SCI科技论文写作常用句型大全.docx

一． 好的论文题目是成功的一半
好的论文，每一个部分都需要精雕细琢。我们先来看看Science, Nature 子刊上用的都是些什么题目，到底这些题目暗含哪些玄机？以下是从2016年发表的论文中随机挑选的一些题目，我将其做了一下简单的分类：
第一类：对比型
1. Water splitting–biosynthetic system with CO2 reduction efficiencies exceeding photosynthesis. (Science, 2016, 352, 1210)

类似: Scalable water splitting on particulate photocatalyst sheets with a solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency exceeding 1% (Nature Materials 2016,15,611-615)

这种题目适合哪类文章？适合于那种性能极其显著的文章（可以创纪录的文章），比如说Nocera et al. 的 Science, 2016, 352, 1210，直接与光合作用进行对比，给人的震撼是非常强的。这种对比效果能够一下子抓住人们的眼球，吸引着读者进行阅读。

要点：使用这样的题目首先你的实验结果得够牛，你对于实验结果要足够自信，对于背景知识的了解得要足够深。因为取这样的题目意味着你要真正达到了某一个高度。如果明明有很多大海在那里，你个小池塘和小水坑进行比较，那么会闹笑话的。。。

第二类： 动名词结构 
2.1 Quantifying the promotion of Cu catalysts by ZnO for methanol synthesis ( Science,2016, 352, 969-974.)

2.2 Exploring the origin of high optical absorption in conjugated polymers. (Nature Materials 2016, DOI: 10.1038/nmat4645 )

2.3 Promoting solution phase discharge in Li–O2 batteries containing weakly solvatingelectrolyte solutions (Nature Materials 2016, DOI: 10.1038/nmat4629)

2.4 Reconstructing solute-induced phase transformations within individual nanocrystals (NatureMaterials 2016, doi:10.1038/nmat4620)

2.5 Tailoring the nature and strength of electron–phonon interactions in the SrTiO3(001) 2D electron liquid (Nature Material, 2016, doi:10.1038/nmat4623)

我简单地检索了下Nature Materials上面的文章题目，发现这种类型的题目真的非常多。那么为什么大家非常青睐这种形式呢？这种形式到底有什么好处？

我个人也很喜欢这种样子的题目，当然一定要跟论文的实际情况吻合哈，不要强凑。这种动名词形式的结构最大的优点是主观能动性很强。给人的一种感觉是：你在设计整个实验，而不是碰巧发现了某个现象。科研需要偶然现象，但是理性地科学研究追求一切能够有据可循，能够主动地把握而不是被动接受奇迹的降临。

3.突出两个重点（实现的目标以及实现的方法/应用的领域）
3.1 Surface functionalization of two-dimensional metal chalcogenides by Lewis acid–base chemistry（Nature Nanotechnology2016, 11,465–471）

3.2 Proton transfer dynamicscontrol the mechanism of O2 reduction by a non-precious metal electrocatalyst (Nature Materials,2016, doi:10.1038/nmat4636)

3.3 Femtosecond control of electric currents in metallic ferromagnetic heterostructures（Nature Nanotechnology 2016, 11,455–458）

3.4 Improved air stability of perovskite solar cells via solution-processed metal oxide transport layers (Nature Nanotechnology, 2016,11,75–81)

这种类型的题目非常的好懂，重点非常突出，给人一种开门见山的感觉，在很多论文中非常恰当。

以3.1为例，两个重点非常明确：1. 实现的目标是什么？Surface functionalization of  2. 实现的方法是什么？Lewis acid-base chemistry.
4. 突出先进仪器或者手段
4.1 In situ hydrodynamic spectroscopy for structure characterization of porous energy storage electrodes (Nature Materials,2016, 15,570–575)

4.2 Kinetics of the self-assembly of nanocrystal superlattices measured by real-time in situ X-ray scattering (Nature Materials, 2016, doi:10.1038/nmat4600)

