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高考英语短文改错常见错误类型.doc

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1、高考英语短文改错常见错误类型 王树志 高考英语改错题是考生感到棘手的题型之一。笔者对近几年的高考英语改错题作了细致的分析并加以归类后,发现错误类型主要集中在以下方面。(例题保留原题号) 1. 动词时态 每年都有时态错误的小题,而且改动基本集中在一般过去时与一般现在时之间。时态的更改要以上下文的主体时态为依据。 (1)(2003全国卷)She liked it very much and reads it to the class. All said the story was. 84. read (and连接并列谓语) (2)(2004江苏卷)At once I apologize and c

2、ontrolled myself. 83. apologized (and连接并列谓语) (3)(2004全国卷) Sometimes, we talked to each other very well in class,. 82. talk (根据sometimes可判断此句为一般现在时) (4)(2005全国卷)I will write again and send you the photos we take together. 85. took (把照片寄给你,应该是已经拍好的,用过去时) (5)(2005全国卷) There are advantage for students t

3、o work while studying at school. One of them was that they can earn money. 77. is (从上下文判断,应该是现在时,谓语用is) (6)(2005江苏卷)We named him Jack and keep him for about three years. 76. kept (and连接并列谓语) 2. 名词单复数 单复数互改是高考英语改错题的基本题型之一,改动的依据有:一是根据名词前的修饰限定成份;二是根据上下文的逻辑关系。 (1)(2003全国卷)Their word were a great encoura

4、gement to me. 85. words (是把word改为words 还是把were改为was,根据名词前的修饰限定词their来决定。) (2)(2004江苏)that was a dinner we had waited for several month. 85. months (several修饰复数名词) (3)(2004全国卷) a few minute on the Internet. 77. minutes (a few修饰复数名词) (4)(2005全国卷)But one and a half year later. 79. years (one and a half

5、意思为一年半,故判断此处year应为复数形式) (5)(2005全国卷)There are advantage for students to work. 76. advantages (从there are 判断应该用名词复数) 3. 句子结构 句子结构方面的错误范围庞大,解答高考英语改错题主要可以从以下几方面来思考:1)句子结构是否完整,成份是否冗缺;2)单词的词性与其在句中的功能是否相符;3)主谓一致;4)复合句中连接主句和从句的关系词或引导词的运用是否得当等。 (1)(2004 全国卷)I wont be able to meet you at the airport although

6、 I have classes in the afternoon. 78. because/as (复合句中连接主句和从句的关系词运用不当) (2)(2004 全国卷) I dont know that they dont like to talk with me. 81. why (复合句中连接主句和从句的关系词运用不当) (3)(2005全国卷)For the most part, students working to earn money for their own use. 78. work (缺谓语动词) (4)(2005全国卷)Earning their own money al

7、low them to spend on anything if they like. 79. allows (主语是动名词短语Earning their own money,谓语应该用单数) (5)(2005江苏卷)But the most wonderful thing about Jack were his musical ability. 84. was (主语是第三人称单数) 4. 赘述 高考英语改错题中的赘述是指在一些固定表达中或从上下文逻辑来看用了多余的词,从而使句子表达不合规范或造成逻辑上的重复。 (1)(2003全国卷80)I followed her advice and

8、should put down 100 words or so each day. 80. should (并列谓语,should多余) (2)(2004 全国卷)Can you tell me about what I should do? 85. about (tell sb about/of sth或tell sb接从句) (3)(2004重庆卷)I had to look up to the same word many times, . 78. to (look up a word查字典) (4)(2005全国卷)Some students may also to save up f

9、or their college or future use. 84. to (情态动词may后接动词原形) (5)(2005江苏卷) But for the most wonderful thing about Jack was his musical ability. 83. for (but是连词for是介词,不能并列) 5. 固定结构(固定句型、固定短语、固定搭配) 所谓固定结构是指英语中一些不能随意更改的习惯表达。如固定短语中的词不能缺,固定搭配要前后一致等。 (1)(2003全国卷81)Soon I began to enjoy talk to myself on paper as

10、 I was . 81. talking (enjoy doing为固定短语) (2)(2004 全国卷)I am sure they will laugh to me and see me as a fool. 79. at (laugh at sb. 固定短语) (3)(2004 浙江卷)from friends can all provide you for stamps from all over the world. 82 with (provide . with为固定短语) (4)(2005全国卷)I am writing to thank you with your kind h

