材料)；通知稿件收到的明信片或有作者地址并贴足邮资的信封(适用于不发收稿回执的期刊)；致谢和使用病人照片或引用私人通信的书面同意材料的复印件；有些期刊要求附稿件对照检查表。以上材料不要用订书钉固定，以免途中因订书钉移动而损坏稿件；但可以用大型曲别针固定，照片可以在信封中夹硬纸片保护。(3) 稿件邮寄：邮寄稿件应注意：应至少自留一份打印底稿；信封要足够大，并足够结实；正确的投稿地址及收稿人(“投稿须知”中常有说明，多要求直接寄给主编)；照片不可过大，最大不超过8.5英寸x11英寸?贴足邮票；航空邮寄；以打印稿(hard copy)投稿。几乎所有的英文生物医学期刊均不接受传真(fax)投稿，某些期刊仅允许一些没有图表的短文或“给编辑的信”通过电子邮件(e- mail)投稿，长篇论著、研究报告等文章决定刊用后方接受软磁盘。以上信息可以从“投稿须知”中获得、有的期刊在“投稿须知”中特别指出投稿地址与订刊或订单行本地址不一样，以免造成时间耽搁 。 第四部分：修回与退稿一、正确对待审稿意见和退稿:国际核心刊物的审稿人大多是各领域权威学者，杂志出版社经常征询编委意见，选择最佳审稿队伍。审稿是无报酬的，审稿人的工作态度大多极其认真。因此，对审稿意见要十分尊重，对每一条批评和建议，都要认真分析，并据此修改论文。自己认为不正确的意见，要极其慎重和认真地回答，有理有据地与审稿人探讨。如何对待杂志拒文，是作者犯难的问题。这里必须分析被拒绝的理由。第一类拒绝是“完全的拒绝”，主编通常会表达个意见，对这类文章永远不愿再看到，再寄送这类文章是没有意义的；第二是文章包含某些有用数据和信息，主编拒绝是因数据或分析有严重缺陷，这类文章不妨先放一放，等找到更广泛的证据支持或有了更明晰的结论后，再将经过修改的“新”文章寄给同一杂志，主编通常会考虑重新受理该文。有审稿人抱怨，个别中国作者在论文被一家杂志拒绝后又原封不动地寄给另外一家杂志，而他们再次被邀请审稿并对此非常反感，论文理所当然地被拒绝。宇宙物理学(The，Astrophysical，Journal)的科学主编Thomas提出： “论文被一家杂志拒绝后不经修改，又寄给另一个杂志，这是很糟的错误。通常，审稿人做了很认真的工作指出论文的问题，并建议修改；如果作者忽视这些忠告，是对时间和努力的真正