分享一下人教版下册初一英语语法.doc

初一下册英语语法
一.要点分析
1. be from的用法。
① be from＝come from “来自…”，“从…来”，表示某人来自某一个地方。但be是系动词，come是实意动词，两个短语的否定和疑问形式不同。介词from后接地点。
② 应用：
a. -- Where’s your pen pal from ? 你的笔友来自哪里？
-- He’s from Australia. 他来自澳大利亚。
b. He is from China.
→He isn’t from China.
→ Is he from China?
c. He comes from China.
→He doesn’t come from China.
→Does he come from China?
2. live vi. “居住”，“生活”
① live in+地点名词，意为“住在…地方”
② live +地点副词(here,there,near here等) ，意为“住在…地方”
③ 当其做vt.用时，意为“过…样的生活”
④ 与stay的区别：stay表示在旅馆或朋友家暂住几天。
⑤ 应用：
a. He lives in Beijing. 他住在北京。
b. I have lived here for ten years. 我在这儿住十年了。
c. We live a happy life. 我们过着幸福的生活。
d. They stay at a hotel. 他们住在旅馆。
e. Live on 以…为生，靠…生活
⑥ 问居住地：
-- Where does she live?
-- She lives in Hangzhou.
3. speak vt.&vi. “讲话”，“说话”，“发言”等。
① speak +语言 做及物动词(vi.)时只能接语言做宾语。
② speak to sb. “与某人谈话”
① say:说/讲着重说的内容,它的宾语只能是 “话” 不是人.
② tell:告诉某人某事.
a. tell sb sth. b. tell sb. about sb. /sth. c. tell sb to do sth.
④ talk: 交谈、聊天 (不及物动词：后面不能直接跟宾语)
a. talk to sb. b. talk with sb. c. talk about sth. 谈论
⑤ 应用：
a. Can I say "Hi" to Jeff, too?
b. I have something important to tell you .
c. She can speak three languages now .
d. He is talking with his pen pal now .
e. I want to talk to her. 我想和她说话。
f. I can say it in English.
g. Tell him to give me some chalk.
h. Don’t speak in class.
⑥ 问会什么语言？
-- What language does she speak ? 她讲什么语言？
-- She speaks English. 她讲英语。
4.how about的用法：=what about
how about“你认为...怎样”，表示建议等，后接动词ing、名词或代词。但多使用How about doing sth. ?。
① 向对方提出询问时。
I’d like a cup of tea. How about you?
② 向对方提出建议或请求，语气很委婉。
How about going out for a walk? 出去散散步好吗？
③ 寒暄时用作承接上下文的转折语。
I’m a teacher. How about you?
二.词组
be from = come from 来自… pen pal=pen friend 笔友
live in… 在…居住 in school在学校
speak English 讲英语 play sports 做体育运动
a little French 一些法语 go to the movies 去看电影
an action movie 一部动作片 on weekends 在周末
Excuse me 对不起，打扰 write to sb. 给…写信
My favorite subject 我喜欢的科目
三.句型
1. Where +be+主语＋from? (问出生地)
回答：主语＋be＋from＋地点.
-- Where is your pen pal from?
-- He’s from China.
2. Where do/does+主语＋live? (问居住地)
回答：主语＋live/lives in…
-- Where does she live?
-- She lives in Tokyo
3. What language do/does +主语+speak? (问会什么语言)
回答：主语＋speak/speaks…
-- Does she speak English? (一般疑问句)
-- Yes, she does/No, she doesn’t.
-- What language does she speak?(特殊疑问句)
-- She speaks English.
-- What language does she speak，English or Chinese?(选择疑问句)
-- She speaks Chinese.
注意：三种句型的回答方式。
4. 主语＋like/likes＋doing…
I like going to the movies with my friends.
一.要点分析
1. hope[həʊp] v. 希望；盼望；期待
① 近义词: hope, wish与want，这三个词都表示“希望”,都可以用作动词和名词。
a. hope 既有主观愿望，又相信这愿望是能实现的。
b. wish 只表示主观愿望，不考虑这种愿望是否能实现。
c. want 是一个常用词，尤其在口语中非常活跃。want 后接不定式，表示“想要做什么”，比hope to do 和wish to do的口气更随便，所表达的主观愿望并不十分强烈。want之后可接名词或代词，表示“想要得到某物”，而wish和hope后面不可接名词，需加介词for再接名词。
I want a pair of glasses.