11、elp. 76. for (thank sb for sth) (5)(2005全国卷) or for permission to do things by money. 83. with (with money) 6. 冠词 英语中冠词只有三个,从高考英语改错题的角度来看,只能从以下几个方向出题:1)不定冠词a和an互改;2)不定冠词a或an和定冠词the互改;3)根据需要增删冠词。 (1)(2004 全国卷)I will have to decide what I want to do over a weekend. 77. the (根据句义是特指这个周末) (2)(2004江苏卷)Wh

12、en I was boy, . 76. a (我是一个男孩,应用不定冠词 a.) (3)(2004 辽宁卷)This was my first visit to a English family. 78. an (English开头字母是元音,应该用an) (4)(2004重庆卷)I started writing down words from books that I read. 82. the (名词后由从句修饰时,应使用定冠词) (5)(2005全国卷)I hope youve hadpleasant journey home and will come to China 83. a

13、7. 代词 代词不仅要与其所指代对象一致,其运用还要符合上下文的语气及逻辑关系。 (1)(2004 浙江卷)And every year more and more people start a stamp collection of your own . 78. their (指代对象应一致) (2)(2004湖北卷)You have to be friends with your pupils and take good care of him. 83. them (pupils 是复数,后应该用替代复数名词的代词。) (3)(2005全国卷)Some students may also

14、save up for our college or future use. 85. their (指代对象应一致) (4)(2005江苏卷)We often play a trick on himself. 79. him (play a trick on sb) 8. 连词及与并置问题 连词连接的前后两部分是否合乎逻辑;并列连词所连接的前后两部分结构是否等同。这两点是解答连词及其相关问题的关键所在。 (1)(2004江苏卷)My grandma was the best cook in the world but could make the most delicious dishes.

15、79. and (从句意可知,此处表并列关系,应用and) (2)(2004全国卷)My class will be over by then or I will pick you up there. 82. and (并列关系,“于是、同时、然后”等意思) (3)(2004全国卷)I would describe myself as shy and quietly. 77. quiet (连接的词性应一致) 9. 易混淆的词或词组 易混淆的词既包括词意相同或相近的同义词、近义词,也包括外形相似、意义有别的词组。易混淆词或词组的辨析也是高考改错题中不容忽视的部分。 (1)(2004全国卷)Fi

16、nding information on the Net is easily. 83. easy (be easy 非常容易,形容词做表语) (2)(2004福建卷)She called 119 immediate. 84. immediately (副词做状语) (3)(2003全国卷)I always thought in Chinese and tried to translate anything into English. 78. everything (在陈述句中一般用everything) (4)(2004 重庆卷).but I had terribly problems mem

17、orizing them. 77. terrible (作定语应用形容词) (5)(2005全国卷)My pronunciation was terribly. 78.terrible (系动词后用形容词作表语)以上错误类型的划分不一定很科学,但至少能为考生解答高考英语改错题提供思考方法。一旦考生认清了高考英语改错题的特点、解题方法以及错误类型,解题时就不会盲目从事,而能做到有的放矢。短文改错题常见的错误类型1、冠词的多用、少用、混用。2、名词 的数与格的误用。3、主谓不一致的错误。学生往往容易忽视定语从句中强调句型中的主谓一致性。4、代词的指代不一致的错误。代词的指代一致性包括人称、数、格和

18、性四方面的统一。代词的人称可分为第一、二、三人称和非人称;代词的数分为单数和复数;代词的格分为主格、宾格、所有格还有名词性物主代词;代词的性分为阳性、阴性和中性。5、动词的时态、语态和语气的误用。多数动词有时态、语态、和语气变化形式,还有上下文的时态呼应,主从句的时态一致。6、非谓语动词的误用。非谓语动词的难点主要体现在Ving形式和过去分词的用法区别、Ving形式与不定式的用法区别、以及非谓语动词的时态、语态的正确运用。7、形容词、副词的混用及其比较等级的误用。形容词一般在句中作定语修饰名词或代词,作表语说明主语的性质、特征;而副词的作用较复杂,常常修饰形容词 、副词 、介词短语、动词或全句

19、。形容词和副词比较等级的误用现象:省略不当;自身比较;修饰语的误用;than连接的两个比较对象不一致或不平行。8、关联词语的误用。关联词分并列连词 and,but,or,so,when等,从属连词各种从句的引导词。关联词语的误用除涉及到其基础知识,还涉及至行文逻辑关系。短文改错题惯用的命题手法是:and,but,or,so等之间的混用;because与so并用;although与but并用;why 与because并用;come与go混用;here与there混用。9、平行结构的误用。平行结构是指用一连串作用和结构相同的或相似的成份表达同一范畴或同一性质、密切关联的内容。平行结构有词之间的平行