4.3 In situ mapping of the energy flow through the entire photosynthetic apparatus (Nature Nanotechnology, 2016, doi:10.1038/nchem.2525)

4.4 Optimized quantum sensing with a single electronspin using real-time adaptive measurements (Nature Nanotechnology, 2016,11,247–252)

有些文章，一幅图就值了一篇Science。有些表征手段或者研究方法生来就是让人膜拜的，特别是一些原位的表征手段，能够直观地告诉人们以前得不到的一些信息。在这种情况下，用它来做个题目一点都不过分吧。

最后对以上几类标题的共性做一下简单的总结：1)  好的论文题目往往都能够紧贴文章内容，并将其核心亮点突显出来; 2) 标题中的字真的是一字千金，废话不要有，一定要简洁明了；3) 用词要准确，尽量采用中性词，不要带主观色彩，不要扣大帽子引起审稿人反感，但是又要合适地体现亮点，好的论文题目要学会不卑不亢。

二． 正文中各种常用句型汇总
一、 在Introduction里面经常会使用到的一个句子：很多文献已经讨论过了。。。它的可能的说法有很多很多，这里列举几种我很久以前搜集的：
A.  Solar energy conversion by photoelectrochemical cells has been intensively investigated. (Nature 1991, 353, 737 - 740 )
B. This was demonstrated in a number of studies thatshowed that composite plasmonic-metal/semiconductor photocatalysts achieved significantly higher rates in various photocatalytic reactions compared with their pure semiconductor counterparts.
C. Several excellent reviews describing these applications are available, and we do not discuss these topics
D. Much work so far has focused on wide band gap semiconductors for water splitting for the sake of chemical stability.（DOI:10.1038/NMAT3151）
E. Recent developments ofLewis acids and water-soluble organometallic catalysts have attracted much attention.（Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3641−3666）
F. An interesting approach in the use of zeolite as a water-tolerant solid acid was described by Ogawa et al（Chem.Rev. 2002, 102, 3641−3666）
G. Considerable research efforts have been devoted tothe direct transition metal-catalyzed conversion of aryl halides toaryl nitriles. (J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 7984-7989)
H. There are many excellent reviews in the literature dealing with the basic concepts of the photocatalytic processand the reader is referred in particular to those by Hoffmann and coworkers,Mills and coworkers, and Kamat.(Metal oxide catalysis,19,P755)
I. Nishimiya and Tsutsumi have reported on（proposed）the influence of the Si/Al ratio of various zeolites on the acid strength, which were estimated by calorimetry using ammonia. (Chem.Rev. 2002, 102, 3641−3666)
二、在results and discussion中经常会用到的：如图所示
A. GIXRD patterns in Figure 1A show the bulk structural information on as-deposited films. 
B. As shown in Figure 7B, the steady-state current density decreases after cycling between 0.35 and 0.7 V, which is probably due to the dissolution of FeOx. 
C. As can be seen from parts a and b of Figure 7, the reaction cycles start with the thermodynamically most favorable VOx structures（J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 24950−24958）
这与XX能够相互印证：
A. This is supported by the appearance in the Ni-doped compounds of an ultraviolet–visible absorption band at 420–520nm (see Fig. 3 inset), corresponding to an energy range of about 2.9 to 2.3 eV.
B.  This is consistent with the observation from SEM–EDS. (Z.Zou et al. / Chemical Physics Letters 332 (2000) 271–277)
C. This indicates a good agreement between the observed and calculated intensities in monoclinic with space groupP2/c when the O atoms are included in the model.
D. The results are in good consistent with the observed photocatalytic activity...
E. Identical conclusions were obtained in studies where the SPR intensity and wavelength were modulated by manipulating the composition, shape,or size of plasmonic nanostructures. 
F. It was also found that areas of persistent divergent surface flow coincide with regions where convection appears to be consistently suppressed even when SSTs are above 27.5°C.