我想要一副眼镜。
We are hoping for fine weather for your trip.
我们希望此次旅行能有个好天气。
He wished to see his daughter again before he died.
他希望在死之前能够再见一次女儿。
② 常用词组
hope for 希望；期待
2. arrive[ə´raIv] v. 到达；抵达
① arrive 作“到达”解时，只表示一时的动作。
a. arrive 表示到达某地，后面要接介词，到达的地方范围大时用in，地方小时多用at。若地点为地点副词或后面没有地点时,则省掉介词。
They will arrive in Florida at midnight.
他们将在午夜到达佛罗里达(美国的一个城市)。
They arrived at the station in the afternoon.
他们下午到达车站。
[╳]She has arrived for a month. (不能用一段时间)
[√]She arrived a month ago. 她一个月前到了。
b. arrive home 作“到家”解，但“到某人家”必须与at连用。
I guess he will arrive home in the evening.
我猜他将在晚上到家。
I guess he will arrive at his parents’ home in the evening.
我猜他将在晚上到他父母家。
② 近义词: get to与reach
a. get to也表示“到达”之意，可与任何地点连用。
b. reach[ri:tʃ] 是及物动词(后面可以直接跟名词)，意为“到达”，其后直接接到达的地点，而不用任何介词。
My father arrived in Shanghai. 我爸爸到达上海了。
He arrived at the station . 他已到达火车站。
He got to the hospital this morning.
他上午到了医院。
Li Ming reached Beijing the day before yesterday.
李明前天到达北京。
③ 反义词 leave[li:v] v. 离开
④ 常用词组
arrive home 到家 arrive here 到达这里
arrive there 到达那里
3.across[ə´krɒs] prep. 横过，在…对面。
There is a theater across the street. 街对面有一家戏院。
① 用法提示
a. 表示“从(某物)的一边到另一边”。
She swam across the river. 她从河的这边游到那边。
b. 表示“横过；在对面”，后面可接from。
Their school is across the street.
他们的学校在街道的对面。
Susan lives across the road.
苏珊住在路的对面。
Across from the park is an old hotel.
公园的对面是一个老饭店。
c. 表示“与……交叉”。
At one point the railway line goes across the road.
在一个地方铁路与公路交叉。
② 近义词：through
a. through意为“通过,从…穿过”,表示从某物中间穿过。
We walked through the market to the track park.
我们穿过市场到了卡车停车场。
A river flows through the city.
一条河流流经这个城市。
b. across意为“横过,穿过”,表示从一边横穿到另一边。
A boy ran across the street.
一个男孩跑过了街道。
4. 方位介词的用法。
① across from 在…的对面。
② next to 靠近，在…的旁边
③ near 在…的附近
④ between…and… 在…之间
⑤ in front of 在…前面：表示“在某一空间外的前面”
⑥ in the front of 在…前面：表示“在某一空间里的前面”
⑦ behind 在…后面
⑧ 应用：
a. The pay phone is across from the library.
b. The supermarket is next to the library.
c. There is a post office near here.
d. The library is between the post office and the super market.
e. He stands in front of the building.他站在大楼前面。(屋外)
f. He sat in the front of the classroom.他坐在教室前面。(屋里)
g. The hotel is behind the library
【提醒】介词后的人称代词需用宾格形式，
5. A with B 结构的用法。
① with为介词，在句中常做后置定语，对被修饰语的特征进行描述。意思接近于have和wear，但have和wear在句中常充当谓语。
② 试对比：
(√)The girl with long hair is my sister. (做girl的后置定语)
(╳)The girl has long hair is my sister. (句子结构错误)
(√)I’m tall and I wear glasses. (wear在句中做谓语)
(√)I’m tall with glasses. (with在句中对I进行解释说明)
(╳)I’m tall and I with glasses. (with不能做谓语，故该句子错误)
二.短语
post office 邮局 pay phone 投币式公用电话
next to 在…隔壁、紧挨着 across from 在…对面
in front of 在…前面(外) between…and… 在…和…之间
on a street 在街上 in the neighborhood 在附近
take a walk 散步 have fun 玩得开心
the way to… 去…的路 take a taxi 打的/乘出租车
go straight 一直向前走 arrive in/at 到达
go down(along)… 沿着…走 go through… 穿过…
turn right/left 向右/左转 have a good trip 旅途愉快
at the end of… 在…结束时 at the beginning of 在……初期
from the beginning 从一开始 from beginning to end 从头到尾
in the beginning 开始时，起初 beginning of… 在…开始时
on one’s right/left 在某人右/左边 on the right/left 在右/左边 in the neighborhood 在附近 =near here =around here
come over to从一个地方来到另一个地方，过来
四.句型
1. Is there a ....? (问是否有、是否存在；have表示“拥有”)
--Excuse me. Is there a hotel in the neighborhood.