20、、词组之间的平行、句子或从句之间的平行、段落之间的平行。在平行结构中常用的并列连词 有and,but,or,than等。10、成分的多与少多一词或少一词。多或少的词语,常见于冠词、介词、不定式标记to等,不过有时也可能是实义词。在短文改错中常出现repeat back,serve for等错误。这类错误大多由于学生受汉语表达习惯的影响,或对英语词义的理解不够准确造成的。11、固定搭配、习惯用法和介词的误用。短文改错中涉及到固定搭配、习惯用法常常多用、少用或误用其中的介词,有时也涉及到其中的动词、冠词的错误搭配。短文改错题常见的错误类型剖析1、多词多冠词。I caught a sigh of m

21、y English in the crowd。析sight是不可数名词,且cath sight of是固定搭配,意为“看见”。故应去掉a。多介词。We practice for three times every week。此例中是作时间状语的名词短语多了介词,故应去掉for固定搭配中多词。I was used to watch it 。此 例属于used to do 与be used to两个固定搭配的误用,据句意应去was。即“过去常常”之意。行文逻辑上多词。First,let me tell you something more about myself .由first可知是刚刚开始向别

22、人讲述自己的事情,故只能说something ,而不要加more.词义重复。Ill spend all the whole weekend reading and preparing for it. the whole weekend 意为“整个周末”,再加上all ,词义重复。故去all.出现冗言现象。Today I visited the Smiths _my first time visit to an American family . 本句中first 修饰visit ,vsit 此处为名词,意为“我的第一次访问”,time多余。2、缺词名词前缺限定词。The day before

23、the speech contest English teacher talked to me .根据上下文分析,此处English teacher 是有所指的,指的是“我的”英语教师,故应English teacher 前加上my ,表达一个更确切的概念。缺动词不定式符号to. Id like very much come but I have an examination on Monday morning .would like 后面不能直接加动词,需to,构成固定搭配would like to do something,意为“想做某事”。缺系动词。What your favorite

24、sport ?本句缺谓语动词,应在What后面加is .短文改错的解题步骤1、通读短文,把握文意。快速阅读短文,了解短文大意,利用短文大意攻克文中的错误,切忌拿到短文提笔就改。2、依据句意和语法逐句判断。错误是按行设置的,但找错不是以行为单位寻找,必须依据句意和语法分析,逐句或跨行寻找错误。3、先易后难,逐类排查。先找出比较明显的错误,逐步缩小 错误的范围。十行之中有一行是正确的。4、利用行文逻辑,突破改错难点。有些行文逻辑错误,从词法、句法的角度看是正确的,但是通过上下文的逻辑分析就会发现是错误的。5、复读短文,检查答案,注意行文逻辑关系的正确合理。6、严格按照试题要求答题,万万不能随心所欲

25、解题。短文改错的解题技巧1、利用排除法进行短文改错,所谓“排除法”就是在理解单句或短文大意基本把握住文章整体时态的前提下,行不离句,句不离文,将句子分成若干语段,逐一排除,使错误缩小到最小范围。再根据基础知识进行扩散性思考,从而快速找到答案。2、发现有平行结构,就要检查是否有用词不一致或因成分短缺而引起的句子不平衡错误。如:She was eating her sandwich and drank her milk at the table when I arrived .此句中并列的平行结构是两个语法上相同的谓语,故应把drank改drinking.3、发现有比较结构,就要检查是否有形容词、

26、副词的比较级,比较的对象等方面的错误。如:In some places you can borrow many books as you want ,根据上下文不难发现该句含“asas”结构的句子,所以应在many前加上as。4、发现有转折、因果、对比等结构时,就要检查是否有行文逻辑方面的错误。如:His company publishes books and he buys books all over the world .按行文逻辑,应把buys 改sells.又如:I like singing ,my brother likes dancing .英语中两个分句之间不能仅仅用逗号,而要

27、用合适的连词连接。故以上两个分句之间要加上连词while 表示对比。5、发现句子有多重结构,就要检查是否有时态、语态、连词或成分短缺等错误。如:He wrote to me immediately as soon as he got there .该句犯了连词重复使用的错误,应去掉immediately.6、发现有特殊疑问句结构,就要检查是否有疑问词使用不当的错误。如:-How many was the price of your car ?-I bought the car at cheap price ,only S2,000.英语中问价格时,可用what price 或how much