三. 值得注意的是...
A. It must also be mentioned that the recycling of aqueous organic solvent is less desirable than that of pure organic liquid.
B. Another interesting finding is that zeolites with 10-membered ring pores showed high selectivities (>99%) to cyclohexanol, whereas those with 12-membered ring pores, such as mordenite, produced large amounts of dicyclohexyl ether. (Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3641−3666)
C. It should be pointed out that the nanometer-scale distribution of electrocatalyst centers on the electrode surface is also a predominant factor for high ORR electrocatalytic activity.
D. Notably, the Ru II and Rh I complexes possessing the same BINAP chirality form antipodal amino acids as the predominant products. (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2002, 41: 2008–2022)
E. Given the multitude of various transformations published, it is noteworthy that only very few distinct activation methods have been identified. (Chem. Soc. Rev., 2009, 38, 2178-2189)
F.It is important to highlight that these two directing effects will lead to different enantiomers of the products even if both the “H-bond-catalyst” and the catalyst acting by steric shielding have the same absolute stereochemistry. (Chem. Soc. Rev.,2009, 38, 2178-2189)
G.It is worthwhile mentioning that these PPNDs can be very stable for several months without the observations of any floating or precipitated dots, which is attributed to the electrostatic repulsions between the positively charge PPNDs resulting in electrosteric stabilization.(Adv. Mater., 2012, 24: 2037–2041)
四. ...仍然是个挑战
A. There is thereby an urgent need but it is still a significant challenge to rationally design and delicately tail or the electroactive MTMOs for advanced LIBs, ECs, MOBs, and FCs. （Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2 014, 53, 1488 – 1504）
B. However, systems that are sufficiently stable and efficient for practical use have not yet been realized.
C.  It remains challenging to develop highly active HER catalysts based on materials that are more abundant at lower costs. (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133,  7296–7299)
D. One of the great challenges in the twenty-first century is unquestionably energy storage. (Nature Materials 2005, 4, 366 - 377 )
五. 众所周知
A. It is well established (accepted) / It is known to all / It is commonly known that many characteristics of functional materials, such as composition, crystalline phase, structural and morphological features, and the sur-/interface properties between the electrode and electrolyte, would greatly influence the performance of these unique MTMOs in electrochemical energy storage/conversion applications.（Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2014,53, 1488 – 1504）
B. It is generally accepted (believed) that for a-Fe2O3-based sensors the change in resistance is mainly caused by the adsorption and desorption of gases on the surface of the sensor structure. (Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 582)
C. As we all know, soybean abounds with carbon, nitrogen and oxygen elements owing to the existence of sugar, proteins and lipids. (Chem. Commun., 2012, 48, 9367-9369)
D. There is no denying that their presence may mediate spin moments to align parallel without acting alone to show d0-FM. (Nanoscale, 2013, 5, 3918-3930)
六. 正如下文将提到的...
A. As will be described below（也可以是As we shall see below）, as the Si/Al ratio increases, the surface of the zeolite becomes more hydrophobic and possesses stronger affinity for ethyl acetate and the number of acid sites decreases.（Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3641−3666）
B. This behavior is to be expected and will be further discussed below. (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1955, 77, 3701–3707)
C. There are also some small deviations with respect to the flow direction, which we will discuss below. （Science, 2001, 291, 630-633）
D. Below, we will see what this implies.
E. Complete details of this case will be provided at a later time.
E. 很多论文中，也经常直接用see below来表示，比如：The observation of nanocluster spheres at the ends of the nanowires is suggestive of a VLS growth process (see below). (Science, 1998,  279, 208-211)
七. 这与XX能够相互印证...
A. This is supported by the appearance in the Ni-doped compounds of an ultraviolet–visible absorption band at 420–520 nm (see Fig. 3 inset), corresponding to an energy range of about 2.9 to 2.3 eV
B.This is consistent with the observation from SEM–EDS. (Chem. Phys. Lett. 2000, 332, 271–277)
C. Identical conclusions were obtained in studies where the SPR intensity and wavelength were modulated by manipulating the composition, shape, or size of plasmonic nanostructures. （Nat. Mater. 2011, DOI: 10.1038/NMAT3151）
D. In addition, the shape of the titration curve versus the PPi/1 ratio, coinciding with that obtained by fluorescent titration studies, suggested that both 2:1 and 1:1 host-to-guest complexes are formed. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 9463-9464)
E. This unusual luminescence behavior is in accord with a recent theoretical prediction; MoS2, an indirect bandgap material in its bulk form, becomes a direct bandgap semiconductor when thinned to a monolayer. (Nano Lett., 2010, 10, 1271–1275)
3. 我们的研究可能在哪些方面得到应用
A. Our findings suggest that the use of solar energy for photocatalytic water splitting might provide a viable source for ‘clean’ hydrogen fuel, once the catalytic efficiency of the semiconductor system has been improved by increasing its surface area and suitable modifications of the surface sites.
B. Along with this green and cost-effective protocol of synthesis, we expect that these novel carbon nanodots have potential applications in bioimaging and electrocatalysis.(Chem. Commun., 2012, 48, 9367-9369)
C. This system could potentially be applied as the gain medium of solid-state organic-based lasers or as a component of high value photovoltaic (PV) materials, where destructive high energy UV radiation would be converted to useful low energy NIR radiation. (Chem. Soc. Rev., 2013, 42, 29-43)
D. Since the use of graphene may enhance the photocatalytic properties of TiO2 under UV and visible-light irradiation, graphene–TiO2 composites may potentially be used to enhance the bactericidal activity. (Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 782-796)
E.  It is the first report that CQDs are both amino-functionalized and highly fluorescent, which suggests their promising applications in chemical sensing.(Carbon, 2012, 50, 2810–2815)