--Yes, there is. /No. there isn’t
2. Where is ...? (问地点)
--Where is the park, please?
--It’s behind the bank.(肯定回答)
--I’m sorry, I don’t know. (否定回答)
3. Which is the way to +地点? (问路)
How can I get to +地点?
Can you tell me the way to +地点？
例如：
Which is the way to the library.
How can I get to the restaurant?
Can you tell me the way to the post office?
4. enjoy 后接名词或动词-ing 形式.
Do you enjoy(=like) your work?
Do you enjoy(=like) living in the city?
五.日常交际用语
1. Bridge Street is a good place to have fun.
2. I hope you have a good trip.
3. If you are hungry, you can buy food in the restaurant.
4. Take a walk though the park..
5. Let me tell you the way to my house.
6. Just go straight and turn left.
7. Across from the park is an old hotel. (倒装句: an old hotel是主语)
Next to the hotel is a small house with an interesting garden.
8. This is beginning of the garden tour.
二.要点分析
1. like的用法
① 作及物动词，后接名词或代词，表示对事物的兴趣或爱好。
② 与would, should连用，表示“想要、愿意、希望”，语气委婉。
③ like to do sth. 表示偶尔喜欢做某事、或者突然喜欢干某事。
④ like doing sth. 强调喜欢和爱好的是一般性的行为或事实。
⑤ How do you like…? 用来询问对方，意为“你觉得…怎么样?”
⑥ What do you like…? 询问对方的爱好，意为“你喜欢什么?
⑥ like作介词，意为“像”、“和…一样”。
⑦ 应用：
a. I like fish and vegetables very much.
b. Would you like something to drink? 你想要喝点什么吗?
c. Do you like to play basketball?
d. The girl doesn’t like doing housework.
e. How do you like the city?你觉得这座城市怎么样?
f. What do you like? I like swimming.
g. She looks like her mother.
The boy jumps like a monkey.
We don’t need a man like him
2. smart，clever和cute：都是形容词。
cute意思是"聪明的，伶俐的，惹人喜爱的’’，常用于口语当中，同义词是clever，在口语中有时也可以通用。但cute多用来指动物的聪明、漂亮及惹人喜爱。
clever主要用来形容人或动物的脑子灵活，理解事物快。
smart意思也是"聪明的"，既可以修饰人也可以修饰物，与clever是同义词。
3. 使役动词let的用法：let’s = let us。let’s 后面用动词原形，意为“让我们做……吧”，表示一种建议。
① let sb. do sth. 表示“让某人做某事”
② 应用
a. Let me help you. 让我来帮你吧。
b. Let him have a try. 让他试一试。
c. Let’s see the pandas first. 咱们先看熊猫吧。
③ 使役动词还有：make和have
make sb. do sth. 表示“叫某人做某事”
= have sb. do sth.
4. kind of 与 a kind of 的区别
① kind of 是口语化的表达方式，意思是“有点儿，稍微”，用来修饰形容词。
② a kind of 是指“一种……”，用来修饰名词。
③ 应用：
a. She is kind of shy. 她有点害羞。
b. Tiger is a kind of animals. 老虎是一种动物。
5. 否定疑问句：
① 常用来表示反问，意思是“难道……”，其结构是：
“否定词+主语+谓语或表语”
回答时常用Yes/No, 但这时的Yes意思是“不”，No意为“是的”。② 应用：
a. -- Doesn’t he have a brother? 难道他没有个兄弟吗？
-- Yes, he does. 不，他有。
-- No, he doesn’t. 是的，他没有。
b. -- Isn’t he cute? 难道他不可爱吗？
-- Yes, she is. 不，她是。
-- No, she isn’t. 是的，她不是。
三.短语
want to do sth .想要做某事 want sb. to do sth.想要某做某事
want sth. 想要某物 want to be … 想成为…
Let sb. do sth. 让某人做某事 get up 起床
kind of 有几分\种类 a kind of 一种...
years old ...年龄 be quiet 安静
like to do sth. 喜欢做某事 like doing sth. 喜欢做某事
play with ... 与...一起玩 have a look at… 看…
during the day 在白天 at night 在夜间
四.句型/日常交际用语
1. --Why dose he like koalas? (问原因)
--Because they are kind of interesting.