28、提问。回答时常用high price low price .所以应把句子中的How many 改为What ,把答句中cheap 改为low.7、发现有名词和代词时,就要检查是否有数、所有格或指代不一致的错误。如:Some people read the books or watch TV, while others have sports .去掉books前的the ,books在此表示泛指。8、发现有固定短语时,就要检查副词、介词、冠词是否使用错误。如:Suddenly I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd .caught

29、sight of (看见)是固定词组,所以要去掉a.9、发现并列主语、从句、不定代词、集合名词、非谓语动词、时间、金钱等作主语,together with, as well as 等引导的成份修饰主语时,就要检查是否有主谓不一致的错误。如:Playing football not only makes us grow tall and strong but also give us a sense of fair play and team spirit .but also 后面的分句的主语也是playing football,其谓语动词应当用单数,故give应改为gives .10、发现有特

30、殊动词结构时,就要检查其特殊用法是否正确。如:He made me to post a letter for him .英语中的感官动词see; look at ;watch ; notice; observe ; hear; listen to 等,使役动词let ;make ; have 等后面所跟的复合宾语中,如果由不定式的短语作宾语补足语,不定式须省去to.故应去掉句中的to.11、发现有非谓语动词作状语、表语或定语时,就要检查是否有非谓语动词和逻辑主语不一致的错误。如;The box is too heavy for the little boy to carry it .该句型中不

31、定式to carry 逻辑上的宾语就是句子中的主语,所以句中的it是多余,应去掉。短文改错题中动词错误的解题思路1、如果该动词在句中作谓语,可考虑其时时态和语态。如:Anyone may borrow books ,and it cost nothing to borrow them (cost-costs) 如:Books may be keep for two weeks (keep kept )2、如果该动词不作谓语,可试着改成非谓语动词形式。如:I look forward to hear from you soon .(hear -hearing ) 如:play football

32、not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also (play-playing )短文改错的考点分析短文改错是一种对基础知识与综合技能的检测题。它主要检测考生对词法、句法和语篇中的行为逻辑等的把握。1、词法:主要涉及名词的单复数;人称代词的性、数、格;不定代词和连接代词的用法;动词的时态和语态;情态动词和非谓语动词的用法;定冠词不定冠词的用法;并列连词和从属连词的看法;介词的搭配;形容词和副词的区别及其比较级和最高级的用法;词语的固定搭配和习惯用法等。2、句法:各类从句的连接;主谓一致;省略与替代;否定句型;强调句型;句子结构的连贯性、完整性等

33、。3、语篇:短文时态的前后呼应、代词的前后一致、逻辑的前后顺应等。短文改错中错词的误用1、名词单复数误用。She said that she and my schoolmate all wished me success. 根据句意分析,schoolmate应改为复数形式。2、非谓语动词误用。I was often a little tired after a days work and watch TV demands very little effort .根据句意分析,and连接两个不同的事情,故watch 应以动名词watching 作主语。3、连词误用。It looks as if

34、my parents treat ,me as a visitor and a guest !分析后各知。本句话意思为“看起来我的父母亲把我当成了visitor或gust 了。“二者为选择关系,而非并列关系,故应将 and改为or.4、关系代词与关系副词误用。I live in Beijing, where is the capital of China.此句后一部分是非限制性定语从句,应用关系代词which作主语。5、限定词误用。We may be one family and live under a same roof .same 意为“同样的”,前面应加定冠词the ,而不是a。6、词

35、义辨析误用。They did not want me to do my work at family .family 侧重指“家庭这个结构或家里人”,而home 则侧重指“家庭的所在地”。因此“在家里”应用at home. 短文改错中“一致性”问题1、主谓一致2、时态与语态的一致3、代词先后指代一致4、名词数的一致5、平行结构中的一致6、全文写作逻辑语义一致高考英语短文改错解题指导 以往,短文改错题是高考英语全国试卷和绝大多数单独命题省市试卷的基本题型。由于其综合了对于高中生英语语法、阅读和写作能力的综合考察,所以一直以来都是学生们颇感棘手的难题。我们认为,经过合理的指导和科学的训练,学生们完

36、全可以熟悉其核心的命题思路和解题技巧,从而取得理想的成绩。一、高考英语改错题的命题特点分析从上个世纪九十年代开始出现以来,高考短文改错题的考察方式基本已经稳定下来,其设疑方式不外乎:无错(1处)、多词或少词(3到4处)以及错词(5-6处)。而且,没有单词拼写、标点符号或词序错误,只涉及语法、习惯表达和语义逻辑层面。三、高考英语改错题的常见错误类型根据对近十年全部高考改错题的统计分析,我们认为,短文改错题所涉及到的高频考点,恰好也是中学生在写作中经常出现的错误。我们希望考生能够参考我们所总结的常见错误类型,在练习改错题的时候学会对应和归纳,这样才能够提高对错误的嗅觉力和敏感度。这些错误类型主要为