八. 什么东西还尚未发现/系统研究
A. However,systems that are sufficiently stable and efficient for practical use have not yet been realized.
B. Nevertheless,for conventional nanostructured MTMOs as mentioned above,some problematic disadvantages cannot be overlooked.（Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2014,53, 1488 – 1504）
C. There are relatively few studies devoted to determination of cmc values for block copolymer micelles. (Macromolecules 1991, 24, 1033-1040)
D. This might be the reason why, despite of the great influence of the preparation on the catalytic activity of gold catalysts, no systematic study concerning the synthesis conditions has been published yet. (Applied Catalysis A: General
2002, 226,  1–13)
E. These possibilities remain to be explored.
F.  Further effort is required to understand and better control the parameters dominating the particle surface passivation and resulting properties for carbon dots of brighter photoluminescence. (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128 , 7756–7757)

九. 由于/因为...
A. Liquid ammonia is particularly attractive as an alternative to water due to its stability in the presence of strong reducing agents such as alkali metals that are used to access lower oxidation states.
B. The unique nature of the cyanide ligand results from its ability to act both as a σ donor and a π acceptor combined with its negativecharge and ambidentate nature.
C. Qdots are also excellent probes for two-photon confocal microscopy because they are characterized by a very large absorption cross section (Science  2005, 307, 538-544).
D. As a result of the reductive strategy we used and of the strong bonding between the surface and the aryl groups, low residual currents (similar to those observed at a bare electrode) were obtained over a large window of potentials, the same as for the unmodified parent GC electrode. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 5883-5884)
E. The small Tafel slope of the defect-rich MoS2 ultrathin nanosheets is advantageous for practical applications, since it will lead to a faster increment of HER rate with increasing overpotential.(Adv. Mater., 2013, 25: 5807–5813)
F. Fluorescent carbon-based materials have drawn increasing attention in recent years owing to exceptional advantages such as high optical absorptivity, chemical stability, biocompatibility, and low toxicity.(Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2013, 52: 3953–3957)
G.  On the basis of measurements of the heat of immersion