2. --What animals do you like? (what color…、what size…等)
--I like elephants.
3. --Let’s see the lions.
二.要点分析
1. work[wЗ:k] 工作
① n.工作，与job意识相近。
两者均可表示“工作”，但 job 主要指雇佣有报酬的工作，是可数名词；而 work 指“工作”、“劳动”，是一个含义极广的常用词，它的基本意思指需要付出努力的工作或劳动，是不可数名词。
He has a good job in the bank.
他在银行有份不错的工作。　
we have a job for you as a waiter.
It took a lot of work to build a house.
造一座房子花很多劳动。
② v.工作
a. work hard努力工作
Do you like to work hard? 你愿意努力工作吗？
b. work for 为…做事，为…尽力
DO you want to work for a magazine.
你想为杂志社工作吗？
c. work as 作....的工作
Come and work for us as a reporter.
来为我们工作，做一名记者。
d. work with 和…一起工作
Do you like to work with other young people?
你喜欢和其他年轻人一起工作吗？
2. meet[mi:t] 相遇、遇见、经历
① meet可以表示有目的的去见；meet with往往表示偶遇
You meet so many interesting people.
Nice to meet you
② meet with遇到，碰到。强调偶然性；还常表示“遭遇；经历；遭到”此时不能只用meet.
I met with a friend on the bus. 我在车上遇到一个朋友。
3. What about (对于)…怎么样
这是常用的一句口语。实际上是一个省略句，既What is it about ...?“（关于）...怎么样”。这个句子一般情况下是不单独使用得，一定得有上文的，在述说了某一事情之后，转向另一事物时，才用到这一句式。后接名词、代词或动名词。
A: My father is tall and handsome. 我父亲高大而英俊。
B: What about your mother? 你母亲呢（怎样）？
A: We’re going out for a trip. 我们准备去旅行。
B: What about going to Museum? 去看博物馆如何？
How about going out for a walk? 出去散散步好吗？
I am from Beijing. What about you? 我是北京人，你呢？
另外，这个句式还常用How about替换。
4. want vt.&vi. 想要、想
① want＋sth. 想要…
② want to be＋表示职业的名词 想要从事……，想要成为…
③ want to do sth. 想要做…
④ What do you want to be ?(问理想)
⑤ 应用：
a. I want a book. 我想要一本书。
b. I want to be a police officer. 我想当一名警官。
c. He wants to play football. 他想要踢足球。
d. -- What do you want to be? 你想要从事什么职业？
-- I want to be a teacher.
5. It’s an exciting job. 这是一项令人兴奋的工作。
interesting 令人感兴趣的 be interested 对…有兴趣
boring 令人感到无聊的 be bored 对…感到无聊
surprising 令人吃惊的 be surprised 对…感到吃惊
exciting 令人激动的 be excited 对…感到兴奋
worrying令人担心的 be worried 对…感到担心
① 以-ed结尾的形容词通常用于说明人，不用于说明事物。
② 以-ing结尾的形容词用于说明事物，表示事物的性质或特征，
③ 以-ing结尾的形容词说明人，则表示此人具有此性质或特征。
④ 应用：
a. He told me the news in a very excited voice.
b. I’m interested in this kind of movies.
c. I am surprised at what he said.
d. He feels bored on Sundays.
e. The story is very interesting.
f. It’s an exciting job.
g. The man is very interesting.
三.短语
want to be+职业 想要成为 shop assistant 店员
bank clerk 银行职员 movie actor 电影演员
in the day 在白天 at night 在夜间
talk to /with 与…讲话 go out to dinners 外出吃饭
in a hospital 在医院 newspaper reporter 报社记者
四.句型
1. 英语中询问职业的几种表达方式：(问职业)
What do/does ...do? 例：What dose he do? -- He’s a teacher.