37、:1、动词的时态和语态2、句子结构和句子完整性3、名词单复数及主谓一致问题4、上下文语意和指代5、介词6、固定(习惯)用法7、词性8、冠词9、连词和从句引导词10、动词不定式四、实例分析接下来,我们以考题为例,分析短文改错题的具体解题流程。1)There are advantage for students to work while2)studying at school. One of them was that3)they can earn money. For the most part,4)students working to earn money for their own5)u

38、se. Earning their own money allow them6)to spend on anything as if they please.7)They would have to ask their parents for8)money or for permission to do things by9)the money. Some students may also to save10)up for our college or future use.通过阅读全文,我们发现:1、 这是一篇议论文,探讨学生是否应该打工。主体时态是现在时。第2)小题的局部时态和主体时态发

39、生冲突,而且经过进一步判断,属于时态错误。2、 文章的第一句是这篇议论文的论点,它明确了全文的立足点:打工有好处。因此,第7)小题虽然没有任何语法错误,但其逻辑和全文的整体逻辑恰好背道而驰。3、 文章是作者站在第三方对一个一般现象进行的评论,主体叙事角度与“我”、“我们”无关。第10)小题的代词“our”有错误嫌疑。第1)小题,There are advantage for students to work while中,系动词are和主语advantage的单复数一致性出现了问题,但此时还不能贸然判断究竟是哪一个出现了问题。通过阅读下文,我们得出至少有两个层面的“好处”,因此把advanta

40、ge改为advantages;第2)小题,studying at school. One of them was that中,我们已经解释过了,时态错误,应将was改为is;第3)小题,they can earn money. For the most part,中,没有错误,for the most part为习惯表达,表示“最主要的原因是”,且语法无误;第4)students working to earn money for their own中,working是非谓语形式,导致该句没有谓语,是一个典型的不完整句,因此要将working改为work,还原其谓语功能。第5)小题,use.

41、Earning their own money allow them中,主语为动名词形式的earning,与谓语allow的一致性出现问题,应改为allows;第6)小题,to spend on anything as if they please.中,从句引导词错误,导致含义混乱,应将as if改为as;第7)小题,They would have to ask their parents for中,如上文中的解释,改为should not;第8)小题,money or for permission to do things by中,介词使用有误,这主要还是一个语法问题。将by改为with;第

42、9)小题,the money. Some students may also to save中,情态动词和不定时的语法问题,应该将to去掉;第10)小题,up for our college or future use.中,我们解释过了,这里的代词our与全文的叙述角度发生冲突。经判断,将其改为their。大致上,短文改错涵盖面较广,本文只是总结了数年考试题型做了归纳,总之这类题十分注意细节。令:本文是其他一线教师力作,拿来即用。Exercise 2Dear students,The Students Union was going to hold an English Speech 1. _

43、contest in the evening of December 30. The purpose 2. _is increase the students interest in learning English and 3. _improve their spoken English. Which is going to be held in4. _the school main hall and will begins at 7:30. And the 5. _best five students of this English contest will be given6. _pri

44、zes. Someone in Grade Three will be 7. _welcome to take part in it. Those would like to take part 8. _in this contest should go to the office of the Students9. _Union and sign it up your names and the topics of your 10. _English Speech.Welcome to this great fun!答案及解析1. was改为is。2. in改为on。指具体某一天的晚上, 要

45、用介词on。3. is后加to。此处为不定式作表语。4. Which改为It。此处应用it指代前文的an English Speech contest, 如用which指代则无主句。5. begins改为begin。will后需用动词原形与will共同构成谓语部分。6. 此行无错。7. Someone改为Everyone。everyone侧重整体, 指“每个人”; someone侧重个体, 意为“某个人”。8. Those后加who。此处用who引导定语从句。9. go改为come。根据文章第一句话可知, 此通知发出者是the Students Union。所以要用come而不用go。10. 删去it。此句中已有宾语your names, 不需用it。Exercise 3Listening to foreign broadcast easier 1. _if we know something about. There are clues 2. _that can help us. One clue is the time of 3. _day. Morning programs usually contains many 4. _short items of news, informati

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