What is...? 例：What is your father?
What’s one’s job? 例：What’s your father’s job?
2. What do/does+某人+want to be? (问理想)
--What do you want to be?
--I want to be a teacher.
--What does she want to be ?
--She want to be a nurse.
3. --Where does your sister work? (问工作地点)
--She works in a hospital.
4. --Does he work in the hospital？
--Yes, he does /No, he doesn’t
5. --Does she work late? (她上班迟到了吗？)
--Yes, she does /No. she doesn’t
7. We also want a music teacher to teach guitar, piano, and violin.
8. Do you want a busy but exciting job?(表示转则)
五.日常交际用语
1. That sounds interesting. 那听起来挺有趣。
2. I want to be a doctor. 我想成为一名医生。
3. You mean my cousin, Mike? 你是指我表哥迈克吗？
4. Saturday is busy for him. 周六对他来说很忙。
5. He always has a lot of new things to learn.他总有许多新东西要学。
6. Please call Karen at 555-8823. 请拨打555-8823联系凯伦。
二.要点分析
1. watch 的用法:
① watch sb. do sth 观看某人做了某事，表示结果
② watch sb. doing sth 观看某人正在做某事
③ watch TV 看电视
④ n.手表、钟表
⑤ 练习：
The teacher is watching them playing football.
I often watch her play football.
I love the watch. 他喜欢这只手表。
2. wait一般用作不及物动词，意为“等；等候”。
① wait可单独使用。
② wait后接所等的人、物的名词或代词时，应与介词for连用。③ wait to do sth.
④ wait for sb.(sth.) to do，表示“等某人(物)进行某动作”。
⑤ 应用：
a. I’m waiting at the bus stop. 我正在公共汽车站等候。
b. I’m waiting for the bus at the bus stop.
c. They are waiting to have dinner．他们正等着吃饭。
d. We are waiting to go there．我们等着去那里。
e. The students are waiting for their new teacher to come in．
学生们正在等候新老师的到来。
3. sound
① sound 是系动词，后面直接跟形容词或者名词。
② sound like 后面只能跟名词短语。
③ 应用：
a. It sounds a good idea. 那听起来是个好主意。
b. That sounds good. 那听起来很好。
c. That sounds like a good idea. 那听起来是个好主意。
3. thank 感谢、道谢
① thank sb.
② thanks for sth. 感谢…
③ thanks for doing sth. 感谢某人做某事
④ thankful adj. 感谢的、感激的；
a. be thankful to sb. 感谢某人
b. be thankful to sb. for sth. 因某事而感谢某人
⑤ 应用：
a. thank you very much.= Thanks a lot.
b. No, thanks=No, thank you. 不，谢谢。
c. Thanks for your letter and the photos. 感谢你的来信和照片。
d. Thanks for helping me with my English. 谢谢你帮我学英语。
e. I’m thankful to your mother for washing my clothes.
f. I’m thankful to you for your help. = Thank you for your help.
三.短语
eat dinner 吃饭；就餐 clean the room 打扫房间
watch TV 看电视 talk to/about 谈论…
write a letter 写信 wait for 等待；等候
take photos 拍照 TV show 电视节目
Some of… …中的一些 in the tree 在树上
at school 在学校 be with sb. 和…人一起
stay with sb. 和…人呆在一起
a photo of my family 我的家庭照
play basketball/soccer打篮球踢足球
read newspaper/a book 看报纸／看书
go to the movies 去看电影=go to the cinema
四.句型
1. --What＋be＋主语+doing? …正在做什么？
--主语＋be＋doing …正在做某事
--what are you doing?
--I’m doing my homework.
2. Here are/is...
Here are some of my photos.
Here is a photo of my family.
3. --Do you want to go to the movies? /--Sure.
4. --When do you want to go? /--Let’s go at seven.
5. --Where do people play basketball? /--At school.
6. --What’s he waiting for?
--He’s waiting for a bus.
五.日常交际用语
1. That sounds good.
2. This TV show is boring.
六.现在进行时
1. 现在进行时表示现在(说话的瞬间)正在进行 或发生的动作。
2. 表示现阶段正在进行，但此刻不一定在进行的动作。
She is translating a novel these days.
她最近正在翻译一本小说。
3. 有些动词，如：come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, stay等的现